Energy Management in Smart Microgrids

This assignment delves into the crucial topic of energy management within smart microgrid systems. It examines various operational modes, highlighting their impact on grid efficiency and stability. Control techniques used to optimize energy distribution and consumption are discussed, alongside economic aspects influencing microgrid operation. The goal is to understand how these interconnected elements contribute to the sustainable and reliable functioning of modern energy grids.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK1 ............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Different Role and characteristic of leader and manager.......................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
P2 Role of leader and function of manager in different situation context..................................3
P3 Different theories and models of approaches.........................................................................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P4 Key approaches to Operation management...........................................................................6
P5 Importance and values of operation management in achieving business objectives.............7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P6 Factors of business environment that impact upon operational management.......................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
For a business organisation management and operation is very important to get growth
and improve their productivity. A company is always established with future objectives or goal
and for this procedure they recruit employees who provide their services to fulfil them
effectively. Business operation and management oversee the organisational process that are use
to improve product and services. This process is include monitoring, control, evaluating,
examine of employees as well as training and learning according to workers and organisation
need (Ale and Bowling, 2010). In it, company is effectively plan or design their objectives,
procedures and maintain them creatively to build their own value in market as well as in front of
customers. This project report is based on Mark and Spencer which is a British multinational
retailer in London. The organisation was established in the year of 1884 by Michael Marks and
Thomas Spencer. Marks and Spencer providing their services in clothings, home products and
luxury food products in worldwide area with approx. 85000 employees at around 980 stores. So
for them, it is very important to manage activates as well as monitor and control on them
effectively.
TASK1
P1 Different Role and characteristic of leader and manager
In a organisation manager and leader both are play their different role to achieve their
objectives effectively. They both are very different from each other but somehow people think
they they both are provide same services in the company. For this it is very important to
determine their different role and features fro the business and these are -
Manager-
Manager of organisation is a individual person who introduce objectives of the company
as well as provide different role and responsibility to the employees for get them effectively.
They are task oriented in the approaches and they only work to get better results according to
their goals (Baboli, 2014).
Role of Manager
Manager of the organisation is provide different services in the organisation to other
employees. Their role and responsibilities are also very different to others such as-
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Create a goal- Manger of M&S is works to set their futures objectives and goal to get
success in competitive market. This is their responsibility to set a clear vision for the business
that employee need to reach effectively. A set objectives is help to providing a working direction
which workers of the firm needs to follow for future advantages.
Organise- After setting the goal, this step is conducted by manager to organise various
activities according to employee's strength and their capacity. This is a task in which they
allocate and arrange responsibility to different department for make various plans and strategy to
get them easily.
Decision making- The one most important role of manger in the organisation is to make
their decision effectively or quick according to business and employee's need. In this manger
needs to be impartial in their decision and approaches for each and every employee to build
positive environment in the firm (Branch, 2012).
Features of the Manger
Commitment- Manger always have to be more passionate toward their work and
decision because they are provides order or commitment to employees which they are follow as
direction. Commitment of the manager have to be toward organisation's objectives and
employee welfare.
Discipline- This is the main feature of the manger because they are responsible to
maintain a working environment in the organisation and for this discipline is very important.
This can be discipline toward the work, responsibility and productivity.
Leader-
Leader is a independent person in the organisation who provide guideline to their peers
and co-worker to achieve specific goal effectively. Leaders are very different to manager because
they work to improve employees skills ans their working capacity (Burke, 2013).
Role of the Leaders
Leaders in a organisation is provide their different services and contribution for future
objectives. Their role and responsibilities are also very different fro the manager such as-
Communicate- A leader need to be ver6y efficient in their talking approaches because it
is very important for them to all the problems of employee to solve them at a particular time
period. This effective communication helps to provide them comfort zone in which they can
discuss anything to the leader before making wrong decisions.
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Monitoring- A leader is helps to analysis their employees skill for a specific work as
well as their capacity for working responsibility. Each and every person has different ability and
capacity of working so for leader it is very important to monitor their skills and improve them.
Provide training- This is next procedure after monitoring because in it leader works to
provide them effective training and learning to improve their interpersonal skills according to
organisation need. This training helps to make strategy and planning to achieve company's
objectives easily (Chen, 2011).
Features of Leader
Confident in their working approaches- A leader needs to be very confident in their
working approaches because they are works to provide direction or guideline to their co-workers
and ineffective guidelines never attract anybody to follow and go through it.
Inspiring behaviour- Leaders are always inspire to other workers for making effective
planning and strategies according to organisation's objectives. They are always motivate and
inspire to their peers and they all are follow their path to get success in the future.
TASK 2
P2 Role of leader and function of manager in different situation context
Manger and leader both are provide their contribution in organisation's success. In this
process role of leaders and function of manger are works together. For Marks and Spencer they
both are provide their contribution to get efficient working criteria in various situations to deal
with them easily-
Strategies- In a organisation all the departments are work according to different
strategies and planning. These Strategies are builds to get future objectives effectively at a
particular time period without conflicts. In this process manager an d leaders are provide their
contribution in various role. Manger is the person who Create vision and objectives for the
organisation's success in the competitive market as well as leader is works to make different
planning and strategy according to them as well as contribute working responsibility to
employees. They both are very important part for a business because without the organisation
can not conduct any activity in their firm. In it they also monitoring and controlling unnecessary
activities from the business that can harm its working environment (Cruzand and Marques,
2011).
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Decision making- Decisions making is a work with full of responsibility in Mark and
Spencer. In this process manager has the power to take any decision for company's success and
their employees welfare. Manger is always taking last decision to solve bigger problems but
leader has the authority to make nay decision to control unnecessary activities from the
organisation. They both are provide management services as well as full control in each
department of the business and its activities. Some times organisation is needs some changes in
their policy as well as their employment services for getting higher productivity and revenue in
the future. In this process of decision making, manger is responsible take organisation's decision
and leader is responsible to take decision for their co-workers to improve their skills and capacity
according to organisation's need (Expósito and et.al., 2016).
Problem solving- In a organisation, conflicts can be build when employees are working
together and they get different task from their comfort zone. So for this manager and leader
provide their contribution to overcome them and makes accurate solution for them. They make
strategies, plans or polices for running all the operational and functional activities in more
effective and appropriate manner to achieve increase profitability and productivity in market
place. Manger maintain operational and financial activities of firm and control all the capital and
investment in different functional department according to the requirement. Leaders assist in
handling and solving all the difficult situation by using their skills and abilities. They are helps
to increase organisation's productivity by improve employees skills and capacity to handle under
pressure work and competitive threats and provide effective out comes. Problem solving is a skill
in which all the activities of the organisation are include that can affect its future growth and
success that can be management of raw material according to customers demand, Employees
salary and labour, build working environment as well as provide full satisfaction to the
customers. In all these activities manager and leader provide their services to solve
problems(Fayol, 2016).
Resources allocation- Manger of the organisation is create objective to get success in the
market. So for this they are works to manage their present and required resources according to
customers and organisations need. In it leader is communicate with their labour and get
information about their requirement for the particular work after this they communicate with the
manager to provide required fund and permission to get them in the organisation. In this
procedures all the division of the organisation like research, finance, marketing and Human
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resources bot are work together to provide higher satisfaction to their customer by their products
and services. Now a days if organisation wants instant result of their objectives they need to
maintain effective strategy and technological resources that reduce wastages and provide
effective outcomes. So in it leader and manager provide their contribution to manage resources
according to organisation and customers need.
P3 Different theories and models of approaches
For a organisation it is very important to build a effective workforce that provide desire
outcome through their devices and affords. In this procedure manager and leader both are
provide their different role. But manager is only works to build objective but leader is provide
their higher contribution to build affective workforce and provide them skill training according
to organisation need. Leaders are build a strategical value in the organisation as well provide
ethics to fulfil them at proper timing (Handschin and Petroianu, 2012). So for this leaders in a
organisation is their basic need to motivate employee, provide the specific direction, monitoring
their capacity and ability, improve them through different ideas as well as build a positive and
working environment in the company for employees and customers too. Mark and Spencer is a
leading organisation in UK because their employees, workforce and leaders are woks together
and serve their quality role in the organisation. There are some leadership quality that can help
Marks and Spencer for future-
Situational Leadership- According to this theory different situation in a organisation is
required different leadership to manage them effectively. In this process, a leader is require with
a attitude and style to understand various situation and make quick and effective solution for
them. This process is classify into two situation. Primary situation determine that how leader
adapt different situation of the business and secondary situation determine their style and
approaches to resolve them and get advantages from them. This theory is appropriately identify
how leader and their workforce work together when organisation faces unexpected situations. In
this process leader is provide various training and opportunity to perform well and efficiently as
well as enhance their capacity to get better outcomes. In all the organisation leaders are provide
their different role but they need to more flexible to adapt and adjust according to company's
need (Lindström, 2012,).
System Leadership- According to this theory, Leaders are provide systematic direction
to the employee which they need to follow and go through it otherwise organisation can loose a
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systematic form for their objectives. In this leaders are collect different key skill employees of
their organisation and manage them level to level in a formation because various skills and easily
help them to manage their activity in effective manner. After this procedure organisation get
favourable outcome that provide them competitive advantages in market. For Mark and Spencer
their leader need to understand their employees key skills and organise them in a formation to
motivate other employees and improve their skills by timely monitoring and control. To maintain
it for future, workforce of the organisation needs to follow their leaders direction and their
systematic approach that can helps to maximise their potential (Lisi, 2010).
Contingency Leadership- this theory is also closely determine situational theory
because in it leaders are also react and make strategy according to different situation that can
affect organisation structure. According to Ming, (2013) This theory is related to two different
term task motivated and relationship motivated and they both are determine different term. In
task motivate leaders are highly oriented on their particular task and their command on it by
various approaches. In relationship motivated leadership, leaders are observe employee situation
and problem after that they make some plan to fulfil their needs. The main difference between
situational and contingency theory is situational is all about leaders behaviour that they should
adopt according to different situations whereas contingency is includes leaders capability and
other variability within the situation.
TASK 3
P4 Key approaches to Operation management
Manager and leaders is also work in different operation and management stages of the
organisation. Theses are very important for Mark and Spencer to manage their activities
effectively. In this procedure they determine various planning, controlling, policies
improvement, organising to get higher productivity and profitability. Theses operation activities
are and management process are conduct to get organisation's objectives and goals effectively.
Operation manager is responsible in business for getting effective production of product and
services. The theories of different operation management is as follows-
Six sigma- The process that led to Six Sigma was established in the 19th Century by Carl
Fredrick Grauss. This process is use to improve quality or operation activities of the
organisation. In this process reduce extra cost, deduction error and manage time factor of the
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organisation to get higher productivity and profitability easily. This theory is very effective by
nature but it is very expensive in cost to use. Mark and Spencer need to use this in their
manufacturing policy as well as production services to reduce wastage and extra labour from
their organisation. Through this process Marks and Spencer can earn goodwill in new markets
easily (Neck and Manz, 2010).
Just in time- According to this theory a organisation need to maintain a higher
command on the market. This is determine a term of market that company used to provide their
services and products at the time whether it is needed by market or customers. This theory is all
about customers demand and their need for a specific product. The main objective of a
organisation is provide higher satisfaction to their customers and get feedback to improve
services in future. In this process manager and leader provide their services to research and
analysis process as well as provide a training to their workforce according to requirement.
Lean manufacturing- According to this theory organisation and their employees
understand the use of their resources in effective manner to get higher productivity and
profitability at a particular time period. Through this they can easily understand how to reduces
wastage and extra cost that can affect its productivity and probability. A manufacturer and
production division needs to understand this factor to maintain their other activities easily.
Queueing theory- This theory is all depends on internal and external factor of the
organisation that can affect its operation and management activities. It includes staffing,
controlling, scheduling as well as inventory management at a workplace. These activities helps
to get competitive advantages through various concept.
P5 Importance and values of operation management in achieving business objectives
Operation management for a organisation is very important because they helps to
achieving future objectives and goal in effective manner. In this process employees easily
understand the role of their in the organisation as well as how they can provide their services in
effective manner. Management of a organisation help them to increase productivity through their
efforts. For this Marks and Spencer use different ideas to get higher profitability form the
customers and provide them full satisfaction accordion to their need.
Cost reduction- This process is used to attract customers easily. Promotion is also a
activity to get customers attention toward the organisation but cost reduction provide them
higher satisfaction and improve their purchasing power easily. Lower cost of product can easily
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build a number of customer in competitive market but fir this company needs to understand a
fact that they can only survive in the market if they get the costing of product as well as cost of
expenses. If costing of expenses can be high than revenue then organisation can face higher lose
on their products.
Coordination- in this process management of the organisation need to manage their
behaviour and coordination very smooth and understandable. This process helps to motivate
employee s toward their work as well as increase their capacity of working. All the person of
economy are required a smooth and calm nature of their mentor to understand their problems and
provide them effective solution as soon as possible same as a organisation employees are always
want a coordinating management staff who help them in their problems and tough situations
(SmithRahn and Wang, 2010).
Reduce wastage- To get higher productivity and profitability in less effort, Marks and
Spence need to improve their manufacturing activity to control higher wastage from the
company. Wastage is take costing level high and reduce productivity. In this process labour also
take lot of time to produce a particular produce as well as this is reduce raw material costing
form the firm. After a lots of wastage management have to face lose because they can not as
much revenue from a particulars product easily. Wastage is not about wastage material it is about
extra labour, wastage of electricity, assets as well as raw material that can directly affect its
supply policy.
Utilisation of manpower- This process is explain the use and utilisation of the resources
for production and services. According to this company and manager have to understand that the
resources and labours are available for the firm has to be sufficient for their new production as
well need to improve their employees skills and capacity according to company's need and want.
If everyone can understand their role in the firm than it will helps them get success easily in less
efforts.
TASK 4
P6 Factors of business environment that impact upon operational management
Operational management of a organisation is provide evaluation of day to day activities
as well as controls and actions that require for improvements. Environment of the business is
highly affect on its activities and procedures. They are divided in to two factors such as internal
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and external factors. It is very important of a new organisation to maintain a relationship with
these factors because they can help them to get success in future easily. They are define such as-
Internal factors
Internal factors of the organisation are controllable and they are already already located
in the organisation. These factors are highly impact on organisations decision making process as
well as their productivity.
Customers- Customers are the last buyer of products and a company is always works to
provide them beat goods according to their demands. This is a important internal aspect of firm
on which organisations revenue and their income are totally based. It is a long process in which
company manufacture their products on the basis of market needs and wants. They have a
authority to change organisations decision making process because organisation always produce
product according to their consumers need and wants (White, 2016).
Employees – employee are the key strength of a organisation . They are always provide
their contribution and services according to organisation's need and want as well as they work to
provide higher satisfaction to customers. Employees are the only one who helps to build a
goodwill of company in the higher competition.
Management- This division of the organisation is work to maintain a working
environment in the organisation as well as improve their employees skills and capacity that can
helps to provide them success in future.
External Environment
These are the external factor of the organisation who affect its activities and decision
making power effectively. They are beyond to control but organisation can make strategies to
reduce its higher effects. These factors can be easily understand through PESTEL analysis-
Political factor- These factor are related to government and political factor of the
country that affect organisations production and services as well as supply. It include
government policies,business activities and operation management.
Economic factor- This is all about economy requirement for a particular product and the
effect of theses services. For Marks and Spencer it is very important that they understand about
their organisation's role have to be in economy growth.
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Social factor- This is all about customers need for particular product according to trend
and fashion. In this process M&S need to understand that provide various trendy product
according customers need.
Technological factor- M&S needs to use various techniques and ideas to improve their
production and to attract customers. Technology always provide their help if organisation use it
effectively.
Environmental factor- according to this process M&S need s to understand that their
product and services have to environment la friendly that can not negatively impact on their
customers health.
legal factor- M&S have to regulate legislation in their organisation to maintain positive
and working environment in their company. They also provide some legislation to employee's
right to management as well as organisation's authority on their employees (Winget and
Thomson, 2010).
CONCLUSION
From the above report it has been summarised that operation management is a systematic
frame and set of functions that facilitates a business to run properly and reduce issues and
problems. The Mark ans Spencer is retailer company which is the core context of this report. The
assignment is concern with duties of manager and leader that plays in business. The theory of
operation management such as system, contingency and situational has been covered in this
report and with this some of the major approaches are using here such as six sigma and lean
manufacturing are also be added. There are some factors like internal where customer, investor
are involved and external factor where all those factor like legal, political and technical are
included has made impact on the decision making in industry.
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