Theories, Principles, and Models of Learning and Communication

Running Head: EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Education and Training
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Task 1 – Learning preferences
Analyse theories, principles, models of learning and models of learning preferences.
There are various people around the world having different style and preferences of learning
or acquiring knowledge and remember various things. There are few people who prefer the
term preference for categorising a particular learner. As far as the theories, principles and
models of learning preferences are concerned, there are many.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
The most significant model of learning preferences can be referred to as Bloom’s
Taxonomy. The Bloom’s Taxonomy can be applied to the lesson plans along with the
achievement goals and also as a method of the assessment. There are 3 domains of learning
provided by this model for enabling learners gain new skills, attitude and knowledge. The 3
domains are the cognitive, affective and the psychomotor. This is a process through which
knowledge can be acquired and every stage should be achieved before proceeding to the other
stage such as knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation.
Humanism
The learning and the process of learning can be referred to as a holistic process which
involves both the affective and cognitive processes. The aim is to gain the self-determinism
that is the topmost stage of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs. Humanism focuses on the personal
development and it is a process about analysing the results.
Cognitivism
Cognitivism suggests that learning is an internal process. It suggests that information
is internalized and also incorporated into the values of a person, the behaviours and the

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beliefs. It is also similar to conditioning as the particular behaviours become part of a specific
person. Hence, it is the most important factor for presenting the information appropriately in
a unique approach which follows the learning process. This is a process which is the
cognitive stage. At this stage, the entire picture is learnt and after it a new stage comes in
which the unknown skills can be gained and the confidence level is grown. In this model, the
skills become automatic and does not account for the external influences on the learning.
The socially situated learning
This model supports the fact that learning is an unintentional process. It should be
situated in related contexts which is understandable to the learners. It further says that
learning must be located in different context that is understandable to the learner. Hence,
information is required to be contextualized before being delivered to the learners. In this
process, the collaborative working and the social interaction is the most necessary. It is
opposite to the cognitive approach that believes that learning happens in the isolation to
others. This particular model does not identify the knowledge that is gained in one context
but applied in another context. Moreover, it says that the people can transfer the knowledge
to various contexts.
The Motivational theory
The motivational theory is similar to the behavioural view of need for gaining
positive rewards. The learners are required to be motivated enough for acquiring new skills or
new behaviours. The hierarchy of needs of Maslow propounds that motivation depended on
the unconscious desires. It is a model that impinges on almost every aspect of work. The five
tier pyramid model of Maslow presents the motivators of people. The motivation is to
achieve the particular needs of people. As per this model, the learners must be taught about

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the skills for fulfilling the primary needs and sustain that. Hence, it is possible that people can
learn about the first tier of this model.
McGregor’ theory X and theory Y
This is a particular style that is dependent on the perception of the motivators. When
a particular group is found unmotivated with no responsibility, the X theory is adopted and
the approach for teaching becomes authoritarian. The structures have little delegation and
significant control. On the other hand, the Y theory is adopted when the self-motivated group
needs some guidance having huge responsibilities. Under the X category, most of the learners
fall.
Reflective practice and assessment theory
The assessment theory talks about different forms of assessment such as initial,
formative and summative. The reflective practice theory happens when experience is gained
and one has an insightful view of one’s practices. The focus is to have the learners become
more self-aware along with being self-evaluative to the situations and the responses. This is
used for the development of lifelong learning processes. However, this model accounts for
the retrospective reflection. It concentrates on the internal process and at the same time
ignores the other influences.The external influences are the social environment, and its effects
on the feedbacks and the rewards
Explain ways in which theories, principles and models of learning can be applied
to teaching learning and assessment
It is highly important that teaching is completely inclusive to all of the learners.
Therefore, the differentiation process is required by the administration of the pre assessments.
Such assessment will support to determine the appropriate resources needed for delivering the

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course. Taken for example, there are some learners who are unable to read and it will be
useless to give them the written material. The teaching method of the organizations should be
following the preferred model of teaching. It should be factored into the learning process. The
teaching process should be according to the aim of resulting in the conflict and the
performance management of the tutor. Hence, it is essential to adhere to the policies, working
practices and the procedures. The models can be applied in the following ways:
 Bloom’s taxonomy was produced with a top down approach. Hence , it is not a proper
model to adopt during working with the learners.
 The behaviourist models on the other hand can be applied in the course content
through the incorporation of the reward system. The punishments cannot encourage
motivation when an individual has poor self-esteem. A reward system is used in every
two sessions which the learners attend. This reward system enables the Maslow’s
theory along with the requirement for fulfilling the basic needs of an individual.
 The organizations try to help the learners achieve the self-actualization that is unlikely
and it will be able to achieve at the level of the students who are working. Hence,
humanism can be easily applied for ensuring that the teaching incorporates the holistic
approach for the learning process and one goes with the humanism purpose.
 Notably, the motivation theories can support the tutor in developing a lesson plan
which encourages the motivation of the learners, the failure to incorporate this
particular model which may result in disengagement. Consequently, the learner does
not achieve the full potential.
 The cognitive models are applied because these recognize the changes in the
behavioursare internalized. The plans can be easily developed to facilitate the process
and ensure that the learners receive a complete picture. The social situation theories
can also assist the development of the training which ensures that the tutors provide

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practical examples to apply these in their behaviours. It is like a role play which
enables the learners to practice the skills in a proper environment ensuing that they are
effective.
 The reflexive practice theory suggests that it can assist in the development of a lesson
having given the time to enable the learners for reflecting that enables the learners to
have time to think and start the process of internalization because the cognitivists
present the goal of learning.
3. Analyse how identifying and taking account of learners’ individual learning
preferences enables inclusive teaching, learning and assessment
The individual learning preferences influence the model applied to the teaching
method significantly. It is highly important to choose the most appropriate models for any
given situation. The adopted model is likely to leave its impact on the way the course is
delivered. These models are prescribed to achieve modifications in behaviours. A process of
experience and evaluation is required in the tutor for motivating the learners and giving them
the positive rewards. The assessments should cater for the individual learning style and some
may excel in the written assessments and other in the practical assessments. Notably, Honey
& Mumford has given a learning style model suggesting that the learners should have the
specific styles and at the same time the teaching must be adapted in such specific style.
Activist- The activist is similar to the kinaesthetic and the learning should consist of the mind
mapping, the practical activities, the problem solving , group discussions and the role plays.
Theorist- It is about learning through synthesis and analysis of the information in order to
form the logical theories. It is completely crucial for the autistic learners. The learning
material must be in the structure of the models, the stories, the statistics, the relevant theories
and the background information.