Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Running head: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

1EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS
Q1>
a. The population of interest is 18 to 55 years old men.
b. The sample used for this study is 13884, 18 to 55 years old men. The sampling was done
by stratified, multi-stage cluster random sampling strategy, where the primary sampling unit
was the households.
c. The major strength of this sampling process is its random sample selection that allowed
unbiased and more distributed sample participation. Along with that, selecting the 10 to 55
years participant for responding and excluding the participants of 10 to 17 years old, allowed
the study to access the maximum scope of engaging the samples within 18 to 55 age group.
d. The response rate for the above mentioned study was 36%. Hence it can be said the that the
response rate is receivable. The response rate represents the acceptability of the data
collection method among the target sample size.
e. In spite of having random sampling, the study was included those participants that wanted
to participate willingly. As per the psychological study suicidal tendency is higher in introvert
population. Hence, the population that refused to participate can cause error in result.
Q2.
Question a. Study Type b. Reason c. Relevant measure of
frequency or Association
i. Cross sectional descriptive Survey was conducted in a large
sample to explore the rate of
back pain
Point prevalence
ii. Ecological study analytical A observational study was
conducted by combining two
separate results
Rate ratio
iii. Case control study The study investigated the
previous employment to compare
to group of people
Risk ratio, odd ratio

2EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS
iv. Longitudinal study The study was conducted on a
particular sample to collect their
medical reports during 9 years
Period prevalence,
incident rate, cumulative
incident
v. Cross sectional analytical The sample was investigated to
analyse the hypothesis of
consuming sweeteners and
anxiety
Point prevalence,
prevalence ratio,
vi. Retrospective cohort study The study investigated the
previous association of exposed
and unexposed group
Risk ratio, odd ratio, rate
ratio
Q3.
Prevalence of lung disease at initial screening= (11/900)x100 = 1.222
a. The above prevalence of lung disease at initial screening 1.22 refers to the prevalence of
cases for each 100 people. However to convert this prevalence to case per 1000 person the
calculation is:
(1.222x100)/1000= 12.22
Hence, from the result it has been found the prevalence of lung disease at initial screening is
12.22 cases in 1000 population.
b. The number of workers at risk of developing lung disease at the start of the 10 year follow-
up study was (900-11) =889
c. For the cumulative incident, the disease free initial population was 889 and the new cases
during follow up 39.
Hence the cumulative incident for per 100 people = (39/889) x 100 = 4.38
Q4.
a. The most appropriate measures of association for this study type are risk ratio
b.