Social Ecological Approaches to Health Education and Behavior

The provided content comprises of various articles, book chapters, and online resources related to health education, health promotion, and social change. These sources explore topics such as individual and contextual approaches, stress management, consumer empowerment, motivational interviewing, action research, and health behavior change. Authors from diverse fields like sociology, psychology, public health, and education discuss the importance of considering the social ecological context in which individuals live their lives. The resources also emphasize the need for collaborative efforts and interprofessional education to achieve positive changes in healthcare.

FACILITATING CHANGES
IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL
CARE

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Key factors driving change in health and social care services:........................................3
1.2 Factors presenting challenges to health and social care services:....................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Strategy and criteria for measuring recent changes in health and social care:.................5
2.2 The impact measurement of recent changes in health and social care services:..............6
2.3 Evaluation of the overall impact of recent changes in health and social care:.................7
2.4 Appropriate proposal in service responses to recent changes in health and social care:. 8
Task 3...............................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Key principle of change management..............................................................................9
3.2 Planning of changes in health and social care:...............................................................10
3.3 Monitoring recent changes in health and social care services .......................................11
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Health and social care are very vital for the well-being of the people living in a country.
With increase in population and other environmental issues there is a rise in cases of new
diseases. The health and social care provides the very needed assistance in curing different types
of diseases (Antheunis, Tates and Nieboer, 2013). Special facilities and environment is needed to
be created by the health and social care organisations as to deal with people who require special
care. Government with the help of policies and procedure is working on providing a better health
and social care services to the people. These services help the people with disability to live a life
with dignity. This research is done as to understand the impact of changes in health and social
care services on the life of patients. Also this report will analyse different factors which are
responsible for driving the change in health and social care services. There are various factors in
the society which present a challenge in front of the healthcare services, they need proper
strategy formulation, measuring techniques, evaluation methods and purpose of the changes
TASK 1
1.1 Key factors driving change in health and social care services:
There are various factors which act as a driving force in the health and social care sector.
Health and social care organisations play a vital part in ensuring better services for the people .
This sector is driven by many factors such as political, demographic, technological factor and
legal factors. Government and national health care services are engaged in developing better
medical facilities around the United Kingdom. Various factors which impacts the health care
sector:
Political: Policies and procedures of a country are made by governments which are formed by
different political parties. Every policy and procedural change are politically motivated.
Priorities changes with change in government as they are led by different leaders of different
parties, such as conservative, labour party, etc. Housing and care of disabled people is a priority
for medical department but the change in government has led various budgets cuts. but overall
motive remains same for every government and that is to deliver qualitative services to the
patients with disability around the country.
Economic: Recently the world witnessed economic recession which caused UK to cut
expenditure in various fields. This had impact on the health and social care too. These economic

aids cut has led to closure of residential homes for LAD. So any changes in economic situation
will lead to changes in health and social care sector.
Social: It depends on the society as how they will react to the changes in the policy. If they
accept them then it will be fine but in case of negative response the changes will face protest.
Technology:The changes in this field is happening very fast and the industry need to adopt the
best technology as to prepare themselves for contingencies.
Legal: This is in the hands of government. Any changes in the legal laws will lead to drastic
changes in the sector. If the government prohibits the use of some medicine or technique then
they can not use it any more as it will be illegal.
Environmental: Health and social care changes should be done while keeping environmental
changes in mind. No activity should impact the environment. The medical sector should support
and promote healthy environment for patients and other stakeholders.
Today no matter what factor it is. Every party indulged in the medical sector is trying to
make this field better than before.
1.2 Factors presenting challenges to health and social care services:
There are various key factors which present challenges to health and social care services.
Health and social sector is the prime concern of government and authorities. These factors lead
to many changes in the organisation and whole sector (Beach, Henderson and Finkelstein,
2012). When prime factors such as technology, political scenario and demography changes big
changes are seen in the medical sector.
Technological Factors: There are various technological advancement coming in the field of
medical services. These technological advancement help the total infrastructure created to treat
patients. New machines of X-Rays, MRI scans, CT scans are being developed. These
advancement are leading different companies towards providing better services. The National
Healthcare services is actively introducing new technology into the system. Also they are
providing training and development to employees for understanding new machines and concepts
which will help in increasing the quality of services. For disabled patients various new organ
enhancement or replacement techniques are being introduced. Also electronic communication
and assistive technology is helping disabled people more.
Cultural factors: Culture is one of the factor which impacts the whole society and business
process. It is the values and ethics which are followed by people and it also states about the

living traditions of a region. It presents some challenges like resistance to change and level of
acceptability and tolerance.
Demographic Factors: These factors are related with age, gender, ethnicity, cultural
background, race of a person. These factors has to be considered while formulating any regional
or national health services for disabled people. With race, gender, culture priorities of people
changes. Some places have conservative people while some people who are living in city are
liberal and accept changes in policy easily. Not all disabled people have same problem. Every
one have different issue and also background.
TASK 2
2.1 Strategy and criteria for measuring recent changes in health and social care:
There is a need of a strategy and a proper criteria which is needed to measure recent
changes in health and social care (Cowles, 2012). The disabled patients are relocated into the
supporting communities and residential homes specially built for this purpose are closed. The
management board need a complete feedback about the whole process of moving patients into
communities. Proper data collection and interpretation which is easily understandable is
required. There few ways to collect data:
 Questionnaire: it is a tool of measurement and a method of collecting data. A
questionnaire is a form which contain different questions about the whole process of
relocation of disabled. How community feel about them and their reaction towards the
issues of disabled. Questionnaire will provide honest review about the patients and
community relationship.
 Personal Interview: Interviews are conducted one on one usually. It is a tool of data
collection. It guarantees about proper mapping of attitude and behaviour changes in the
supporting communities and disabled people (Creek and Lougher, 2011). These
interviews will provide right information about the total process which was conducted as
relocate disabled people and their families to supported communities. Personal interviews
are the best way to analyse people reactions to certain questions.
 PDCA: Plan, Do, Check, Act model is a management model which utilises control and
continuous updatation of process and products. It is known as Deming circle, Shewhart
cycle or plan-do-study-act. There is another model which is called OPDCA, O stands for

observation. This model will help in planning about the activity, implementing the plan
and rechecking it for further improvements.
 360 degree analysis: This is a another method to evaluate and measure the recent
changes which have been adopted by the health and social care industry. This will enable
administration in taking feedback of all concerned parties. Also this promotes continuous
improvement in the system and process.
These tools will help in collecting data. There is a need of proper target setting and scheduling so
as to understand the attitude and behavioural changes. The need of the hour is if the patients with
disability are happy or not. Also the communities are able to cope up with the issues which are
being caused by the disabled neighbourhood.
2.2 The impact measurement of recent changes in health and social care services:
The impact of recent changes on health and social care needs to to be measured so as to
know about the efficiency of the strategy adopted. At the time of visit to the supported
community it was found that after one year of relocation of disabled from residential homes. The
community and the disabled people and their families were still in the process of adapting. The
whole process of relocation of disabled people in the supported community has been a lengthy
process. There was resistance from the families of disabled and also from the staff members of
health care services. The major problem which was faced was the acceptance of these patients in

the common environment. Even though there were supported communities but still every patient
have a different issue which caused some resistance from the communities. With the help of
Questionnaire and person interview, the change in the behaviour and attitude of communities
towards patients were analysed. It also covered about what issues the patients faced during the
process of relocation.
There is another way of measuring the impact of changes in health and social care
policies regarding closure of residential homes and that technique is spot checking (Doherty and
Clayton, 2011). It is a technique which allowed us to go and check the homes of disabled and
interview people in supported communities about the measure impacts. This led us to analyse
the instant changes in behaviour and attitude of people. This measure is essential as to check
about progress between the relationship of disabled and the supported communities.
Survey: A proper survey will help in measuring the impact of recent changes in the health and
social care. This can be done by using several tools like questionnaire, personal interview and
spot checking.
Interview: For analysing and measuring the impact group interviews can be done as to cross
check the feedback from different groups. This will provide better quality data.
Complaint procedure: There is a need of developing a complaint procedure which will help the
users, families and other stakeholders in registering complaints about the system and process. A
proper structure of complaints and their solution will assist in getting the services better.
Suggestion: The suggestion for measurement is very simple. The authorities will need to adopt
the survey method and spot checking to cross check the situation and impact of the recent
changes.
2.3 Evaluation of the overall impact of recent changes in health and social care:
There is a need to evaluate overall impact of recent changes in health and social care.
Any changes in the medical sector leads to different impacts on patients. These change in the
case is about the relocation of disabled people from residential homes which have been closed
(Fotaki, 2011). It has been one year since the patients were moved from residential homes to
supported communities. There is need to analyse the impact of whole process of relocation. Also
it is necessary to know about the impact which is caused because of the changes in the health and
social care.

The recent changes in health and social care has impacted various parties, such as
government, patients, families and industry. These stakeholders have to be communicated about
the changes and how they can tackle the situation. The impact of recent changes is described
below:
Government: Any changes in the health and social care is promoted by government. This change
to close down residential homes was also a government initiative. But such changes comes with
a supportive initiative which is to support the learning disability individual living in the society.
Families: Patients families and others are impacted with the recent changes. Now the families
and other members are made liable to make sure that the LAD individuals do not suffer in the
society.
Patients: The patients are the one who are most impacted by the recent changes. Now the
learning disability individuals will be supported by the government initiative to live in the
society. But they will not be living in the totally supported environment. There will be issues in
the social life because of differences between people attitude.
Medical industry: The companies serving in the medical field will be impacted by the changes.
Now they will have to focus more resources to support the learning disability individuals.
2.4 Appropriate proposal in service responses to recent changes in health and social care:
Many changes are dependent on the staff member of the health and social care. As they
are the one who are responsible for the providing final services to the disabled people (Golden
and Earp,2012). The recent changes in health and social care has led to change in the system,
behaviour and attitude of people. The staff needs proper training and development opportunity to
be able to serve the disabled people in the common communities. National Health services and
government needs to create a vision about the changes in the health and social care.
A vision will help the staff as well as citizens to provide their service to help relocate the
disabled individuals in the normal environment. The residential homes were closed as the
organisation which operates them received orders from the authorities to shift people from the
residential homes to supported living. The basic changes which are required to avoid negative
publicity is proper measurement and evaluation of the process of relocation of people with
learning disability.
There should be spot checking of the whole process as to measure the actual conditions
on time. The local action for the disabled(LAD) is responsible to make sure that people with

learning disability get the best environment in the supported living (Henry and Stephens, 2013).
The staff and system should properly provide all their services to these people. There should be
no discrimination and all changes should be implemented by gaining mutual consent of society
and patients. This will allow the organisation in relocating the patients without any resistance
and negative publicity.
Suggestions: To manage the changes properly, management has to make some improvements in
the system. Spot checking, training for the staff of medical services, periodic feedback via
questionnaire, 360 degree analysis will ensure that the organisations will be able to develop
proper services response.
Task 3
3.1 Key principle of change management
Change is a essential part of life. Time to time it comes in the environment in way of
modification or a new thing. That should be accepted by every one. If any one will not accept
this then they will be pushed backward in the current environment. In current environment if any
company or business will not accept the change then they will be having higher risk of getting
loss (Lefebvre, 2013). Implementation of change have to be done according to the principle of
change management. This will help in making the effective change in the environment. The
principle of changes are based on the Leavitte change model which is explained below:
Leavitte change model: These model comes after the 14 years of the Kurt Lewin model. In this
the modification have been done. Their are four things that have been described that are as
follows:
 People: In this the performance that are given by the people that have to be increased by
the change (Lober and Flowers, 2011). So the implementation of the change has to be
done on the people in the health and social care.
 Task: In the healthcare there are so many people who deal with their different
department or staffs. They allot different task to every one. Making change in the task of
their to increase the performance of their.
 Structure: There are some structure in every organisation. According to the structure the
change have been implemented in the health and social care.

 Technology: In the health and social care there are some type of technology used. Then
change have been done in the environment and performance
This model of change assist the management in managing the recent changes in health and social
care. The situation of the employee's will also improve. This model promotes few principles of
change:
Reducing resistance: There are so many problem which will come in making the change. Their
are so many people will resist for the change by the manager have to manage all type of
resistance that are coming in the organisation.
Communicating about the given change: The change that have been planed with
communicating with the top owners and the place where we have to make the change. The
communication should be the proper so that their will motivation towards the change in the
workplace. If the communication have not don properly then this will make the resistance for the
change.
Organise training program: If the change planed and that have to bee implemented in the
workplace (Mechanic, 2012). Then the training have to be provided to the where the change have
to bee implemented. This will make the the motivation towards the change.
Establishing sense of urgency: In the change management the when the change have to bee
implemented then the resource that will bee needed that have to bee full file by the company.
The manager have to analysis the resource on time and manger will be ready to be that any
urgency can come in that change. That have to be analysis by the manager before coming so that
he will be ready to face that problem.
Form of coalition: In the change the most important need of there is to make the coalition in
between the company's and make coalition between the team and staffs on the work place. This
will make the better co-ordination in development (Miller and Rollnick,2012). Change have been
plane for the development only.
Create a vision: The change have a goal that give benefits for the health and social care. Before
making of the change, a vision has to be set for the change. This will make the effective change
in the health and social care.
3.2 Planning of changes in health and social care:
There is a need of proper planning before implementing any changes in the health and
social care. This planning will provide a path to the whole system and its employee to adapt to

the required changes. This facilitates in building an improved system for the society. The recent
changes in health and social care were planned properly. The relocation of learning disability
people to the supported living is a step to cut down the expenditure which was being spent on the
residential homes and care facilities. It is also a step to let the people with learning disability to
live in the common society. There are certain analysis which was done before planning for
change:
 Consultation: Consultation was done with the economic and medical experts in order to
find a relevant place to move the individual with learning disability. It was a matter
which would have caused a lot of negative publicity with the system and also in the
society (Munn-Giddings and Winter, 2013). Proper path was needed to be established.
These experts provided their expertise as to create a path which would fulfil the needs of
system and also deliver good services to the learning disabled individuals.
 Communication: All the issues and requirements were required to be communicated
down the line. The experts and authorities created a path which needed to be
implemented. Before implementation the whole system and employees are needed to be
informed and trained.
 Stakeholder analysis: all the parties which are involved in this process of relocation are
need to be informed. Authorities need to analyse how different stakeholder will be
impacted by the changes in the system. Stakeholder in the current changes are: patients,
staff member, communities, organisation.
 Staff and development needs: Staff needs to be properly trained and managed as to
provide better services to the society. The training and development of staff, working in
the field of health and social care will enhance their capability to deal with the upcoming
changes. This will also prepare them for facing any contingency in future.
3.3 Monitoring recent changes in health and social care services
A change is necessary because it is important to modify upgrade and update the things
according to the situation. Communication of the change is also important because people know
the change only when it is communicated (Scanfeld and Larson, 2010). There several things
required to be done before implementing any change are:

 Survey: A survey can be conducted in the society about what all changes are required in
health and social care. This would give the information about the current situation and the
actual requirements to do planning on appropriate problems. Feedback: The current plan's feedback should be taken so as to ascertain what are the
problems and providing the best solutions to them. Taking Suggestions: The evaluator can take suggestion from the people about how the
changes can be made and according to that planning can be done. Developing goals and objectives: Proper goals and objectives should be determined so as
to have a vision for the planning this would help in assessing the problem in direction
with the change required.
 Expert advice: The experts can be appointed for the planning and suggestion. Proper
auditing can be done by the experts and the plans and procedures can be made
accordance with them.
 Cost analysis and benefits: There is a high need to analyse the cost of whole process of
relocating the learning disability people from residential homes to supported living. No
process can be conducted without any expense (Schuetz, Mann and Everett, 2010). This
analysis of cost will allow the organisation to know what expense it will have to endure.
This will give LAD an idea about what resources it will need for the process.
All of the above techniques are used to plan a change in any field where there is a
requirement. In accordance with health and social cure the company can use these method to
identify what actually is required to change. This would help in serving the people who actually
require to be served. These methods will help the system to keep monitoring the services
provided to the people with learning disability. Also this will enhance the quality of services to
these people.
Conclusion
The changes in health and social care are vital for the citizens of a country. These facilities
should be updated and available for all. The recent change in the services was about the
relocation of the learning disability individuals in the supported living as to cut down the
expenditure and also boost the acceptance rate in the communities about the learning disability.
These changes require proper planning and implementation so as to bring the best results.

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