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Introduction to DNA and Genetics Assignment

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Added on  2021-01-02

Introduction to DNA and Genetics Assignment

   Added on 2021-01-02

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Genetics
Introduction to DNA and Genetics Assignment_1
Introduction to DNA and Genetics Assignment_2
INTRODUCTION Genetics refers to study of heredity of characters and traits which has been transferredfrom the parental generation to the upcoming progeny. It consist study of genes those are thefactors containing specific features which get transferred from ancestors to new generation(Kumar, Stecher and Tamura, 2016). The present report is based on case of parents of unborn areboth carriers of sickle cell in order to explain possible results of the same.TASK 1 1.1 Structure of DNA, genes and chromosomesDNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid having structure of building block of DNA thatare nucleotides which are made of three parts such as deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group andnitrogenous base. However, four types of nitrogenous bases are found in DNA i.e. adenine,guanine, cytosine and thymine.Gene is known as unit of hereditary information which occupies fixed location inchromosome and direct synthesis of proteins. Genes are made up of DNA which can betranscribed into RNA from DNA. Chromosome is thread like structure found in nuclei of both plants and animals. They arecomposed of protein and one molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid.1.2 Mechanism and important of DNA replicationDNA replication can be described as duplication of DNA by specific process includingnumber of steps. Initially, replication fork formation by separating double stranded DNA intosingle strands by DNA helicase enzyme. However, primer i.e. short piece of RNA that binds tostarting point for replication and primers are created by DNA primase enzyme. Moreover, DNApolymerase generate new strand by elongation and add Okazaki fragments of DNA. Process ofreplication is discontinuous as newly created fragments are disjointed (Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza, 2014). Additionally, final stage is termination include nuclease which remove all RNAprimer from original strands and proofreads newly formed DNA to remove errors. Furthermore,DNA ligase join Okazaki fragments to for single unified strand and telomerase catalyse telomeresequences at the ends of DNA and then parent strands & its complimentary strands coils intofamiliar double helix. Finally, replication produce two DNA molecules, each one consist oneparents strand and one new strand.
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