Nanomaterials Synthesis and Properties

This assignment focuses on the synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials, particularly silicon carbide nanostructures. It examines various fabrication methods like physical vapor deposition and plasma processing. Students will delve into the structure and properties of these nanomaterials, understanding their significance in diverse applications.

Health and Safety Management 1
DISSERTATION ON HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS IN MYANMAR
By Name
Course
Instructor
Institution
Location
Date

Health and Safety Management 2
ABSTRACT
The research involves an evaluation of the significance of Health and Safety Management in
construction projects in a construction firm located in Myanmar. The chief purpose of this
research task is to determine whether the implementation of health and safety measures put in
place can help to come up with a successful construction project. It attempts to explain the
variations which can be applied on construction sites to help reduce the risks, hazards and
injuries that are experienced in construction industries. Besides, the research provides
recommendations of how risks that are experienced in construction industries can be reduced
(Tjale, 2016).
Recently, substantial attention has been drawn towards the health and safety environments of
employees in construction industries resulting from increased number of accidents that occur at
construction sites. Hence, this paper presents health and safety management systems that help to
curb and minimize these accidents. Consequently, the present and potential risks have been
identified and critically analysed. Other modern ways of minimizing the risk have also been
suggested (Brandt, 2014).
The results from this paper clearly demonstrate issues that are related to construction industries
and provides a recommendation on how they can be improved.
Key terms
Health, construction industry, safety, accidents.
Chapter summary
This part provides a brief overview of the whole task that the researcher has covered. It explains
what generally is contained in the dissertation and hence acts as a fulfilment that the research has

Health and Safety Management 3
been well covered according to the set aims and objectives of the research question (Tryon,
2012).
Contents
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... 2
Key terms......................................................................................................................2
Chapter summary......................................................................................................... 2
Chapter 1........................................................................................................................... 4
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................4
Study background.........................................................................................................4
Problem statement........................................................................................................6
Study area.................................................................................................................... 8
Structure of the Research.............................................................................................8
Research Aim............................................................................................................. 10
The Research Question..............................................................................................10
Objectives...................................................................................................................10
Chapter summary....................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................12
Introduction.................................................................................................................12
Definitions...................................................................................................................12
Defining health and safety management.......................................................................12
What is safety management?........................................................................................13
Scope of construction industry....................................................................................15
Problems faced in construction industry.....................................................................16
Occupational health and safety.................................................................................. 17

Health and Safety Management 4
Occupational risk factors............................................................................................ 17
Occupational risks factors in construction...............................................................19
The monitoring of procurement...................................................................................20
Vetting bidders for contracts.......................................................................................21
Regulations related to the construction accidents......................................................22
Strategic decisions construction industry......................................................................24
Decision-making processes........................................................................................24
Client and Stakeholder decision making.......................................................................24
Construction industry Decision-making...................................................................24
Stakeholder management...........................................................................................25
Stakeholder identification............................................................................................25
Stakeholder interests..................................................................................................25
Stakeholder influence.................................................................................................26
Stakeholder communication....................................................................................... 26
Stakeholder and client coordination............................................................................26
Stakeholder theory......................................................................................................26
Stakeholder definition.................................................................................................27
Chapter summary....................................................................................................... 28
Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY.........................................................................................29
Introduction.................................................................................................................29
Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology........................................................................29
Ontology..................................................................................................................29
Objectivism..............................................................................................................30
Subjectivism............................................................................................................ 30
Justification between Objectivism and Subjectivism...................................................31

Health and Safety Management 5
Research Philosophy..................................................................................................31
Positivism................................................................................................................ 31
Interpreters’ philosophy...........................................................................................32
Critical realism........................................................................................................ 32
Postmodernism........................................................................................................ 32
Pragmatism............................................................................................................. 33
Justification of Research Philosophy..........................................................................33
Research approach.................................................................................................... 33
Selection and justification of Research Approach.....................................................34
Research design.........................................................................................................35
Qualitative research design..........................................................................................35
Quantitative research design........................................................................................35
Mixed methods research design...................................................................................36
Selection and justification of Research Design...........................................................36
Research Strategy......................................................................................................36
Selection and justification of Research Strategy.....................................................37
Time Horizon.............................................................................................................. 37
Cross-sectional studies.................................................................................................38
Longitudinal studies....................................................................................................38
Justification of Time Horizon selected..........................................................................38
Data collection method...............................................................................................38
Primary data collection method................................................................................38
Secondary data collection method............................................................................39
Selection and justification of Data collection methods................................................39
Targeted Audiences.....................................................................................................40

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Population size............................................................................................................ 41
Research ethics..........................................................................................................41
Chapter summary....................................................................................................... 41
Chapter 4: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS.........................................................43
Introduction.................................................................................................................43
Survey questionnaire respond rate.............................................................................44
Survey Questions....................................................................................................... 45
Interviews....................................................................................................................61
Discussion and analysis................................................................................................. 62
Analysis and discussions............................................................................................67
Chapter summary.......................................................................................................... 67
Chapter 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............................................68
Shortcomings of Study................................................................................................68
Conclusion..................................................................................................................68
Recommendations......................................................................................................69
Chapter summary....................................................................................................... 70
References..................................................................................................................... 71

Health and Safety Management 7
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Construction industries plays a key role in the development of any country such that the fate of
the country relies on the state of its national construction industries. This is as a result of the
linkages between the construction industry and the state. The linkages maybe forward linkages
which means the utilization of the construction facilities for economic purposes such as business.
Besides, the linkages can also be backward which means the materials that are used in the
construction firms and the economical services from the state (Barrett, 2012).
This chapter clearly elaborates the major risks that normally arise as a result of human factors
and the machinery. Besides, the research paper stipulates the advantages of adopting the
internationally accepted safety and health management standards which will consequently help
in alleviating the accidents, injuries and hazards that are experienced in the construction
industries. Moreover, the research clarifies the great role that construction industries play in the
advancement of the national economy (Tryon, 2010).
Study background
In all workplaces be it small in size or big, there exists presence of accidents that may be human-
related or emanating from other external factors since all tasks in one way or the other expose the
workers to a hazardous situation such as risky machinery, electricity, chemical exposure and also
high construction sites. A research in 2014 revealed that annually a high percentage of accidents
that occur in workplaces are majorly human-caused accidents. Despite putting in the limelight
the modern techniques that helps in curbing the accidents seems difficult to most companies, all
will agree that health and safety are of great significance. (Coble, 2015)

Health and Safety Management 8
In many countries, the construction industry plays a vital part of the economy and mostly it is
considered a source of money among the developed nations. Over the past, the construction
business has been deliberated as one of the most unsafe and dangerous productions due to the
increasing rate of occurrence of the number of fatalities and accidents worldwide. In many
situations, the laborers have had the tendency to concentrate more on the work while ignoring
the various safety and health practices (Board, 2013).
Thus safety and health can be view as both a humanitarian and financial concern that requires set
rules and standards that should be adhered to strictly. There have been personnel’s in the
construction industry that has neglected some of the simple and crucial things that are concerned
with health and safety of an industry. For instance, the construction administration at times do
believe that issuance of adequate and appropriate measures in relation to health and safety
management will inflate the cost of construction in a particular site which immensely affects
them (Barrett, 2015)
Contrarily, evidences have demonstrated that the urge for qualitative and quantitative
development in construction health and safety reasonably accumulates the benefits through
means of making the profits and enhancing agent affirmation as well as lessening wearing out.
The employees in construction working environments are usually exposed to pressures of related
injuries, illness, hazards and also accidents that in a vast way results into adverse effects thereby
extending the work time frames (Caiden, 2013).
Besides, machinery and plants or even complex construction equipment’s are accompanied by
great construction risks in the situation that the administrators lack the sufficient skills in
operating them. Thus it is always advisable to ensure that appropriate technicians are availed and

Health and Safety Management 9
they are assured in terms of their health and safety. Additionally, these construction
administrators should be in total control over their employees by enhancing rules according to
the existing construction set standards. It is the responsibility of the association to entirely be in
agreement with all the activities related to health and safety in the construction industry (Board,
2013)
There are various factors which have impacts on the health and organization in constituting
nations which deprive the development of a country resulting to stumpy proficiency level,
autonomous preferment’s on construction sites, obedience for usual approaches to work, unusual
weather conditions, disgraceful use of hardware as well as humiliation (Clarke, 2012).
Likewise, the manner in which the construction industry steers the development of a nation has
little connection with the health and safety. The recitals of belligerent subscription, as well as the
principle of extremely exposed contracts to the least bidder in many developing nations obliges
the temporary workers to create all means of raising a living even though reducing budgets in
health and safety mode influence the construction sector (Dons, 2015).
Problem statement
The framework of this paper will examine the construction industry in terms of the existing
systems. These research areas fully demonstrate the contemplation with regards to the persons
who take same responsibilities in the health and safety departments of construction. The health
and safety of working environment within the building system are organized in this
consciousness scrutiny accordingly and worry about the related management of dimensions that
are particularly set up and that of difficulties practised as well as the approval equipment in the
local constructions of health and safety sector (Ostrikov, 2007).

Health and Safety Management 10
The research mainly is focused on the health and safety management system in construction
industries in Myanmar, hence the major challenges that will be dealt with includes
 Environmental disasters
 Conduct and skills of the personal on-board
 Structures and associated equipment of these units
 health and safety management systems,
All the machines that are present at any construction site can only be utilized by trained
personnel’s and besides that, the maintenance of these machines in terms of repair is very
essential. This is because a small damage in a machine has the capacity of resulting into fatal
situations within the construction site, hence it is advisable that regular servicing is done (Yates,
2011).
Likewise, safety is very key in ensuring the continuous advancement of business.
Safety and management systems that are not strong may result in very many
negative impacts on the construction industry. Despite having into place certain
health and safety management systems over a longer period, there existed many
incidents that resulted from poor operational health and safety system. Thus it
should be a requirement that all construction companies strictly enact laws related
to the health and safety management systems. (Artto, 2011)
Being an underdeveloped nation, Myanmar does not have enough mechanisms
and measures to counteract some of the natural calamities. For instance, the Asian
tsunami and the cyclone naris clearly demonstrated that the response of Myanmar

Health and Safety Management 11
was still below the expectations and many persons died. It has been experiencing
a lot of challenges in terms of its safety management system (Chudley, 2016).
Despite having several journals and publications being full of negative publicity concerning the
level of the health and safety management, the implementation of this system will have a great
positive impact on them and also on boosting the production (Thomas, 2014).
Study area
The initial part of this dissertation paper focuses on the theories underlying on
health and safety management process. It tends to perform an analysis on the
causes of accidents on construction sites and how they can be reduced. The paper
also focuses on the construction industries. Besides, the research paper offers a
detailed investigation on the construction industries in Myanmar such as Air
Mandalay, Eleven Media Group, Myanmar Airways International, Parrot Film
Company, Shan Star, Red Link Communications and Aeon Display and Security
System (Funk, 2013).
As a result of the limitations associated with the collection of the primary data, it is only based
on one of the construction industries. Hence the researcher puts emphasis on recommending a
suitable health and safety management system that will assist overcome the dangerous situations
normally experienced (Professionals, 2014).
Structure of the Research
The structure of the research comprises of seven sections which include the following;
 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Health and Safety Management 12
This chapter generally gives the general knowledge on the health and safety management. It
entails the study background which is Myanmar, the aims, objectives, the study area and
questions of the research (House, 2013)
 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, the central content of the thesis is entailed, the various concepts that are involved
in the health and safety management is also covered. The research question and objectives are
applied at this stage to obtain the appropriate solution. The existing work will assist in doing
comparison between the facts that will be gathered from the data collected
 Chapter 3; RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter entails the specific methodology that was used in conducting the research. Here
various techniques, designs, strategy have been elaborated by the researcher (Dons, 2015).
 Chapter 4 DATA COLLECTION METHODS
This part covers the discussion and the data that was collected using the primary method of data
collection. Basically, the interviews and the questionnaires that are conducted in this part will
assist in the analysis as they form the backbone of the research (Chen, 2013).
 Chapter 5 DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
The data was collected by way of a questionnaire and interviews and then a comparison was
done in relation to the literature review theories. Moreover, the objectives and aims of the
research have been well covered and justified in this chapter (Elearn, 2013).
 Chapter 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Health and Safety Management 13
This chapter elaborates some of the difficulties that were faced by the researcher when
conducting the research. Some recommendations have also been provided to help curb these
problems that come along during the undertaking of the research and also in construction sites.
It also provides a detailed conclusion on the overall overview of the research question, health and
safety management. It provides also recommendations on the ways to help in minimizing the
hazards that are always experienced in construction industries.
Research Aim
The aim of the research is to come up with a conclusive dissertation on the situation of the
construction industries in Myanmar (Gesinger, 2017).
The Research Question
What are the basic needs for health and safety management and how is it important in the
building industry as well as approached to terminate with maximum benefits and minimum
damages?
Objectives
 To minimize the possibilities of vehicles hitting into other vehicles and also the workers
well as equip all the employees with high-perceivably attire (Kassem, 2014)
 To ensure all the laborers take regular breaks to reduce the odds of misfortunes because
of exhaustion for improving the workers' health, morale and job satisfaction.
 To minimize the accidents and injuries of all employees, tackles ought to be utilized for
all laborers dealing with housetops and framework (Clarke, 2012).
Chapter summary
Chapter 1; INTRODUCTION

Health and Safety Management 14
This chapter generally gives the general knowledge on the health and safety management. It
entails the study background which is Myanmar, the aims, objectives, the study area and
questions of the research. The introduction part gives the background of the research in a
detailed manner so that the reader is aware of what the research is grounded on. Besides, there
are other areas that have been coved which include; The stating of the need and importance of
the problems of the research which gives the base for conducting the interviews questionnaires
and the research, in general, relating to construction industries in Myanmar. There is also the
coverage of the structure of the research i.e. how the research has been divided by the researcher
to enable him to accomplish the mission. Moreover, the objectives and aims that the research
question is meant to answer have also been covered at this stage (Fox, 2014).

Health and Safety Management 15
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction
Literature review plays an important role in any research object as it gives the history and also a
future expectation of the research project. This is because the researcher is tasked with the
responsibility of conducting relevant literary review geared towards specifying a research
question that will eventually be used in developing the base of the research. The literature review
emphasizes all the relevant knowledge which is used to develop the project thereby giving the
reader a clear view of what to expect in the research. This part will provide a precise
background to some of the definitions and thereafter elaborate the various events within such
environment. Besides, the literature review will then proceed to construct the research and
provide a justification of the health and safety areas to be covered with respect to the cost-
effectiveness and monitoring of the tendering process in the construction industry (Vincoli,
2016)
Definitions
Before embarking on the research on occupational health and safety, some terms should be
elaborated. This will help the reader to understand the perspective or the nature of the working
conditions that are usually present in the construction industry and thereby enhancing both the
existing and the prevailing health and safety standards (Schneid, 2012)

Health and Safety Management 16
Defining health and safety management.
What is health?
As defined by Wadden, health means the state of the body of a living organism to be in good
condition. It applies both to human beings and the plants whereby in terms of human beings it
can be defined as the capability of persons to be able to adapt or conform to the changes in the
environment. The changes can either be physical, psychological, mental or even social changes
which occur at the surrounding of the human beings (Punmia, 2013).
In the 1948 constitution, the world health organization defined health as the state of absolute
mental, social and the physical well-being of the body and not only limited to an absence of
illness or malady. World Health Organization defined health as the state of the body being in
mental, physical and psychological freedom from any disease. Although there have been many
disputes concerning the ideal definition of health, one major factor that comes out clearly is that
health is basically important for the well-being of the body (Gudnason, 2011).
Health generally refers to the techniques or the processes which are put into place with the
purpose of offering protection to persons and also keep them from the effects that may be
dangerous from the construction site (Schneid, 2012).
What is safety management?
Safety is defined as the absolute freedom from any form of risk, injury, or danger. It is the
condition of being safe from any danger that may be deliberately caused or unintentionally
caused. Safety management can as well be defined as organized efforts and procedures that are
put into place purposefully for identifying hazards that may be present in workstations and
minimizing the chances of accidents or exposure to situation or substances that may be harmful
in one way or the other to human life (Gesinger, 2017).

Health and Safety Management 17
Besides, health and safety management comprises of conducting a training session to personnel’s
for the purposes of preventing an accident, provision of reaction strategies to an accident that
may be of emergency or even training on the use of defensive wear.
Safety- this refers to the manner in which persons are offered protection from any kind of harm
that may arise during the execution of various tasks within the construction site
Welfare – this refers to the establishment of protective facilities and equipment’s that ensures
the continued safety and health of the employees at the construction site (Langdon, 2012).
Environmental protection – this is with regards to the various activities which are undertaken
within the construction site and their general impacts towards the environment which includes
water, air and soil and human beings. This category generally entails wastes products and their
disposal means.
Hazard and risk- hazards refer to the approximate extent to which an activity within the
construction site may have an impact on the environment and the persons working therein. The
hazards are of various nature including mechanical hazards, chemical hazards, electrical hazards
or even at times gaseous hazards (Barrett, 2012). However, a risk is defined in terms of how
hazards within the construction site can result in an actual harm. Thus, it is of great significance
to minimize these hazards since they may cause serious damages, and this can be achieved by
effecting management and planning. Various rules and regulations can also be enacted into
construction sites to help in minimizing these risks (Gorse, 2015).
Accident - accident relates to any form of damage or loss of property within the construction
site. Accidents take many forms ranging from environmental accidents, equipment damage or

Health and Safety Management 18
even human accidents. There exists an organization that ensures that safety and health at work or
at the construction sites are always maintained. This organization is known as the health and
safety executive and it is recognized within the United Kingdom. Besides, the health and safety
executive offers training and advisory services on safety and health management (Fox, 2013)
Scope of construction industry
The construction industry as defined by Coble is the amalgamation of various organisations
which directly or indirectly have an impact on the process of construction. The organisation's are
comprised of accountants, lawyers electrical engineers, quantity surveyors, engineering
contractors, civil engineers, engineering architects, surveyors, subcontractors and also labourers
among others. Several research studies present their importance in the construction industry and
they all agree to the fact that construction industry plays a significant role in the development of
a social and economic state. The scope of the construction industry is wide and ranges from
water supply systems, roads, bridges, buildings, rivers among others. The construction industry
can be classified as commercial, infrastructure work, housing and utilities. Besides, the
construction industry is in high demand in some sectors among which are agriculture, industry,
health, education etc. (Tokarski, 2016)
The well-known nature of construction is always that of commercial construction or domestic
houses, conversely, the aspect that this dissertation covers may be an extension of an existing
building or commencement of a new building. Universally, construction has always been
regarded as one of the most hazardous projects. It entails very many activities such as destroying
existing the building plants, site clearance, felling of trees or forests and safe waste disposal.
Also , there are many activities that are undertaken at the construction site such as storage of
construction materials, loading and offloading , displacement of pedestrians, working on risky

Health and Safety Management 19
positions such as rooftops and high heights, working with detrimental chemicals such as
asbestos, handling heavy loads ,underground works , moving heavy equipment, erecting frames
and also breaking stuff (Chen, 2013).
Normally, the construction activities at the site take place in insecure areas such as excavations,
chambers and also underground. The construction processes require heavy-duty machines that
are also hazardous. In most of the projects, the eventual site after completion presents another
form of hazard (Schneid, 2016).
Problems faced in construction industry
The construction industry fundamentally plays a key role in ensuring the economic advancement
of a country. This is because many aspects found within the country involves construction in
one way or the other. These aspects include communication networks, Irrigation, Agriculture,
construction and Engineering projects. Hence it is widely applied in areas including the health
sector, education, commercial, domestic and agriculture thereby making it sufficient enough to
conclude that the construction industry brings together many organizations from diverse
professions including contractors and subcontractors, quantity surveyors, engineers, labourers,
and architects among others (Chen, 2013)
While performing any construction task, there are various challenges that are experienced since it
involves a multiple of processes ranging from the clearing of the site to the final furnishing of
the site. These challenges may arise from the construction project itself. Suppose that the task
involves first demolishing an existing building- this creates many risks since the processes of
demolishing a building itself is not safe and it is very risky. Besides, the various construction
activities that are undertaken in the construction sites may involve the direct handling of
chemicals or harmful substances such as lead. Another factor that posses as challenges in

Health and Safety Management 20
construction buildings is the level of heights that are involved. In most cases, currently, most
buildings are story buildings and the labourers are forced to work on tall heights thereby
compromising the safety of the worker (Ferraro, 2015).
It is absolutely clear that construction sites involve changing the sites regularly, thereby both the
skilled and unskilled personnel tend to be compromisable with regards to their safety and health.
Occupational health and safety
The definition of occupational health and safety has been unanimously adopted both by the
international labour organisation and the world health organization. The two organisations agree
to the fact that occupational health and safety is aimed at enhancing the highest level of both the
physical, psychological and the mental well-being of its workers in all professions. Besides,
occupational health and safety are aimed at ensuring that all the employees are protected from
any form of risks and that they work in environments that are easily adaptable to their physical
and psychological capabilities (Elearn, 2013).
Closely analysing the definitions of the two universal organisations, it can be concluded that
three objectives are outstanding which includes taking into consideration the health conditions of
the employees, enhancing of a conducive working environment for the employees and promoting
the culture and structure of occupational health Canada safety.
Occupational risk factors
Despite work being a constant provider of economic and financial incomes, it is associated with
many risks that are related to health and safety and the workplace. These risks may include
biological factors, physical factors or even chemical factors. The most common type of injury at
the workplace is the physical hazards which according to Winner some of the physical hazards
are a bit unavoidable. Despite this, Sato tries to explain that over the past, most construction
industries have developed procedures and rules that help to ensure that these risks are avoided at

Health and Safety Management 21
all costs, and if they happen, they are only minimal. Another form of the physical hazards
experienced at construction sites are the falls. This might happen when one is working with high
heights or
even in excavation and mining industries. These industries involve the use of heavy machines
that has movable parts and sharp edges that may also be open to risks of cuts and burns to human
beings (Young, 2015).
Other occupational risk factors may include lack of proper ventilation. This is more so with
construction industries that deal with chemicals. This kind of risks not only affects the
employees but also inhibits the manner in which they can be saved in situations of accidents.
Moreover, another form of occupational risks factors is noise. Usually, many construction
industries are involved with the use of heavy machines and these machines produce a lot of noise
that may pose a great risk of permanent damage to the human hearing. Hence, over many
decades, construction industries have adopted the use of ear guards that help to prevent health-
related issues in terms of the normal hearing (Kliem, 2014).
Chemical exposure also poses another risk of hearing. The chemicals are always dangerous
particularly mercury and lead. There is also the issue of extreme temperatures. Exposure to
every hot condition in construction industries may result into loss of hearing and also skin burns
or rashes. It also affects the rate of metabolism of the employees. On the other hand, exposure to
extremely cold temperatures may pose the risk of diseases such as hypothermia and chilblains.
Nevertheless, electricity also possess as another occupational health and safety factors (Ferraro,
2016). Most construction industries in the modern world depend on complex machines that
require a high amount of power to operate. This means that they will require the use of a high-
voltage transmission to meet the demand of their specifications. In cases of electrical fault, the

Health and Safety Management 22
employees will be faced with severe damages and in some cases may result in loss of life. There
is also electrical fires when there is a fault in the electrical transformers which if not well
managed can end up destroying the whole construction sites (Cousins, 2013).
Occupational risks factors in construction.
Occupational risks vary depending on the types of industry. In this research, we will major more
on the occupational risk factors that are present in the construction industry. Construction
industries account for approximately 40% of the total developments and fatalities annually for
every country. Thus it is one of the risk department within the nation. However, the fact that it is
a risky place does not prevent the identification of the underlying hazards and putting into place
various ways that will help in controlling these risks. Thus, in the past decade, the construction
industries have made a big step towards ensuring that these risks are controlled (Gudnason,
2011)
There are very many occupational risks factors which include rushing of motor vehicles,
electrocution by electric fires, falling from high heights and also excavation accidents. The major
factor that largely contributes to theses unsafety condition is falling from high heights. There has
not been proper rules and regulations on the level of height but then most of the working places
maybe of high height or containing openings that are not safe. There should always be training
for both the employer and the employees on how to identify these risks since it is a responsibility
for all of them to take care of the accidents according to the contractual terms and not only
limited to the employer (Field, 2014).
There is the case of underground cables that maybe have been laid by other construction
industries. These cableless if not keenly taken into consideration many results into fatal accidents
for the employees. thus it is advisable that both the employees and the employer are aware of the

Health and Safety Management 23
ground nature of the construction site to avoid such accidental case. Besides, another big
challenge related to occupational health and safety factors in construction industries is the
crushing of the motor vehicles. These cases can be greatly avoided. Thus, it is of concern to fix
emergency brakes to these motor vehicles that may help to prevent accidents. They should be
fixed with audible warnings that are automated to help the driver notice any forthcoming
accident earlier enough and take the necessary action (Fox, 2013).
The windscreen of these vehicles should also be fitted with wipers that constantly wipe the
windscreen and make the working conditions favourable for the operators. These vehicles
should also be fitted with enough reflectors and lights if they are meant to be operated on at
night. This will greatly reduce the risks of accidents. According to Ferraro, equipments that are
not intended to be used on the construction site should be removed as they also pose another
challenge of risk and injury to the workers (Ferraro, 2016)
Another aspect of the occupational health and risk factors is the road and construction sites.
these sites are always risk prone to both the workers and the nonworkers. It has been established
that 30% of the accidents that occur in highways are as a result of the motor vehicles that are
present in the construction sites. A pedestrian is also at risk of being injured or even losing of life
when the construction motor vehicles run on them. Most of the workers operate in
environnement that have poor lighting, climatic conditions, high movement speeds and
congestion (Fox, 2014).
The monitoring of procurement
Construction industries are mainly focused on concentrating on one type prototype which is a bit
dissimilar to the industries. In most cases, the client provides the dimension or presents the
prototype proposal that should be constructed. There is a comparision between mass production

Health and Safety Management 24
and the construction industry. For example, when a prototype is presented it can be replicated
into very many models. On the other hand, in construction industries, it is normally the client
that provides the model to be designed and built (Knutson, 2014).
The clients in such case are always tasked with the payments on the construction and may even
decide to postpone the construction to a later date. There are different types of client including
organisation, institution or even personal clients. However, while the clients are busy making
requests and orders of designs, the contractors and the consultants, on the other hand, are busy
marketing their products so that they can be offered the task of doing the construction. The
contractor and the consultants often convince the clients through feasibility materials to make
them get the contracts (Elearn, 2013)
Thus before offering the contract, the clients are expected to clearly understand the procurement
path. But all the same, it has been established that what is more significant is the general
contracting. This implies that the client should consult the designers so that they consider the
design and come up with a viable model. The designer, on the other hand, has to consult with a
lot of specialists such as the contractors, consultants and the subcontractors so that they come up
with an acceptable product. The procurement processes involve processes and to some extent
may go up to the end of the construction process. Thus, it is in order to provide the services of
the subcontractors early enough before the start of the project (Koradecka, 2012).
Vetting bidders for contracts
Under the regulations laid down in the United Kingdom health and safety, the responsibility of
reducing various risks and hazards related to the construction industry lies both with the clients
and the contractors. The client is should establish elaborate guidelines in the act and provide it to
the contractors with assistance of his agents such as procurement officer to the contractor so that

Health and Safety Management 25
the contractor is able to fully understand the priorities of the client and comply with them.
Likewise, the clients should produce a realistic policy and not one that is a bit unreasonable to
the contractors, implying that it should be in line with the safety and health standards. The
construction industry has come up with various models that help to analyze and weigh on the
risk contingencies. Some of the models include influence diagramming model and the logician
model. Conversely, most of the contractors do not apply these tools (Lock, 2013).
The quotation in the construction industry is artificial during the bidding phase. It involves
serious activities that will require some basic knowledge in procurement. The building price is
arrived at after considering many factors such as the ones that will be involved in the
construction industry. Else, if the correct analytical models are not applied during the
assessment of the construction risks, the bidding price may be overrated or underquoted.
Besides, some other factors that will influence the bidding price include the available allocated
resources. When the resources that are allocated are limited, then the value will tend not to be a
bit higher. Also, the prevailing market demand will influence the bidding price (Michael, 2013).
The processes of bidding involves the below stages
Firstly, it will entail the estimation of the construction costs. This entirely depends on the skills
of the departments that are in charge of coming up with the cost. Thereafter, it is followed by
the process of adjudication whereby the director provides an estimate of the costs taking into
account the various factors of privilege market state, risks and also other circumstances. Finally,
the last stage will involve the determination of the building price between the value and the cost.

Health and Safety Management 26
Regulations related to the construction accidents
Regulations have been developed and put into place through acts which provide regulations on
the manner in which accidents that occur in the construction industry are handled. An example of
such organisation is the reporting of injuries, disease, and dangerous occurrences regulation.
This regulation stipulates that all the person in the construction site be it the employees or the
employees are responsible for providing a report on any occurrence of a disease, accident or any
other form of injury. With the recognition of the fact that the construction sector is the major
contributor to the development of a nation, it is associated with several hazards (Funk, 2013).
The injuries that are sustained in construction sites accrue to 40% higher than any other
accidental aspects that are experienced. Hence, it is of great importance to establish laws which
help to minimize these risks and accidents. This is because the major percentage of these risks
takes place as a result of some complexity or ignorance by either the employees or the
employers. Thus, any effort put into place with regards to reduction of these risk will have a
major impact on the construction industry (Board, 2013).
Nevertheless, the climatic working conditions in some cases increase the rate of risks present at
the construction places. For example, during the wet season, it is possible for the workers to slide
off and get injuries. Therefore it becomes extremely difficult working in wet conditions.
Besides, extremely hot conditions make it difficult for the workers and at times they are exposed
to illness. Noise can also be another detrimental factor in the construction sites .There are
various machines such as compressor, welding machines and pumps that produce a lot of noise
and can damage the hearing condition of the workers (Bossert, 2013).

Health and Safety Management 27
Sometimes, it becomes lack of awareness of the persons working on the construction site. This
is why it is vital to constantly provide a safety training to both workers and the public in general
on the safety and health management around the construction sites.
Strategic decisions construction industry.
There are various decisions that are involved in the processes of decision making and they
involve both the contractor and the various stakeholders i.e. designers, client, architectures,
engineers among others (Funk, 2013).
Decision-making processes
The decision-making process involves various departments together with the contractor. The
persons involved deliberate on the decisions that have an impact on the safety and health of the
construction site. Some cases may involve an inclusion of other external organisations such as
regulatory agencies. Hence, most importantly is that the company identifies various safety issues
that are related to the construction sector during this stage (Fox, 2014).
Client and Stakeholder decision making
The construction firm should be in a position to comprehend the needs and interest of the client
and at the same time comply with the set standard rules and regulations. The decisions made by
these parties should also conform to the Organizational health and safety standards (Schneid,
2012).
Construction industry Decision-making
The construction industry generally is the chief participant towards ensuring the success of any
construction tasks. It involves various stakeholders and their effective communication network
will greatly influence the overall decision-making and planning of the construction task. It

Health and Safety Management 28
involves various stakeholders such as those tasked with design, maintenance, manufacture and
initiation activities (Mattox, 2016).
These departments are expected to effectively communicate in matters pertaining to the planning
and also matters related to the safety and health management. Mainly, the constructors are
involved in this phase and studies shows that they have a deep understanding and training in
matters pertaining to the safety of the construction. This is greatly influenced by the fact that
they are chiefly responsible for the overall outcome of the project. Besides, they can also
frequently provide advice to the clients concerning the organisational health and safety standards
that the project is supposed to meet. Proper communication within the construction firm will
certainly result in providing good results and also minimization of the risks that are associated
with the construction industry (Gonçalves, 2013)
Stakeholder management
There has been the need for proper stakeholder management as a result of nature of most
construction projects complexity. Research shows that there are a number of factors associated
with stakeholder management such as stakeholder engagement, proper communication between
the contractors and other stakeholders, consistent objectives or even invisible stakeholder. Thus,
all the stakeholders should appreciate the virtue of stakeholder management since it will help to
reduce some of the construction industry associated risks (Hutton, 2010).
Stakeholder identification
Research shows that there are many benefits of identifying the stakeholders. They should be
grouped into different categories and this should be done after first understanding the
stakeholders before proceeding to the identification. Usually, a certain set guideline is put into
place to help in grouping the stakeholders (Gonçalves, 2013)

Health and Safety Management 29
Stakeholder interests
The company should be in a position to understand the interests of the stakeholders. The
interests arise as a result of the complexity of the project and research has proved that the more
complex a project is, the more interest develops. Identifying the interest of the stakeholders is
significant in many aspects including the financial integrity. Thus, during the process of
decision-making, the companies should take into account the interests of the various
stakeholders. (Coble, 2015)
Stakeholder influence
Understanding the influence that the various stakeholders have is one major key factor in the
stakeholder management process. It is a significant part that helps to effectively execute and
implement various construction aspects. Thus, a mechanism perhaps an influence index helps to
perform this and identify the level of influence that each stakeholder has in the construction
project. (Ferraro, 2016)
Stakeholder communication
Effective planning and management calls for a better communication between all the involved
stakeholders. Proper communication not only ensures that all the activities are implemented and
effectively executed but also ensures that there a positive change is enhanced within the
organisation.
Stakeholder and client coordination
Construction companies comprise of a complex structure hence this calls for proper and
effective coordination within the company. The coordination should be in such a ways that it
meets all the needs of the demand and supply. Close coordination means that the managers will
constantly be updated on whatever the proceedings are and not only limited to time and cost.

Health and Safety Management 30
Thus, effective coordination will require a greater level of transparency among the stakeholders
(Koradecka, 2012)
Stakeholder theory
This theory stipulates that the interest of the various individuals and groups should be given
priority by the managers. Besides, it goes ahead to elaborate that the theory is useful in
identifying the relationship between the effects, causes and in identifying the influence of the
stakeholders during the processes of decision-making. This theory helps to elaborate the fact that
at the initial stages of a construction project, a conflict between the stakeholders may affect the
overall outcome of the project. (Ferraro, 2015)
Stakeholder definition
A stakeholder is a group of persons or individuals who are intrigued by similar objectives which
are more cooperative. It has also been defined as a group of people or parties who are directly
influenced by the decision-making process of a construction project. Also, stakeholders may
mean parties that share a common interests in matters pertaining to the construction of a certain
project. It is worth noting that stakeholders should be greatly involved in the processes of
decision making for reasons of better results. The stakeholders can be categorised as either
secondary or primary stakeholder. (Fox, 2013)
The primary stakeholders may include the employees, customers, suppliers or even the
proprietors. The primary stakeholders are responsible for the day to day coordination of the
activities within the construction hence the decision-making process influences them directly.
While the secondary stakeholders may include the general public, activists, nongovernmental
organisations or even institutional authorities (Barrett, 2012). Below is a typical example of the
structure of the project life cycle.

Health and Safety Management 31
Chapter summary
This chapter has provided the history and also a future expectation of the research project. It
entails relevant literary review geared towards specifying the construction industry and all the
aspects that usually prompt the accidents and how they can be managed. This part has provided a
precise background to some of the definitions such as health and safety management systems and
thereafter elaborated on the various events within such environment. The chapter has covered
some areas including the strategic decision-making in construction industries, the occupational
risks, health and safety factors and also the structure of the construction industry management.
Besides, the chapter has provided a justification of the health and safety areas to be covered with
respect to the cost-effectiveness and monitoring of the tendering processing the construction
industry (Field, 2011).

Health and Safety Management 32
Chapter 4: METHODOLOGY
Introduction
The main purpose of research is to help in providing a solution to a problem that
requires an immediate attention. Hence to perform a precise and suitable research,
the methodology needs to take into consideration the various steps and methods
for the collection of the relevant data and information. Rajasekar stated that
research methodology is the techniques that are put into place by the researchers
to envisage, demonstrate, appraise and give a detailed justifications or phenomena
(Seetharaman, 2014).
In the view of Adam, the research methodology is appropriately regarded as the
science that lies behind a research. He further proceeds to elaborate that the
method applied in the research specifies more the simple steps, ways and methods
to collect data. It is often required to contain an evaluation of the theories and
concepts which underlines the methods (Berridge, 2014).
Ontology, Epistemology and Axiology
Usually, three kinds of conventions are made in each and every phase of a certain
investigation. The conventions include ontological hypothesis which is an
assumption about reality, secondly is the epistemological theory which is the
assumption about human knowledge and finally axiological assumptions that
deals with the influence the research process (Ferraro, 2016)
Ontology
The word ‘Ontology' is defined as the study of nature of truth and assumptions
about the nature of reality. These assumptions or theories tend to elaborate the

Health and Safety Management 33
shape of the objectives of the task ahead. Epistemology, on the other hand,
explains the hypothesis on the legitimacy and the ideality in the knowledge and
manner in which two different aspects of knowledge relate to each other.
Moreover, Axiology refers to the duty that is played by the ethics in the process of
conducting the research.
The nature of the research sparkles two theories that can be applied when conducting a research.
These theories may include subjectivism and objectivism theories (Joseph, 2016).
Objectivism
This theory refers to the situation whereby the person conducting the research
tends to make assumptions relating the total accommodation and explanation by
the universe and natural sciences (Ebbesen, 2010)
The perspective of the objectivist is to come up with facts that are more generalized. This theory
is dependent on situations which are not connected in any way to the social world in that their
interpretations have no effect on the world. It is usually operated under the perspectives of the
researcher and the personal experiences and interpretations. These experiences have no
influences or impacts on the objectivist under research. (REYNALDO, 2013)
Subjectivism
This other theory entails more complicated natural difficulties. It gives an assurance to both arts
and sciences asserting that the view of social actors has a lot of influence to the society.
According to Burrell, nominalists, have not even a single common reality but there are very
many and same for every party thereby creating many answers to a single problem (James, 2015)

Health and Safety Management 34
Justification between Objectivism and Subjectivism
The research concerning health and safety management in construction industries in Myanmar
have been justified by the use of both facts and theories and the solutions that have been
provided therein are in total relationship to the scientific hypothesis and substantiations without
any interpretation of different schemes of social factors. Issues dealing with the health and safety
in the construction industry in Myanmar can be handled by both theoretical work and the strict
adherence to the set rules and standards for the workers practically. Hence, we can comfortably
say that the research is an object-oriented research. (Gorse, 2015).
Research Philosophy
This refers to the technique of applying beliefs and assumptions in relations to the
development of knowledge. It tends to offer support to both the methodologies
and data collection techniques that have been applied in the construction of
research. Besides, the philosophies are significant in developing the strategies that
will be applied in conducting the research as they influence the manner in which
the tools are identified during the collection of data by the researcher. There exists
three basic philosophies which include
 critical realism (Fox, 2013)
 Positivism and pragmatism.
 Postmodernism (Ebbesen, 2010)
Positivism
This philosophy is generally concerned with the study of natural science and real facts. It is
dependent on the data gathered numerically, data obtained experimentally and that which has
been obtained statistically. It is also related to interpretations that can be quantified. Positivist
researchers use the existing theories to come up with new ones and also apply statistical methods

Health and Safety Management 35
in observations that are quantifiable and make an analysis of the result obtained (Gonçalves,
2013).
Interpreters’ philosophy
This philosophy basically is dependent on the comparisons between the social
factors and the physical factors. This philosophy is different from positivism in
that it largely focuses on the emotions, behaviors and the minds of human beings
(Barrett, 2015).
Persons differ in very many ways more so when they come from different
backgrounds. In addition, interpreters create fresh comprehensions and
interpretations of various human and physical aspects thus, a researcher that
applies the theory of Interpreters’ in most situations find it hard to set up general
statements as a result of changes in the human behavior.
Critical realism
This philosophy depends on the already existing reality in the environment. It incorporates
mental processing and evaluation in that the researcher that decides to apply critical realism
tends to elaborate the experimental or the practical aspect of the matter. Furthermore, critical
realism embraces the researcher's experiences and observations in a specific occasion and
appraise the state by censuring (Williams, 2015).
Postmodernism
This philosophy focuses on the responsibilities of power relations and languages. It generally
underscores on unseen evidence of the happenings by research methods that are socially
determined. A postmodernism goes further than just critical criticism.

Health and Safety Management 36
Pragmatism
This philosophy basically is concerned with facts and value. A distinctive pragmatist commences
a research with a problem, find solutions to the problem and finally put recommendations for
future practice. In addition, it highlights on problem-solving and initial theories that they may be
altered since there are many options for finding a solution to problems (Wearne, 2012)
Justification of Research Philosophy
After conducting a thorough analysis of the aforementioned research philosophies it is evident
and appropriate to categorize this research under positivism philosophy since the management of
risk policies and schemes that are applied in this research paper have been justified scientifically.
Besides, the events that have been exemplified in this research are facts and they can be
quantified (Seetharaman, 2014).
This research is totally based on health and safety management theories which are meant to
safeguard future unseen accidents. Thereby eliminating the possibility of the research being
under the category of postmodernism since emotions, social factors and human behaviors have
no influence on the entire research. Additionally, it cannot be categorized under critical realism
since the researcher lacks the experience in the actual field to make criticism. Finally, since the
focus of the research is only concerned with factors relating to health and safety management
systems but not on specific concerns, it certainly does not fall under postmodernism and
pragmatism (Punmia, 2013).
Research approach
After selecting the correct philosophy, a good research approach is expected to
cultivate theories. There are approaches which can be applied in doing this which
includes deductive and inductive approaches. (Knutson, 2014)

Health and Safety Management 37
Deductive approach – this is a technique used by researcher who intends to concentrate on a
certain topic from a general overview and then try to find a solution and make assumptions or
recommendations. It is mainly focused on the generalization aspect and the researcher that
applies a deductive approach comes up with the general hypothesis by analyzing the literature
and concentrate on specific areas of the research and finally perform tests to the results obtained.
Also referred to as a top-down approach, deductive approach commences with developing
theories and concludes with a specific postulate (Twort, 2012).
The inductive approach also referred to as a bottom-up approach, this method tends to be in
opposite direction with the deductive approach. When the researcher decides to apply this
method while conducting a research, the researcher is expected to start by gathering observation
and data from a selected foundation and thereafter perform hypothesis from the observations and
measurement of these data and information, however, this method at times include theories at the
early stages of the research (Langdon, 2012).
Selection and justification of Research Approach
This research paper has commenced by performing a conclusive literature review
on the health and safety management construction and building industries. The
literature review encompasses the factors which promote the accidents that
normally take place in the construction industry and then they are analyzed and a
hypothesis is developed. Besides, there is also the provision of collecting data
through conducting interview and survey questionnaire, thus the method that has
been adopted for this research is a deductive approach (Knutson, 2014)

Health and Safety Management 38
Research design
The research design refers to the manner in which the researcher is prepared and
has planned on tackling the subject under question. It entails the methodologies
of how the researcher is going to relay the responses towards the subject matter.
The research design is very significant since it will affect the entire research and
also influence the decisions that are made when conducting the research.
Moreover, the research design largely depends on the objectives of the research
(Langdon, 2012)
It can be categorized into three methods including, quantitative, qualitative and mixed method.
Below is an analysis of the three methods and then a selection of the best approach method for
the research (Yates, 2016).
Qualitative research design
A qualitative research is one that focuses on achieving an intricate comprehension of an aspect in
a particular field of research. This method does not really concentrate on the numbers and charts
and mainly focus on the understating of the relationship between the intended audience and what
they really mean. In qualitative research, data may be gathered by way of semi-structured or
structured interviews (Reese, 2013).
Quantitative research design
A quantitative research design is mainly focused on obtaining the general concept
of the entire context. It is mainly concerned with the variables and numbers that
are analyzed by the use of graphical and statistical techniques. Mostly researchers
that undertake quantitative approach make use of questionnaires (Langdon, 2012)

Health and Safety Management 39
Mixed methods research design
In this method, the researcher has the choice of adopting both the qualitative and
quantitative methods to find the solution of a research problem. This is in its
context advantageous since the integration of both methods provide a better
picture of what the research was all about .this method is in most cases applied
during the collection of primary data. (Gonçalves, 2013)
Selection and justification of Research Design
From the analysis of the three research design methods, the one that would
appropriately suit the research is the mixed methods research design. This is
because the researcher has the choice of adopting both the qualitative and
quantitative methods to find the solution of a research problem. This is in its
context advantageous since the integration of both methods provide a better
picture of what the research was all about (Kassem, 2014)
Besides, this will greatly help in providing the general overview of the construction industry as
questionnaires and charts will be used to make statistical analysis and conclusions (Confer,
2015).
Research Strategy
This refers to the plan that has been put into place by the research purposefully to
enhance effective initiation of the research (Franssila, 2010).
There are many strategies as mentioned below that can be selected by researcher
depending on the objectives of the research.
 Use of case study

Health and Safety Management 40
 Use of Experiment
• Survey
• Use of grounded theory
• Action research
• Ethnography.
Selection and justification of Research Strategy
Since the task does not entail an analysis and discussion of the variables and data,
it can be comfortably said that experimental methods were not applied. Besides,
since the task was not entirely on solving the problems that underlie in the
community, action method can be comfortably singled out. The research also did
not encompass the examination of the various human cultural interactions, then
ethnography was definitely not used. (Deutsch, 2013)
The research was not dependent on the social interactions and related hypothesis hence it was not
based on grounded theory. In conclusion, since there was a descriptive and explanatory strategy,
then the method adopted was the survey strategy and quantitative day was also collected
(Stellman, 2010).
Time Horizon
The time horizon is basically dependent on the time frame and there exist two
types including cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies (Gesinger, 2017)

Health and Safety Management 41
Cross-sectional studies
This is a study meant to be the intention of the researcher to complete the designated task
within a short period of time and the researcher is supposed to come up with research
questions and provide solutions in a short period of time
Longitudinal studies
In this method, the researcher performs a variety of observations on the similar
topic area over a long period of timeframe. This study is focused on making
critical observations on the advancements and alterations in a specific
investigation extent over time. It may sometimes take even many years (Etching,
2008).
Justification of Time Horizon selected
Since this research task is mainly focused on obtaining the results after a short period of time, it
is justifiable to say that the research is a cross-sectional study thus, there were some precincts for
the researcher to complete within the stipulated time zone (Stellman, 2014).
Data collection method
These are the methods that the research uses when conducting the research and
they can be grouped as both primary data collection and secondary data collection
(MacCollum, 2011).
Primary data collection method
The Primary data refers to the initial data that has been gathered by the researcher
himself for a specific topic of research. There are two types of data in primary
data collection, qualitative and quantitative data whereby a researcher applies
interviews then the method is a qualitative method of primary data collection

Health and Safety Management 42
whereas when the researcher uses very many structured in-depth interviews and
questions, and observations then the method is a quantitative method of primary
data collection.
Secondary data collection method
This type of data collection method refers to the data that has been gathered by a different person
on a different topic. It can be obtained from dissertations, existing research, and books journals
among others (Stellman, 2014).
Selection and justification of Data collection methods
The collection of data in any research study is very crucial. However, it should not
just be data but an accurate data. This means that it should not have an overall
negative impact on the set objectives of the research. Thus selecting the
appropriate method of data collection is very significant. (Kassem, 2014)
Data collection plays a significant part hence the correct data should always be collected to avoid
modifications in future. Since the researcher has used both the qualitative and the quantitative
method of data collection, then it is evident that the method that was applied was primary data
collection method. Besides, no dissimilar research was conducted in terms of case studies hence
the option of using secondary data collection methods is ruled out (Schuster, 2016).
As described, below is how the researcher applied the primary method of data
collection
 Interviews- interviews can be directly structured or indirectly structured
depending on the audience that is being intended to. Besides, they can also
be formally structured or semi-structured whereby. Formalized interviews

Health and Safety Management 43
include structured and semi-structured interviews and the questions put in
the questionnaire are placed into a specific order and manner (Li, 2011)
 Questionnaires: these were basically applied in order to obtain
quantitative data and be organized in accordance with the objectives of the
research objectives. The questionnaires were availed to all the personnel in
the construction site including the managers and the employees that were
doing the groundwork in the construction industry (Field, 2014).
Targeted Audiences
The targeted audience was in one way or the mostly related to the health and
safety management. Below were the intended groups.
• Fitters
• Chief Engineer
• Site Engineer
• Project Manager
• Store Keepers
• Caterers
• Welders
• Foremen
• Painters
• Project Engineer

Health and Safety Management 44
• Electricians
Population size
The total number of the people that were targeted in the conduction of the
research was approximately 72 persons.
Research ethics
In any part of the research, ethics should also be taken into consideration. Hence this research
dissertation ere in accordance with the Birmingham City University research ethics
requirements. The method of conducting the collection of primary data was in total accordance
with the code of ethics. All of the participants are necessary to fill up the agreement form.
Besides, the identities of the interviews that participated in the survey questionnaire were not
revealed hence being in compliance with the personal private security (Quinlan, 2012).
Chapter summary
This chapter entails the specific methodology that was used in conducting the research. Here
various techniques, designs, strategy have been elaborated by the researcher. The various
methods of collecting data have been elaborated and the techniques that are applied at each and
every stage. Besides, they have been detailed comparison and analysis of the methods used in
conducting a research and then a justification is done by the researcher on the best method to
use. Other parts that have also been covered are the research philosophy which refers to the
technique of applying beliefs and assumptions in relation to the development of knowledge and
tends to offer support to both the methodologies and data collection techniques that have been
applied in the construction of research (Lock, 2013).

Health and Safety Management 45
The research approach has also been covered can be applied in doing this which included
deductive and inductive approaches. In addition, the research strategy which refers to the plan
that has been put into place by the research purposefully to enhance effective initiation of the
research has also been covered and finally the data collection methods and the research ethics
which task on the method that was applied in conducting the research and the rules that the
research must abide with such as interviewee confidentiality respectively (Grammeno, 2011)
.

Health and Safety Management 46
Chapter 5: DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction
This chapter tends to provide the method that was used during the collection of data and an
analysis of the results that was obtained. It provides an elaborate analysis of the findings on the
various questions that were concerning health and safety in construction sites. Notably, it could
be realized that the issue of health and safety has been an integral and a national concern. It not
only concerns the construction industry but since it has a major contribution towards the
development of a nation, then it is absolutely clear that health and safety management directly
affects the society as a whole (Ramesh, 2009).
Statistics show that there are many cases of accidents a that results in form construction sites. It
is, therefore, an imperative duty for the various construction companies to provide a proper and
constant training to the employees and the employers so as to avoid such kind of risks.
Presently, there are a number of companies that have also specialized training of the laborers as
they also try to make a profit of their business (Koradecka, 2012).
This chapter presents the results and feedback that has been obtained from the participants. The
researchers used different methods of data collection for example questions which were
conducted through the in-depth interview and also survey questionnaires. Besides, the chapter
has been divided into two parts which comprise of discussion of survey questionnaires and the
discussion of interviews.
Brief overview and comparison of the objectives and the data collected.
Research objective no.1

Health and Safety Management 47
To reduce the chances of hitting vehicles and other machinery to the workers as well as furnish
every one of the laborers with high-perceivably attire including the relative vest. The survey
questions 2, and question 3 are related to the first objective of the research. These questions were
raised to bring into limelight how the construction company handles cases that normally arise
such as hitting of vehicles and how they are handled (Barrett, 2012).
Research objective no.2
To ensure every one of the laborers takes consistent breaks to lessen the odds of mischances
because of weariness for improving the workers' health, morale and job satisfaction. The survey
question 5 and question 1. The questions were meant to develop the significance of having safety
and health management system in the construction industry (Hutton, 2010),
Research objective no.3
To decrease the accidents and injuries of all employees, tackles ought to be utilized for all
laborers dealing with housetops and framework. The third objective was linked to the survey
question 4 and question 1. These questions were raised to explore the methods that should be put
into place to alleviate incidents of accidents in construction industries (Dons, 2015).
Survey questionnaire respond rate
The survey questionnaires were disseminated to 36 participants in the construction industry and
only 33 participants’ did respond. Since the rate of the response is high which is 92%, then the
assumption is that the collected data is legit and reliable for the dissertation. Below table
illustrates the rate of the respondents (Creighton, 2012).
Survey Response Data
Position Population Sample Size Respond Response

Health and Safety Management 48
Rates
Project engineer 4 2 1 50%
Project manager 2 1 1 100%
Chief engineer 2 1 1 100%
Welders 10 5 4 80%
Operators 20 10 9 90%
Instrument technicians 2 1 1 100%
Electricians 2 1 1 100%
Staffs 30 15 15 100%
Total 72 36 33 92%
Survey Questions
Survey question 1
1. Do you think Health and Safety are important in a construction site?

Health and Safety Management 49
Data analysis Chart of survey question 1
The question was purposefully raised towards determining whether health and
safety are important in a construction site or whether was any sign of health safety
management systems. From the response received, the respondents fully agreed
(100 %) that health and safety are very crucial for construction sites and
industries. it is very clear that everyone appreciates the value of life since very
many accidents do occur in construction sites and some of them are usually fatal.
It is very encouraging from the response and hence effective implementations of
these health and safety management systems is encouraged (Deutsch, 2013)
Survey Question 2
Have you heard about safety management; is there safety management policy in your workplace?
DO YOU THINK HEALTH AND SAFETY IS IMPORTANT IN
CONSTRUCTION SITE
Percentage of participants
%0
%0
%100
MAYBE
IMPORTANT
VERY
IMPORTANT
%100%80%60%40%20%0

Health and Safety Management 50
Data analysis Chart of survey question 2
The question was purposefully raised to determine whether the company has instigated the safety
management policy in the construction site. Besides, this question was also envisioned to
identify the consciousness of safety management policy from the workers in Myanmar. (Curtis,
2011)
From the response received, all the participants responded YES to this question. Hence, it is no
doubt that the company had put into place various safety management policy and all the people
working on the construction site were aware of the safety management policy. King stated that
safety management is essential to the well-being of the employees and should never be sidelined.
Henceforth, every company should put into place safety management policy for the wellbeing of
the construction site employees (Barrett, 2012).
Additionally, from the results, it appears that the employees comprehend the significance of the
safety management policy. In general, the safety management policy in a conducive atmosphere
that is objected towards the safety of all staff in the construction site. The implementation of
Safety management policy in your workplace?
. Have you heard about safety management; is there2
1
Percentage of accomplices
%0
%0
%100
Can’t Say
NO
YES
%100%80%60%40%20%0

Health and Safety Management 51
precise safety management policy in the construction sites significantly helps in minimizing the
hazards, injuries and accidents and accidents that may be incurred. The cost is also minimized
(Barrett, 2015).
Survey question 3
Do you have First Aiders and First Aid facility on your premises?
Data analysis Chart of survey question 3
The question basically was raised to determine whether there were first aid facilities and first
aiders in the construction site. From the responses received, a good percentage of the workers
responded YES that the first aid kits and the first aiders are usually present in the construction
sites. However, the minority percentage objected saying they are not aware of that. Perhaps this
was as a result of them not being updated on the health and safety management system of the
Do you have First Aiders and First Aid facility on your premises?
.Percentage of participants
MAYBENOYES
100%
80%
60%
40%
%20
%0 %0
%6
%94

Health and Safety Management 52
company. Else, they may have never been involved in an accident that calls for a first aid thus
making them object the presence of first aid kits and first aiders. Hence, it is encouraging to all
construction industries to always ensure that all the workers are made aware of the facilities
concerning health that may be available in the construction form (Safety, 2010).
Survey question 4
Do you have an up-to-date Health and Safety Policy that highlights the people who are
responsible for ensuring it happens?
Data analysis Chart of survey question 4
The question wanted to determine whether the construction site had an up-to-date Health and
Safety Policy that highlights the people who are responsible for ensuring it happens. From the
responses, it seems there was not much of such in the company. This was a bit unusual and there
are many reasons that may prompt these. Perhaps the most of the employees were just busy with
Percentage of participants
NOT MUCH
NO
YES
%60%50%40%30%20%10%0
%0
%45
%55

Health and Safety Management 53
whatever they are undertaking in the construction site and are not too much concerned with the
daily updates pertaining to matters of safety (Barrett, 2012).
Besides, there could be a fewer number of the personnel’s that are in charge of updating the
employees. When the ration of the personnel to employees is very low, then there are high
chances that most of the employees will not be updated on the daily running and operations of
the health and safety management department (DiBona, 2012).
Survey Question 5
Do you agree that safety management is essential to avoid mitigate risks and hazards for the
safety of employees?
Data analysis Chart of survey question 5
From the results, 48% of those who participated approved whereas the remaining respondents
strongly approved that safety management is essential in minimizing the risks and injuries. Also,
the workers are both certain of the costs of risks and appreciate the need of the safety
Mitigate risks and hazards for the safety of employees?
Do you agree that safety management is essential to?5
Percentage of participants
%0
%0
%48
%52
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Agree
Strongly Agree
%60%50%40%30%20%10%0

Health and Safety Management 54
management. Stevenson stated that accidents take place as a result of lack of enough security in a
specific area of the construction site. Hence the question of the potential options to intensify
protection in the construction place arises. From the already stated literature, health and safety in
construction sites can be alleviated by applying effective safety management policies
(Chemuturi, 2012).
Therefore it is correct to say that from the results obtained, the literature review has been
justified. The company should be aware that proper implementation of precise safety
management policies is essential in minimizing and alleviating injuries and accidents. Since risks
are present in all construction sites in any industry, the workers are also obliged to be aware of
the consequences particularly the negative ones of this kind of risks. Besides, they are supposed
to sufficiently appreciate that safety management is essential in minimizing accidents and risks.
From the percentage of those who just agreed which is 48%, it seems that they might admit that
to an extent safety management can minimize risks even if it cannot entirely alleviate the
accidents and hazards usually caused (Chemuturi, 2012).
Survey question 6
Do you have all up-to-date Material Safety Data Sheets? Are they discussed with
the relevant workers?

Health and Safety Management 55
Data analysis Chart of survey question 6
The question was raised to determine whether the company had all up-to-date
Material Safety Data Sheets and whether the Datasheets Are usually discussed
with the relevant workers. From the responses received, it seems that the company
has the data sheets that are in question and that the data sheets are always
discussed with the relevant authorities. However, there was a percentage that was
not able to say anything. Perhaps this category was not aware as they are not part
of the relevant authorities. Besides, the percentage that responded NO perhaps
may have forgotten or they are part of the relevant authority and are not active on
the daily updates (Fox, 2013).
Survey Question 7
 Do you think your company provides effective health and safety management systems in your
workplace?
Percentage of participants
Can’t Say
NO
YES
%100%80%60%40%20%0
%0
15%
85%

Health and Safety Management 56
Data analysis Chart of survey question 7
The question was aimed at determining whether the company makes arrangements for effective
health and safety management systems or not. Wesley explained that the risks are unavoidable
especially in construction sites. Since that kind of environment is usually dangerous, putting into
place sufficient management systems to safeguard the lives of workers has become critical
(Grammeno, 2011).
From the responses, all the respondents selected YES. Hence, it is absolutely clear that the
company has put in place appropriate systems for health and safety of the employees.
Nevertheless, it is also clear that the employees also enjoy conducive workplace health and
safety environment (Jiyang Fan, 2014).
Survey Question 8
 If the answer to Question 7 is YES, Please rate the current health and safety management
system.
And safety management systems in your workplace?
7. Do you think your company provides effective health?Percentage of participants
Can’t SayNOYES
120%
%100
%80
%60
40%
20%
0% %00%
100%

Health and Safety Management 57
Data analysis Chart of survey question 8
A big percentage of the respondents (88%) rated the current health and safety management
system as 75% to 100% which is the best option for this question. Conversely, a section of the
participants had the feeling that the current systems are not 100% operative. Hence the company
has the task of improving the current systems since even a small weakness can lead to an
extreme case of an accident (Huimin Liu, 2013).
Cullen clarified that when an outstanding safety management system was implemented in the
construction sites, then there would be no extreme cases of accidents in construction sites.
Consequently, the company should be aware of the consequences of poorly managed safety
systems and the impacts they impose. Employing safety management systems might be easy but
making them be 100% operative is a big challenge for every company (Ferraro, 2015).
Louis debated that in such like situations, the company is obliged to subcontract its safety
management system although it might be costly at times depending on the kind of the
professional personnel. As mentioned in the literature review, the construction industry is
Current health and safety management system.
If the answer to Question 7 is YES, Please rate the8Percentage of participants
%~0%25%~25%50%~50%75%~75%100
%100
%80
%60
40%
%20
0% %0%0
12%
%88

Health and Safety Management 58
gaining a good reputation as it promotes the development of the country, thus it the only favour
they can offer also is to improve the safety and management systems. Furthermore, being
considerate of the value of the health of employees’ safety is in minimizing the-the accidents
(House, 2013)
Survey questions 9
Does the company provide suitable materials, equipment and training to reduce the risk of
accidents?
Data analysis Chart of survey question 9
The question wanted to assess whether the company provides suitable materials, equipment and
training to reduce the risk of accidents. From the respondents, all the respondents agreed to the
fact that the company provides them with suitable materials, equipment and training to help in
reducing the risk of accidents. This perhaps was the fact that perhaps the company has put into
place measures that would prevent anyone from entering into the construction sites without the
equipment, and training to reduce the risk of accidents?
Does the company provide suitable materials9.
Percentage of participants
Can’t Say
NO
YES
%100%80%60%40%20%0
%0
15%
85%

Health and Safety Management 59
full attires that are required. It is recommendable and almost all companies presently have set
rules and standards that help in ensuring that all the employees are usually on safety attires.
These include the safety boots, overalls, masks and even helmet. The safety attires usually has
very many safety benefits, particularly to the workers (Chen, 2013).
Survey question 10
Can you rate your technical skill to use that kind of related equipment?
Analysis Chart
This question was directed towards gaging whether the workers were able to apply their
technical skill and use related equipment. A good percentage of the respondents were excellent
in terms of their technical know-how. This was commendable since it would be unfortunate for
the workers not to able to use some equipment yet they are at the construction site daily. Some of
1. Can you rate your technical skill to use that
kind of related equipment?
5.Percentage of participants
%~0%25%~25%50%~50%75%~75%100
%100
%80
%60
40%
%20
0% %0%0
14%
%86

Health and Safety Management 60
the accidents that usually arise in the construction sites come as a result of the workers not being
able to use certain equipment. This is too dangerous as it may lead to fatal situations.
Survey question 11
1. Do you think the company should enhance the current Health and Safety management
system?
Analysis Chart
The question was raised to determine whether it was significant for the company to enhance the
current Health and Safety management system. From the responses, it seems that all the
respondents were in total agreement that it was vital and a significant mater. Enhancing the
current health and safety management will mean that the workers will be protected from any
kind of hazards or accidents that may arise. Failing to enhance the current systems may mean
that the life of the employees will be at risk (Gudnason, 2011). . Survey Question 12
Is the work environment noisy?
Can’t SayNOYES
health and safety management system?
Do you think the company should enhance the current
%9
Can’t Say
%9
NO
%82
YES

Health and Safety Management 61
analysis Chart
The question was raised towards the participant to determine whether some of the working
places were not conducive in terms of noise generation (Huimin Liu, 2013)
From the results obtained, 55% of the respondents said ‘Yes’ but 45% said that despite the
construction sites being full of noise from the machines that are in use, they are able to persevere
it. The workplaces of some professionals are not near the construction sites hence they do not
experience noise. Nonetheless, more than fifty percent of the workers agreed that he is no much
coming from the construction machines hence it is advisable that The company avails precise
devices and implement suitable practices and noise-reducing options for the personnel who
constantly work in such noisy functioning environments. Lois recommended that all
construction sites should
 Offer appropriate hearing protection devices to its employees (Field, 2014)
Is the work environment noisy?
12
Percentage o respondents
Can’t Say
NO
YES
%60%50%40%30%20%10%0
%0
%45
%55

Health and Safety Management 62
 Offer sufficient training on the associated with hearing ways of minimizing them
 Alleviate the exposure of noise at the source or lower it to a certain level (Hutton, 2010)
Question 13
 Are the working places always clean and dispose of unnecessary things
properly
Analysis chart
The question was raised to determine whether the working places always clean and dispose of
unnecessary things properly. Form the responses received, it was evident that the company is
always clean and disposes of all the waste products in a proper manner. This was commendable
and should be mostly adopted by most construction industries. Disposing of the waste materials
provides a conducive working environment or both the environment within the construction site
and the outside the construction site (Grammeno, 2011).
Are the working places always clean and dispose of
unnecessary things properly
Percentage of participants
%9%1
%69
%21
SOMETIMENEVERALWAYSOFTEN
%70
%60
%50
%40
%30
20%
10%
%0

Health and Safety Management 63
Survey Question 14
 How does working construction site impact on your personal health?
Analysis Chart
This question was raised to determine how much working in the construction site impacts the
health of employees. Concerns about the physical state of the employees can deteriorate the
mental health and also, result in a reduction in the performance of specific duties. When
someone is not in a position to concentrate on the tasks assigned, then the possibility of risk
involvement becomes high and thus producing negative results. Bad health affects both the
individual and the performance at the construction site (Fox, 2014).
From the results obtained, 33% of the respondents felt that working on construction sites affects
their health positively. Despite being unusual to obtain positive impacts in health situations since
construction sites are usually stressful where persons can not only physical injury but also mental
Personal health?
How does working on the construction site
%61
,Normal
%6,Worse
%33,Better

Health and Safety Management 64
disability. Thaddeus specified that working in a construction site for short-term is not a problem,
but for long-term, there are many health-related issues regardless of accidents.
61 % of the respondents chose the option of s ‘Normal’ since they never had any alterations in
their personal health which is rational. Minor injuries such as illness can result in the
disorientation of the physical health. On the other hand, 6% of the participants had a feeling that
felt that they are experiencing negative health conditions from working in the construction site.
In addition, the company has already put into place good practices such as administering medical
services for the employees’ personal health directed towards improving their physical conditions
(Kassem, 2014)
Interviews
Using the primary method of gathering data, the researcher applied the semi-structured technique
to perform some investigations and exanimation into the existing health and safety management
systems. The researcher had circulated the interview questions, particularly to different
personnel. The persons include the Chief Engineer, Project Engineer and the project manager
(Vladimirov, 2005).
Interview questions -: Interview the project manager
Question 1. Why do you think Health and Safety Management is important at a
construction site?
The interviewee answered that first there are a large number of people that die annually in
construction sites over reasons which can be avoided and others that are unavoidable. He further
went ahead to explain that health and safety management system is critical in construction sites

Health and Safety Management 65
due to the following reasons; Health and safety management systems help to ensure that all the
employees are not incurred and also do not get accidents that may arise due to simple neglect of
some rules (Funk, 2013)
Besides, health and safety management helps in to determine the importance of being safe
always both in workplaces and homes. The respondent further went ahead to explain that health
and safety management is vital in the developing a recommendable culture whereby a safe
working environment becomes a better place to everyone (Langdon, 2012).
Discussion and analysis
It is obvious that a sane person will definitely agree to the fact that there is nothing more than
health its self. When the body is healthy, it means it is free from any kind disease or any physical
injury .besides, healthy body functions normally as per the normal physiological body functions
and it will one will not experience any challenge when performing daily duties. The respondent
agreed that health and safety management systems is crucial and is recommended for any
construction industry. This is because of the very many benefits that come along (Artto, 2011).
Question 2 -: Interview with the project engineer
How do you select and use the safety equipment in the workplace?
The interviewee answered that there is usually a methodology used in selecting any safety
environment that can be used on the construction site (Jiyang Fan, 2014). There are three factors
that are usually considered. These factors include;
 The anticipated exposure – the kind of protection that is selected should depend on the
type of environment that the worker is going to deal with. For example, protective

Health and Safety Management 66
clothing should be worn when dealing with a situation where the chemical is involved
and also when dealing with noise then ear masks should be worn.
 There is also the aspect of the timeline of the task or the duration it will take –some time
when the task needs to be longer than all protective gears should be put on.
 Lastly, there is fit- when selecting the working equipment obtained.one should select the
one which she or he fits into without difficulty. using small outfits for a big-bodied
person may result in making the person uncomfortable (Moran, 2015)
Analysis and discussion
In every kind of situation, there is always a plan on how to it. Hence doing what is right at the
right time and right purpose. The selection of working equipment will definitely depend on some
factors else the equipment selected may not be the right one for a purpose. The choosing of an
equipment will require that the equipment is fit for the tasks and also it will be able to fit the
person who will be handling the task. Besides, the kind or nature of a task will help in choosing
the right type of the equipment (Gutiérrez, 2012)
Question 3. -: Interview with project engineer
How would you handle the cases happen such as hitting vehicles and other machinery to
the workers?
The interviewee responded that cases that normally arise as a result of vehicles hitting the
workers will first of all be addressed by performing first aid to the injured person. Normally a
first aid kit is always present at the construction site and there is a first aid personnel also. After
performing the first aid then the casualty is taken to the hospital for further medication. Besides,

Health and Safety Management 67
the interview further went ahead to say that the cases are recorded somewhere for purposes of
future references and statistical analyzation.
Analysis and discussion
The first thing that is most significant in any situation of an accident is carrying out first aid.
First aid helps in primarily addressing the issues before they go in the hand. Situations of
bleeding will require immediate assistance to prevent further bleeding. Besides, the interviewee
responded reaffirmed the value of first aid as it greatly helps in offering the immediate assistance
.also, cases that involve hitting of vehicles is always advisable to seclude the scene to prevent the
spread of the damage or accident.
Question 4--: Interview with the project engineer
Do your employees work with or come into contact with, Asbestos? If YES, how could they
get protection?
The interviewee answered that definitely their workers in the construction company normally
work with asbestos. He further went ahead to explain that an essential way of handling asbestos
is first to ensure that the workers put on the right clothing which protects one from asbestos
spray which, may include masks and overalls. Moreover, the interviewer went on to clarify that
using the right the right-hand tools and power tools.
Analysis and discussion
In most cases, very many chemicals are dangerous when they come in contact with the skin.
Surprisingly is that they cannot be avoided and have become part of life. For instance, the
interview affirmed that the workers come in contact daily with asbestos which produces a

Health and Safety Management 68
harmful gas. The most important thing is to always follow the rules and regulations concerning
these harmful chemicals to avoid cases o injury and burns. Also, wearing protective clothing and
masks is also critical in reducing this kind of risks
Question 5 -- Interview with the chief engineer
Are you and also your staffs, feeling stressed at work? Why?
The interviewee answered that stress is everywhere but can be controlled. The kind of stress that
was being experienced may be minimal which sometimes comes as a result of changes in the
environment thereby affecting the rate at which the construction is taking place. Also, there are
situations where the timeline is soon collapsing yet the construction has not been through.
Analysis and discussion
Life generally is full of stress and what matters most is how you manage it. Some come in
different forms and may not be necessarily someone lacking something. Some stress situations
can be as a result of one suffering from a certain illness thereby compromising the normal
functioning of the body. One should, therefore, learn ways of managing stress and even the
interviewee confirmed that the workers always come to work having various kind of stress.
Most importantly is to always stay positive and focused on the task ahead, always.
Question 6 -- Interview with the project manager
How would you do if there is an accident at work?
The interviewee responded that in situations of accidents at the workplace, the first action that is
normally taken is a performing first aid. Usually, a first aid kit is always present at the
construction site and there is a first aid personnel also. After performing the first aid then the

Health and Safety Management 69
casualty is taken to the hospital for further medication. Besides, the interview further went ahead
to say that the cases are recorded somewhere for purposes of future references and statistical
analyzation.
Analysis and discussions
The first thing that is most significant in any situation of an accident is carrying out first aid.
(Bossert, 2013)First aid helps in primarily addressing the issues before they go in the hand.
Situations of bleeding will require immediate assistance to prevent further bleeding. Besides, the
interviewee responded reaffirmed the value of first aid as it greatly helps in offering the
immediate assistance .also, cases that involve hitting of vehicles is always advisable to seclude
the scene to prevent the spread of the damage or accident.
Question 7 - Interview with the chief engineer
Is there emergency team to rescue for accidents? If YES, please explain the structure of the
team and procedures of the emergency response plan?
The interviewee responded that there exists an emergency team in the construction site .the
eminency team is responsible for performing all the emergency managers particularly the
physical managers that arise in the construction site, especially accidents. The emergency team
is structured in the following manner
Always the first person that is present at the scene will always act as the incident commander till
relieved by a specialist or a senior. The incident commander is always responsible for alleviating
potential sources of risk, taking appropriate actions and also informing the supervisory
Departement of the incident (Tjale, 2016).

Health and Safety Management 70
The supervisory commander is responsible for taking an appropriate action on the advice of the
incident commander. Furthermore, the supervisory commander ensures that he place restrictive
measures on the scene area to prevent any further incidences that may arise. He also ensures that
a medical assistant is an order for if it involves human injury (Langdon, 2012).
Analysis and discussions
Construction sites involve many persons and in most cases, accidents do happen when at least
some persons are around. Accidents are not planned for but persons should be ready for them.
Construction sites involve a lot of accidents ranging from human accidents and also falling off
buildings or bridges that have been built. However, the persons that are always near the scenes
are tasked with taking the first responsibility of offering assistance that may be needed as they
call for higher assistance from authorities (Wearne, 2012).
To conclude, all construction industries should ensure that they are aware of the health and safety
management systems and their significance. Thereafter they should ensure that these safety and
management systems are enacted in construction industries to help in mitigating situations of
accidents that arise to some human errors that can be avoided (Press, 2016).
Chapter summary
This chapter has a detailed analysis of the results that were obtained by the researcher from the
questionnaire and interviews and then a comparison is done in relation to the literature review
theories. Moreover, the objectives and aims of the research have been well covered and justified
at this chapter. Some definitions have also been, added and the relevance of the interviews and
survey questions. Generally, this chapter is significant since it has assisted in doing the
comparison between the theoretical aspect of the research and the practical aspect (Schuster,
2016).

Health and Safety Management 71
Chapter 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Shortcomings of Study
There were no much shortcomings during conduction of the research. However,
during the conducting of the interview, it seems the researcher tried as much as
possible to avoid the negative answers. Besides, it seems the processes of
conducting the research was also tiresome since it entailed the researcher moving
from place to place as the construction industry was big in size (Moavenzadeh,
2014).
Conclusion
This research paper was intended for the purpose of giving an overview of the health and safety
management system of a construction industry in Myanmar. The researcher has done adequate
and commendable research based on the primary data through the use of questionnaires and
interviews. The researcher then went ahead to do a comparison with what was obtained from the
literature review for justification. From the findings of the primary data collected, it can be
concluded that the primary data collected is a true reflection of what is present in the literature
review. Construction sites have really promoted the growth of any country and are an essential
part of the economy. However, at the same time, it is one of the risky places to work in (Bossert,
2013).
This can be confirmed by the number of people that perish annually as a result of working in the
construction industries. The deaths are normally as a result of circumstances that can either be
avoided or those which cannot be avoided. Most of the accidents can be avoided in that they are
human-made and through proper initiatives of health and safety management, these accidents can

Health and Safety Management 72
be mitigated. Precise awareness creation and training will greatly help in minimizing the
accidents (Bossert, 2013).
Recommendations
When a comparison I did between the findings from the interviews and the questionnaire and the
literature review, it is very evident that health and safety management is very crucial for any
construction industry. Hence, companies that are situated in Myanmar should all adopt the use of
health and safety management systems for the well-being of their workers.
 Form the findings, the workers are willing to be incorporated into health and safety
management systems in terms of training and other awareness forums. This will greatly
help to minimize the (Bossert, 2013)number of injuries and accidents that normally occur
in the construction sites.
 Besides, there are cases whereby accidents arise due to many errors that can be avoided
such as human errors. Proper health and safety management systems, when
implemented, will help to alleviate such cases. Besides, an awareness should be created
both to the employers and the employees on the importance of safety. This will ensure
this research paper was intended towards providing e that all the persons present at the
construction are responsible in terms of taking care of their safety and health (Barrett,
2012).
 Another recommendation is that there should be time for subsequently rotating the e
employees and giving them off and on periods. The general quality of an output depends
on the health of the employees and if they work through the entire week then their output
may tend to be compromised. Constantly rotating them by relieving them duties thrice a

Health and Safety Management 73
week may help in increasing the general outcome of the construction industry (Gudnason,
2011).
 Besides, all construction companies should ensure that they have highly skilled
personnel’s that specifically deals with the working equipment. Most of the construction
machines are a bit complex if a non-skilled worker tends to operate them, then there will
be high chances of accidents being caused. This can be greatly avoided by the companies
ensuring that the right person handles the right equipment.
Chapter summary
This chapter entails the justification that the research has been covered appropriately by the
researcher. It gives the reader the satisfaction that all the objectives that had been raised
concerning the safety and health management systems had been well tackled and placed Besides,
recommendations for the construction industries has also been provided to help improve the
safety and health management sector (Gudnason, 2011).

Health and Safety Management 74
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