Heritage and Cultural Tourism Management: A Comprehensive Analysis

Heritage and Cultural Tourism Management
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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................4
Task 2.............................................................................................................................................10
Task 3.............................................................................................................................................14
Task 4.............................................................................................................................................17
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................19
Reference List................................................................................................................................20
Appendices....................................................................................................................................22
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Introduction
In the present scenario, the tourism industry has gained immense popularity and is considered
one of the growing industries. In the United Kingdom, the tourism industry plays a significant
role towards the economy of the country. It is the rich culture and heritage of the country, which
helps the country in attracting huge number of tourists in the country every year. The project will
shed lights upon the development and growth of the culture and heritage of the tourism industry.
Furthermore, the project will discuss the need of culture and heritage attractions in meeting the
requirements of the different consumers. The responsibilities, ownership and roles of the
organization in reference to the culture and heritage of the organization have also been talked
about. The project will also discuss the means of interpretation contained by the cultural and
heritage industry for tourism.
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Task 1
1.1 Analyze the growth and development of the heritage and cultural industry
Cultural and heritage tourism is referred to travelling to different places for experiencing and
witnessing the architecture, culture, heritage and artefacts of a destination. Furthermore, it refers
to travelling to different places for understanding its history and getting an insight of its present
and past developments. The development of culture and heritage tourism comprises of natural
vegetation cover, historical significance, cultural significance and accomplished people of the
place. The concept of tourism came into existence when the Babylonians and Egyptians began to
travel for commercial and trade purpose. Subsequent to that travelling became popular for
religious purpose (Richards, 2016). This was the invent of tourism after which the development
and growth of this industry began. People also began to travel for educational purpose to the
main cities, as education was not adequately available in the rural areas. Furthermore, the
individuals also began to travel to different regions for leisure purpose. In the coming years,
further development was witnessed in the tourism sector, as people began to operate their
business in this sector. For instance, marketers began to provide accommodation and food
facilities to the travellers, thus gaining immense profit.
With the invent of technology and communication, travelling to different places became easier.
In addition, a considerate growth was witnessed in the economic system of various countries,
thus reducing the cost and expense of the people. As a result, people were motivated to travel
more to different places leading to the growth and development of the travel and tourism
industry. Furthermore, with better roads and transportation facilities, travelling became much
easier and encouraged people to travel to the foreign land. The European regions being one of
the most popular destinations for tourists are renowned for its rich heritage and culture. Britain
welcomes large number of travellers every year, as people come from different regions for
witnessing the architecture, artefacts, heritage and culture of the place. Every destination consists
of a particular culture and heritage that attracts the travellers to visit the place. For instance, in
the 18th century, the tourism in Britain gained popularity owing to its baths and spas. People
travelled from different corners of the world to Britain for experiencing its spas and baths.
Conversely, a drastic development was observed when travellers also began to visit the other
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places of Britain. This happened due to a major reduction in the cost of air tickets. Over the
period, people began to visit the different places of Britain for gaining historic knowledge of the
place (Sharpley and Telfer, 2015). Huge numbers of travellers were witnessed visiting the
different tombs, castles and other significant destinations such as Westminster Abbey, Windsor
Castles, and so forth, thus leading to development and growth of these heritage destinations.
London became the most visited region of the United Kingdom, as the place consists of a
number of manmade as well as natural sites. This resulted in improving the tourism sector of the
country. As a result, several other sectors such as hospitality, transportation and so forth also
experienced immense growth and development (Timothy, 2017).
Period Destination Purpose of Travelling
3000 BC Babylonia (Egypt) Commercial and trade purpose to
distant and neighbouring regions
1500 BC Egypt Leisure and religious purpose
owing to the popularity of the
Pyramids
6 BC Egypt Initiation of cultural and heritage
tourism, for instance, castles
museums and tombs of historic
remains
5 BC Greece Religious and spiritual purpose to
places such as, Acropolis,
Panthenon and Athens
Middle Ages Europe Initiation of the conception of
domestic tourism
14th to 16th century Europe Resurgence era cemented the
scope for travelling
1830 – 1980 United Kingdom Travelling to different places for
spas and baths, mostly by rich
and elite class people
1880 – 1910 United Kingdom The castles and churches became
popular within the region.
1920 – 1940 United Kingdom People began to travel to witness
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the places for its rich heritage
and culture. The most popular
sites were Edinburgh Castle,
Westminster Abbey, and so forth.
1950 – 1970 United Kingdom The cost of travelling and air
tickets reduces, thus motivating
people to travel more.
1980 - Current United Kingdom The travel and tourism industry
witnessed immense recognition
as people began to travel to
distant foreign lands for
witnessing its literature,
architecture, art, history and so
forth.
Table 1: Development and Growth in Tourism over the Years
(Source: Created by Learner)
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1.2 Discuss potential conflicts in the conservation of heritage and cultural resources using
the case Barcelona (Spain) and Venice (Italy)
The issues and conflicts relating to the
conservation of heritage and cultural
resources may seem to be of lesser
significance in front of the issue of
employment, infrastructure and poverty in
the economy. In the long term, it can be
observed that if these issues are not dealt
with appropriately it can result in the failure
of the public systems present in the cities.
The conservation of such resources can help
in saving the local economies and bring in a
sense of pride amongst the residents of the
places of tourist attraction as well as of
heritage and cultural sites. It will lead to
ensuring security for the place along with
inviting community participation to make
the daily life of the residents better and the
tourists to have a great time at their holiday
destination. The people visiting the places as
tourists contribute towards the growth of the
local economy and help to generate new job
opportunities for the residents. The markets
present at such sites get good sales through
the tourists. It should also be considered that
the activities taking place through the
tourism also has its negative impacts and
give rise to conflicts as well. The tourists
cause overcrowding in the cities that are
small. The size of such cities forces the
tourists to find accommodation is residential
areas offered by non-hotel units. The roads
become difficult to be traversed and cause
issues of mobility within the city. This
report is based on the issues being faced by
Venice and Barcelona and how these should
be overcome in order to maintain their well-
being. The plans for their sustainability
should be enacted to shield the residents
against related adversities. The report further
shall reflect the problems caused by the
tourists and tourism industry in the cities of
Barcelona and Venice:
Issues being experienced at Barcelona
At present, the city of Barcelona is in the
process of change and trying to adapt to the
sustainability plans being implied to save the
interests of the residents. There are three
major issues being encountered by the city
and the local authority along with the private
sector is working towards resolving them.
7

Figure 1: Parc Guell, Barcelona.
(Source: U.S.News, 2018)
The first issue is the increasing problems
faced by the people living in the city
because of the increasing number of people
visiting the city for their vacations and
holidays. The second issue is of mobility
and transportation. The people are having
issues regarding the overcrowded
transportation systems. The third issue is
that of the problems arising due to the
number of people leaving the city and
increasing number of people visiting the
city. It is required that the public and private
sector to form alliance in finding solutions
to the issues and help save the interests of
the citizen and that of the commercial
aspects.
Issues being experienced at Venice
Venice being a small city is facing the lack
of space available for the hosting of the
tourists. The hotel accommodations fall
short and the tourists are using the non-hotel
units cropping up at the residential areas.
This is causing numerous problems to the
residents of the areas such as excess crown
concentration, noise pollution and
disturbances in their daily living.
Figure 2: Boat ride at Venice.
(Source: TripAdvisor, 2018)
Due to these conditions, the people of
Venice are moving out of their native places
and preferring to settle elsewhere. There is
an urgent need for the local authorities to
invite public and private sectors to work in
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unison in finding out the solutions to such
adversities faced by the city and its
residents.
Both the cities are facing similar issues but
Venice being smaller when compared to
Barcelona has its problems magnified. The
tourists come to their holiday destinations
for the purpose of enjoyment but are
unaware of the issue that arise because of
their activities and how they are directly
affecting the citizens of the particular
location. The residents are forced to pay
hefty maintenance charges that are required
for the purpose of cleaning and maintaining
the city because of thrash and waste being
generated by the tourists. The cities are
being forced to change for the bad without a
proper conservation management system. A
conservation management system is the
need of the hour to balance both commercial
and residential interests. The public systems
of the city will be forced to the point of
failure if not managed with accurate
problem solving strategies (World Travel
Market London, 2015).
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Task 2
2.1 Assess the purpose of heritage and cultural attractions in meeting the needs of different
customers
Introduction
It has been witnessed that a number of reason exists, which motivated people to travel to different
places. People travel to different destinations for different purpose such as education, leisure,
business, entertainment, research, recreation and so forth. Every destination has a significant culture
and heritage, which attracts huge number of travellers every year. In the United Kingdom, the mostly
visited destinations are considered Albert museum and British museum.
Education purpose
Education is the medium of communicating the value and significance of heritage. Educational
facilities comprise of schools visiting museums to gather knowledge about the past. Students of
secondary schools, FE, HE go to museums and heritage sites. Such sites are also visited by adults
who wish to enhance their knowledge. The British Museum offers the school programs along
with special exhibitions to which there is free access for the school groups. It has a range of
facilities for the aid of impaired students. The National Maritime Museum and Queen’s House
stages programs that offer vivid onsite sessions, catering for EYFS and Key Stage 1–5. They
also offer classroom resources and INSET training. The students can take a world trip on the
Great Map, light cannon in the Children’s gallery or explore the past stories of imminent
personalities (Sie et al., 2016).
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Research purpose
Research facilities involve numerous students visiting museums to carry on a research. Museums
like British Museum, V&A, NHM lure a large number of researchers from all the corners of the
world which include PHD students, also. The British Museum houses artefacts and works dating
back to early 1700s, which attracts the researchers from all around. it has a grand collection of
over 8 million objects. The Greenwich Park is the research hub for Botany students as trees
dating back to the 1500s exist there. The huge collection size stretching to over 2 million naval
objects makes it the appropriate research destination. The collection of the National Maritime
Museum includes articles procured from the German Naval Academy Mürwik after the Second
World War, including many ship models, paintings, and flags. The Queen’s House is the home to
worldwide known art collection, the architectural masterpieces of Inigo Jones’. Being the first
Classical building in the UK, it pulls many history researchers towards it (Mason, 2015).
Recreation Purpose
The heritage sites also serve recreational purposes. Recreational facilities may include resting
places, bars, and restaurants. The British Museum has restaurants and cafes. The Pizzeria and
Court cafes present on the ground floor are ideal for recreation. During school holidays and on
weekends, the Ford centre for Young Visitors remains open for family visits. The museum also
enables the visitors to make use of free Wi-Fi facilities. The Greenwich Park provides filming
and photography facilities. It has tranquil herb, flower, and orchard gardens. The Pavilion Spot is
the perfect destination for a cup of tea (Page and Hall, 2014).
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Entertainment purpose
Entertainments facilities are said to include facilities for dance, music, exhibitions, and cultural
events. The heritages can help in serving entertainment purpose. For instance, The Science
Museum provides facilities and space for corporate events and private celebrations. There are
lectures, workshops, and debates in the British Museum, almost regularly (Qi Yan, 2018). The
Greenwich Park has served as the venue for Paralympics and Olympics. For the London, 2012
Summer Olympics, Greenwich Park was the venue for the events like riding and running. There
are numerous events conducted at the National Maritime Museum of which “The Great British
Seaside” is very famous.
Conclusion
In the above section, it has been studied that different travellers visit different sites for different
purposes. In the United Kingdom, it has been witnessed that most of the travellers visit the places for
educational and business purpose. The tourism industry of the country being one of the most
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significant sectors must ensure that it provides good quality service and facilities to the tourist in
order to ensure more number of visitors every year.
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Task 3
3.1 Evaluate the impact of different types of ownership on the management of heritage and
cultural sites
Over the past few years, the tourism industry has witnessed huge growth and development. As a
result, several public as well as private organizations have begun to take interest in this industry
and are establishing their business for various reasons. The public owned organizations is
managed and operated by the national or state government. The public organizations aim to
promote the tourism industry of the country at an international level and facilitate the local
individuals with the help of the revenue earned from the tourism sector. In addition, there are
also a number of voluntary organizations, which work in this sector in order to defend the
interest of the domestic citizens as well as lend a hand to the government of the country in
meeting their responsibility for the community. On the other hand, the privately owned
organizations operate and manage the cultural and heritage sites without any assistance or
support from the national or state government. The key motive of such organizations is to attain
maximum share of the market and earn profits from the business, other than supporting the
government of the country to improve its heritage and cultural tourism. It manages and preserves
the heritage and cultural sites in order to ensure more number of visitors and gain more profits
from them (Armenski et al., 2018).
To cite an example, SPAB (Society for Protection of Ancient Buildings) is a privately owned
organization, which looks after a number of heritage and cultural sites. The main agenda of this
organization is to restructure and maintain the ancient and old heritage monuments and buildings
such as churches, tombs, museums and so forth in order to draw the attention of more number of
visitors, thus improving growth and development of the tourism industry of the country.
Furthermore, Natural England is a publicly owned organization that supports the national and
state government to safeguard the wildlife covers and natural vegetation of the country in order
to ensure that the balance in the environment of the country is maintained (Throsby, 2016).
Factors Society for Protection of
Ancient Buildings
Natural England
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Different ownership type This organization works
independently and operates in
order to restructure and
maintain the heritage and
cultural sites.
This organization provides the
government of the country
with advisory and counseling
services in order to ensure the
sustainability of the tourism
and travel sector.
Difference between the
organizations
It is a privately owned
organization, operates
independently, and maintains
the heritage buildings and
monuments of the country in
order to attract more number
of visitors.
It is a publicly owned
organization and is managed
and run by the government of
UK. It looks after the welfare
of the environment and
ecology of the country.
Objective of both the
organizations
The key objective of this
organization is to support the
government of the country to
maintain and restructure the
heritage and cultural
monuments in order to gain
economic benefits from them.
The objective of this
organization is to make the
government of the country
aware of the concept of
sustainability and incorporate
it in the travel and tourism
sector.
Table 2: The Impact of Different Types of Ownership on the Management of Heritage and
Cultural Sites
(Source: Created by Learner)
From the above table, it can be stated that both the public as well as private organizations work
towards the welfare of the heritage and cultural buildings and monuments of the country. The
only difference that prevails is that the public organization is a non-profit organization and
makes use of the revenue that is generated from the heritage and cultural tourism industry for the
benefit and welfare of the local community of the country. On the other hand, the private
organization along with the restructuring and maintaining the heritage sites also aims at earning
profits from their business. However, the key motive of both the organizations is to promote and
15

preserve the heritage and cultural sites of the country in order to maintain the development and
growth of the travel and tourism industry (Robertson, 2016).
3.2 Analyze roles and responsibilities of organizations in the heritage and cultural industry.
The key roles and responsibilities of Natural England are as follows:
 The organization is responsible for proving the government of the United Kingdom with
advisory and counseling service in order to preserve the flora and fauna, environment and
wildlife of the country.
 The organization is also accountable for protecting and preserving the natural vegetation
of the country.
 The organization also promotes the tourism of the country at an international level.
 The organization is responsible for ensuring a secure balance in the environment during
the development process of the heritage and cultural tourism of the country (Natural
England - GOV.UK, 2018).
The key roles and responsibilities of English Heritage are as follows:
 The organization provides expert advisor to the heritage and cultural department of the
country.
 The organization further plays a legislative role in planning the system of the
development and growth of the heritage and cultural sites of the country.
 The organization also provides advisory to the different government department
associated to the tourism of the country, local authorities of planning the maintenance and
restructuring systems.
 The organization also provides the government of the country with the development
proposals concerning the historic environment of the country.
 The organization also publishes extensive ranging advices on the enhancement and
management of the historic and significant environment of the country (English-
heritage.org.uk , 2018).
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Task 4
4.1 Evaluate methods and media used for interpretation within the heritage and cultural
industry for tourists
The different media and methods used for interpretation in the culture and heritage industry for
the travellers are modern interpretive tools such as personal and non-personal media, Tour
Guides, Role Players, Signage, Attendants, Technological Devices, Printed Materials, individual
audio tours, field trips, video apparatuses and so forth.
The interpretive tool that the British Museum mainly makes use of is the tour guides. The tour
guide is one of the most significant and popular form of media and is considered effective in
attracting more number of visitors to the site. The tour guides are a significant source of
information and provides the tourists with appropriate information and details concerning the
heritage and cultural site. Different tour operators appoint tour guides in order to provide fine
services to the visitors. However, keeping tour guides can be quite expensive at times and does
not help in reaching out too many visitors. Furthermore, the British Museum makes use of the
printed materials and Signage as a media for interpretation. Brochures, leaflets, maps,
interpretative signs and so forth are some of the printed and signage media and methods that the
museum makes use of in order to fulfil the requirements of the visitors (Veal, 2017).
The type of media used by Greenwich Park is attendants. It is also considered a significant form
of media for interpretation within the cultural and heritage industry. The attendants generally
provide information and direction to the visitors. In addition, the heritage destination also makes
use of other forms of media such as signage and printed material for providing information and
increasing awareness among the visitors concerning the wildlife habitat and natural vegetation of
the site. The modern forms of interpretive tools are also used by the park for sharing the past of
the site with the visitors. This has helped the site to increase its number of visitors, as people are
interested and feel motivated to visit places that are rich in culture and heritage and know more
about those places.
The National Maritime Museum makes use of the printed and interpretative signs and brochures
in order to communicate and interacted with the visitors. This helps the museum to attract more
17

number of visitors, thus adding up to the economy of the tourism industry.The printed materials
also helps the destination to earn revenue in the form of brochures, which can be sold to the
visitors as a souvenir along with the tickets. Furthermore, with the help of interpretative signs the
museum shares information with the visitors concerning the events and exhibitions being held at
the museum. The signs can be placed all over the city, particularly the city centre and other
significant areas of the country (Reijnders, 2016).
The Queen’s House on the other hand, makes use of the modern interpretative tools in order to
display its culture and heritage to the visitors. In addition, the site also makes use of field trips so
that they can get live experience of the site. Other than that, the site also uses the traditional
printed and signage materials for communicating with the visitors. The field trips help the
research and educational visitors to get an in-depth experience of the heritage and culture of the
place (Timothy, 2017).
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Conclusion
To conclude it can be said the heritage and culture of every nation or city is its pride and helps to
optimize the local economy. The assignment has reflected all the aspects of the effects of the
tourism industry on the culture and heritage of the cities referred in the case study. It also has
shown the needs and steps to be taken to bring development in the current scenario that is
affecting the overall well-being of the city both economically and culturally. The case study of
the mentioned cities helps in identifying the significance and importance of the heritage and
culture in the industry of tourism.
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Reference List
Armenski, T., Dwyer, L. and Pavluković, V., 2018. Destination competitiveness: public and
private sector tourism management in Serbia. Journal of Travel Research, 57(3), pp.384-398.
English-heritage.org.uk (2018). English Heritage Home Page | English Heritage. [online]
English-heritage.org.uk. Available at: http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/ [Accessed 22 Jun.
2018].
Mason, P., 2015. Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge.
Natural England - GOV.UK (2018). Natural England - GOV.UK. [online] Gov.uk. Available at:
https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/natural-england [Accessed 22 Jun. 2018].
Page, S.J. and Hall, C.M., 2014. The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place
and space. Routledge.
Qi Yan, Y., 2018. Entertainment tourism.
Reijnders, S., 2016. Places of the imagination: Media, tourism, culture. Routledge.
Richards, G., 2016. Cultural tourism. In Archaeological Displays and the Public (pp. 1-11).
Routledge.
Robertson, I.J., 2016. Introduction: heritage from below. In Heritage from below (pp. 15-42).
Routledge.
Sharpley, R. and Telfer, D.J., 2015. Tourism and development in the developing world.
Routledge.
Sie, L., Patterson, I. and Pegg, S., 2016. Towards an understanding of older adult educational
tourism through the development of a three-phase integrated framework. Current Issues in
Tourism, 19(2), pp.100-136.
Throsby, D., 2016. Tourism, heritage and cultural sustainability: three ‘golden rules’. In Cultural
tourism and sustainable local development (pp. 31-48). Routledge.
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Timothy, D.J. ed., 2017. Managing heritage and cultural tourism resources: Critical essays,
Volume one. Routledge.
Timothy, D.J. ed., 2017. Managing heritage and cultural tourism resources: Critical essays,
Volume one. Routledge.
TripAdvisor (2018). Venice Pictures - Traveller Photos of Venice, City of Venice - TripAdvisor.
[online] Tripadvisor.in. Available at: https://www.tripadvisor.in/LocationPhotos-g187870-w2-
Venice_Veneto.html#17815426 [Accessed 21 Jun. 2018].
U.S.News (2018). https://travel.usnews.com/Barcelona_Spain/Pictures/. [online] Available at:
https://travel.usnews.com/Barcelona_Spain/Pictures/ [Accessed 21 Jun. 2018].
Veal, A.J., 2017. Research methods for leisure and tourism. Pearson UK.
World Travel Market London (2015). Destination Partnerships Panel - WTM 2015. [online]
YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6TME-p6Ieo [Accessed 21 Jun.
2018].
21

Appendices
Appendix 1 – Task 1.1
22

Analyze the growth and development of the heritage and cultural
industry
With invent of technology and communication, travelling to different
places became easier. In addition, a considerate growth was
witnessed in the economic system of various countries, thus reducing
the cost and expense of the people. As a result, people were
motivated to travel more to different places leading to the growth
and development of the travel and tourism industry. Furthermore,
with better roads and transportation facilities, travelling became
much easier and encouraged people to travel to the foreign land.
23

Appendix 2 – Task 3.1
24

Evaluate the impact of different types of ownership on the
management of heritage and cultural sites
The public owned organizations is managed and
operated by the national or state government. The
public organizations aim to promote the tourism
industry of the country at an international level
and facilitate the local individuals with the help of
the revenue earned from the tourism sector.
On the other hand, the privately owned
organizations operate and manage the cultural and
heritage sites without any assistance or support
from the national or state government. The key
motive of such organizations is to attain maximum
share of the market and earn profits from the
business, other than supporting the government of
the country to improve its heritage and cultural
tourism.
25

Appendix 3 – Task 3.2
26

Analyze roles and responsibilities of organizations in the heritage
and cultural industry
The organization provides expert advisor to the
heritage and cultural department of the country.
The organization further plays a legislative role in
planning the system of the development and growth
of the heritage and cultural sites of the country.
The organization also provides advisory to the
different government department associated to the
tourism of the country, local authorities of
planning the maintenance and restructuring
systems.
The organization also provides the government of
the country with the development proposals
concerning the historic environment of the country.
The organization also publishes extensive ranging
advices on the enhancement and management of
the historic and significant environment of the
country.
The organization is responsible for proving the
government of the United Kingdom with advisory
and counseling service in order to preserve the
flora and fauna, environment and wildlife of the
country.
The organization is also accountable for
protecting and preserving the natural vegetation
of the country.
The organization also promotes the tourism of the
country at an international level.
The organization is responsible for ensuring a
secure balance in the environment during the
development process of the heritage and cultural
tourism of the country.
27