Exploring Leadership and Organizational Behavior

This assignment contains a list of references to various research articles and books related to organizational behavior, leadership, and management. The references include publications from the years 2001 to 2013 and cover topics such as inspirational motivation, co-worker trust, distributed leadership, organizational culture, and structure.

Organizational
Behavior

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
a) Impact of different leadership style on City College and Enterprise......................................3
b) Organizational theory is linked to the management style which is practiced in two
organizations................................................................................................................................4
c) Different approaches to management and leadership theories................................................5
d) Impact that different leadership styles are likely to have on behavior of staff at City College
and Enterprise..............................................................................................................................5
e) Application of different motivational theories........................................................................6
f) Applying motivational theories what benefits can be derived.................................................7
g) Nature of groups and group behavior within the workforce...................................................7
h) Identifying the factors that could make a team effective and also threaten the success and
effectiveness of team...................................................................................................................8
i) Role of technology in success of business...............................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behavior can be referred as the way in which people interact within
groups. Through applying this study within business, it helps in enhancing the skills of human
resources and thus, maximizes the output from individual group members. Further, it includes
structure and culture that helps in determining the performance of business and develops
relationship among workers and organization (Coninck and et. al., 2008). Here, in the present
study, two different organizations City College and Enterprise Rent-A-Car has been compared
and contrasted in order to assess their organizational structure and culture. Also, different
leadership styles such as autocratic and democratic have been analyzed in order to evaluate its
impact upon two organizations. In the report, scholar also discussed about different factors that
can help in making a team effective and achieve organizational goals.
TASK 2
a) Impact of different leadership style on City College and Enterprise
Following are the different leadership styles that have their impact on the organizations -
 Autocratic style- Here, individuals possess the power to make decision and does not
involve other employees. For instance, top management of any business takes crucial
decision themselves as they do not have much time to involve each and every employee
in decision making. Thus, it affects the operations of business (Daft, 2010).
 Democratic style- In this, leader involves each and every worker to participate in the
decision making process so that different perspectives of individuals can be analyzed in
order to attain the desired goals. It is a lengthy and time consuming process (Densten,
2001).
 Laissez-faire style- It is a delegative leadership style and authorities are handed over to
individual members so that they can make decisions on their own.
After determining the case, it assesses that City College does not have an effective leader.
However, it is owned and run by Principal Mr. Wakefield as he acquires a new ownership as a
private investor (Drucker, 2012). Therefore, it can be analyzed that City College undertakes
democratic leadership style as it involves each and every department to give their suggestions in
order to effectively deal with the students and to satisfy their needs. While, in Enterprise,
managers use varied range of management and leadership styles in order to focus upon

customer’s needs and preferences. Both autocratic and democratic leadership style has been
adopted in order to create new opportunities and growth for employees. Management of
Enterprise- Rent-A-Car provides freedom to their workers to introduce innovative ideas so that
problems can be overcome and organizational goals can be attained (Knights and Willmott,
2007).
b) Organizational theory is linked to the management style which is practiced in two
organizations
Through evaluating both the case studies of City College and Enterprise, it assesses that
both the organizations adopt Theory Y type of management style. Douglas McGregor assesses
Theory X and Theory Y which are two different types of management styles. In this, Theory Y
analyzes that managers provide full freedom to their employees in order to state their views in
front of the management (Griffin and Moorhead, 2013). Hence, it helps business to grow and
achieve profitability. However, in City College, there are different departments that work
together in order to overcome the problems of students and to provide them the best learning
opportunity. Thus, such type of activity creates encouragement and improves the performance of
individual members within firm. While, Enterprise Rent-A-Car enables team work and
coordination so that needs and preferences of customers can be fulfilled. Hence, business relies
on the principle that it is essential to deliver quality services to clients in order to attain high level
of self-esteem. Business also provides an equal opportunity to every worker so that productivity
and profitability can be improved (Jackson and Carter, 2009).
Here, it has been assessed that organizational theory is effectively interconnected with the
management style so that both employees and organization can effectually interact with each
other. However, both City College and Enterprise is required to undertake behavioral theory as it
helps leaders to take effective decisions in order to fulfill the needs of workers and to attain the
goals (Luthans, 2001). Further, business also adopts contingency theory as it helps individuals to
implement different strategies and to achieve goals. Fayol's principle of management has been
adopted by City College that helps them to develop a unique culture at workplace as it assists in
dividing the workers into different sub groups and in carrying out the task effectively. On the
other hand, Enterprise adopts new-classical theory which helps in focusing upon the targets and
in enhancing the performance of employees (Marjosola and Mills, 2002).

c) Different approaches to management and leadership theories
Following are different approaches to management and leadership theories that are being
undertaken by City College and Enterprise. These are discussed underneath-
 Contingency theory- In such type of approach, it helps in motivating employees to
achieve the desired objectives. However, there is no best method to manage individuals
and thus, it assists both the organizations, that is, City College and Enterprise to adopt
such approach in order to overcome different situations and to achieve the organizational
goals (Miner, 2006).
 Decision theory approach- Here, it states that manager provides freedom and involves
different employees in decision making process so that different perspectives can be
determined. City College undertakes such approach as it involves employees from
different departments to work together in order to solve the issues of students and to
achieve satisfaction (Brunsman, DeVore and Houston, 2011).
 Classical approach- Furthermore, within such management approach, it helps leaders to
carry out effective business and improves its productivity and efficiency. Enterprise Rent-
A-Car undertakes such approach which helps them to motivate its workers and to involve
them in decision making so that performance can be raised (Castka, Sharp and Bamber,
2003).
d) Impact that different leadership styles are likely to have on behavior of staff at City College
and Enterprise
Following are the different leadership styles that influences the behavior of employees
within City College and Enterprise are as follows-
 Autocratic leadership style- Here, managers restricts other members of business to
participate in decision making process as it is time consuming. For instance, when leaders
are required to make quick decisions they do not involve employees in decision making
process (Chou and Pearson, 2012). However, following such leadership style affects the
behavior of employees within City College and Enterprise. By applying autocratic
leadership style individual cannot be motivated within workplace to attain desired goals.
 Democratic leadership style- Further, in such leadership style manager involves each
and every individual within decision making process so that expected results can be
attained. Thus, such style motivates people to participate in business decisions but it

impacts firm by obtaining different opinions by individuals. Therefore, management of
City College and Enterprise Rent-A-Car undertakes democratic leadership style in order
to involve employees in decision making and achieve customer satisfaction (Claes and
Heymans, 2007).
 Laissez-faire leadership style- Within such leadership style, manager provides freedom
to their employees in order to perform their tasks own their own. Thus, it motivates
employees to work effectively within organization and achieve desired results. Individual
support changes that are made within firm and satisfy the needs of clients (Densten,
2001).
e) Application of different motivational theories
Motivation means to inspire individual in order to carry out desired work within business.
Here, management of both City College and Enterprise adopts motivational theories in order to
encourage the workforce and attain desired results. City College adopt Elton Mayo and
McClelland's human relation theory. As it states that money is not only the factor that influences
individual to work within business (Dulewicz and Higgs, 2005). While, there are varied other
factors as well such as cordial and social environment to encourage workers. Also, applying
Elton Mayo approach within business it assists in developing friendly relationship among City
College employees and motivate them to work effectively and overcome the problems of
students. Further, it also involves McClelland's human relation theory of motivation. It is divided
into three different components. The first component is related to the need for achieving where
individual are motivated for working in both high and low risk condition. While, the other two
factors are considered as the need for association and power. Thus, such motivation theory helps
in encouraging individual to achieve desired goals (Ferres, Connell and Travaglione, 2009).
Therefore, it is essential for business to provide them work as per the requirement of individual
and thus results can be attained.
While, Enterprise undertakes Vroom Expectancy theory of motivation which states that
relationship can be developed by firm in terms of relating performance of employees with their
expected reward. Thus, such motivation theory helps in encouraging individual and help them to
attain desired goals (Harris, 2004).

f) Applying motivational theories what benefits can be derived
By applying Elton Mayo theory management of City College develops a family like work
culture. However, developing such environment helps in encouraging individual to enhance
profitability and productivity of business. Following are the benefits for City College by
applying motivational theory are as follows-
 It encourages individual to develop team building environment within workplace (Moore,
2007).
 It also helps in providing one specific solution to problem.
Further, McCleland human relation theory is applied within City College that helps in
performing changes within business structure where performance of individual is related to
reward (Murray, Poole and Jones, 2006). Benefits are as follows-
 By applying such theory it helps in developing clear job description and specification of
employees (Koster and Sanders, 2006).
 It also assists in identifying the strengths of individuals and thus provides rewards
according to it.
On the other hand, Enterprise Rent-A-Car undertake Vroom Expectancy theory that helps
in developing effectual performance management system. Following are the benefits-
 Here, business is required to determine the training and development requirements of
employees (Mail, Mohamed and Atan, 2006).
 It also helps in increasing the profits of enterprise by attaining customer satisfaction.
g) Nature of groups and group behavior within the workforce
Group can be stated as the collection of individual that work together in order to attain
common objectives. Thus, their behavior depends upon the workplace environment that
influences their working pattern. Further, there are different approaches undertaken within City
College and Enterprise that helps in influencing the behavior of their group. However, it is also
influenced by the size and purpose of the group (Miller and Rice, 2013). Thus, City College
undertake effective technique such as “know yourself, know your people” that helps in
developing strong relationship among workers and business. It also helps business to determine
the ambition of individual working within firm. Furthermore, within Enterprise Rent-A-Car
behavior group is influenced by the performance management method as it provides reward as

per the performance of workers. Therefore, it affects individual to work accordingly as reward is
linked with their performance (Gonos and Gallo, 2013).
h) Identifying the factors that could make a team effective and also threaten the success and
effectiveness of team
Following are the different factors that helps City College and Enterprise to make
effectiveness in a team such as-
 Leadership- Leaders play a main role as it helps in attaining desired goals and
objectives. However, business is required to adopt committed leaders as they help firm to
provide best direction so that desired goals can be attained. Hence, with the help of
effectual leadership, team work can be attained within firm (Janicijevic, 2013).
 Effective communication- Here, management adopts open door policy and allow each
and every individual to participate in decision making process so that best direction can
be provided to employees in order to overcome the problems (Drucker, 2012).
Further, there are different factors that threatens the success of team work within firm are
as follows-
 Indefinite goals- It states that sometimes due to certain reasons it affects the profitability
situation of firm and thus creates issue for business as it is not able to attain desired goals.
 Lack of managerial involvement- Further, it also affects the managerial ability of
individual in order to make decision and thus it influences the team work as well
(Coninck and et. al., 2008).
i) Role of technology in success of business
Here, it can be evaluated that technology plays a crucial role in order to obtain success
within firm as help in attaining desired outputs. However, implementing effective technology
within City College and Enterprise helps in solving the issues of customers and thus satisfy their
needs (Miner, 2006). It is as follows-
 Delivers convenience to customers- Enterprise Rent-A-Car undertakes such approach as
it helps in delivering best quality services to consumers by using internet facility.
However, with the help of such technique it minimizes the cost and provide satisfaction
to consumers (Luthans, 2001).

CONCLUSION
It can be concluded from the report that both leadership and management approaches are
required to encourage individuals in order to enhance the performance of employees. Also, there
are different leadership styles implemented within City College and Enterprise Rent-A-Car to
motivate individuals and achieve desired goals. Moreover, implementing effective technology
within business it helps them to overcome the issues.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Brunsman, B., DeVore, S. and Houston, A., 2011. The corporate strategy function: improving its
value and effectiveness. Journal of Business Strategy. 32(5). pp.43–50.
Castka, W., Sharp, A. G. and Bamber, C. M., 2003. Assessing teamwork development to
improve organizational performance Measuring Business Excellence. 7(4). pp.29 – 36.
Chou, S. and Pearson, J., 2012. Organizational citizenship behaviour in IT professionals: an
expectancy theory approach. Management Research Review. 35(12). pp.1170 – 1186.
Claes, R. and Heymans, M., 2007. HR professionals' views on work motivation and retention of
older workers: a focus group study. Career Development International. 13(2) .pp.95 –
111.
Coninck, D. J. and et. al., 2008. Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation in Development
Organisations: Sharing Training and Facilitation Experiences. SAGE Publications India.
Daft, R. L., 2010. Organization Theory and Design. Cengage Learning.
Densten, L. I., 2001. Clarifying inspirational motivation and its relationship to extra effort.
Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 23(1). pp.40 – 44.
Densten, L. I., 2001. Clarifying inspirational motivation and its relationship to extra effort.
Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 23(1). pp.40–44.
Drucker, P., 2012. The Practice of Management. Routledge.
Dulewicz, V. and Higgs, M., 2005. Assessing leadership styles and organisational context.
Journal of Managerial Psychology. 20(2). pp.105 – 123.
Ferres, N., Connell, J. and Travaglione, A., 2009. Co‐worker trust as a social catalyst for
constructive employee attitudes. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 19(6) .pp.608 –
622.
Griffin, R. and Moorhead, G., 2013. Organizational Behavior: Managing People and
Organizations. 11th ed. Cengage Learning.
Harris, A., 2004. Distributed leadership: according to the evidence. Journal of Educational
Administration. 46(2) .pp.172 – 188.
Jackson, N. and Carter, P., 2009. Rethinking Organisational Behavior: A Poststructuralist
Framework. Prentice Hall/Financial Times.
Knights, D. and Willmott, H., 2007. Introducing Organizational Behaviour and Management.
Cengage Learning EMEA.

Koster, F. and Sanders, K., 2006. Organisational citizens or reciprocal relationships? An
empirical comparison. Personnel Review. 35(5). pp. 519–537.
Luthans, F., 2001. Organizational Behavior. 11th ed. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Mail, R., Mohamed, N. and Atan, R. H., 2006. Leadership Factors in Organizational Change
Process: Observations from the Perspective of Management Accounting. Journal of
Financial Reporting and Accounting. 4(1). pp.103–128.
Marjosola, A. I. and Mills, J. A., 2002. Gender, Identity and the Culture of Organizations.
Psychology Press.
Miller, E. J. and Rice, A. K., 2013. Systems of organization: The control of task and sentient
boundaries. Routledge.
Miner, B. J., 2006. Organizational Behavior, Volume . 4th ed. M.E. Sharpe.
Moore, M. E., 2007. The Impact of Leadership Style on Organizational Effectiveness:
Leadership in Action Within United Way of America. ProQuest.
Murray, P., Poole, D. and Jones, G., 2006. Contemporary Issues in Management and
Organisational Behaviour. Cengage Learning Australia.
Online
Gonos, J. and Gallo, P., 2013. MODEL FOR LEADERSHIP STYLE EVALUATION. [PDF].
Available through: < https://www.efst.hr/management/Vol18No2-2013/10-
Gonos_Gallo.pdf>. [Accessed on 22 Feb 2016].
Janicijevic, N., 2013. THE MUTUAL IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND
STRUCTURE. [PDF]. Available through: < http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0013-
3264/2013/0013-32641398035J.pdf>. [Accessed on 22 Feb 2016].