Theories of Human Motivation and Organizational Behavior

This assignment provides a comprehensive overview of different theories related to human motivation, including Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Equity Theory by Adam's, and Path-Goal Theory. It also touches on the topic of organizational behavior, mentioning key concepts such as Handy's model, Six Sigma Mentorship, and House's Path Goal Theory. The assignment draws from a range of sources, including academic journals, books, and online resources, to provide a detailed analysis of these theories and their applications in real-world contexts.

ORGANIZATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................1
Presenting organization's culture, politics and power on individual and team behaviour....1
M1...........................................................................................................................................4
P2 Evaluating content and process theories of motivation for effective achievement for
1Spatial...................................................................................................................................4
M2...........................................................................................................................................7
D1...........................................................................................................................................7
LO 3 ................................................................................................................................................8
Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.............................8
LO 4 ..............................................................................................................................................11
Apply concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour to a given business situation11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behaviour is the study on which many people interact with the groups. It
is an scientific approach which can be applied to the management of workers. While
organizational culture is a set of expectations and experiences, interactions within the outside
world. Report main aim is to provide the importance of organizational behaviour as well as
culture. The chosen company for the report is 1Spatial which is a computer software company in
United Kingdom. The report main aim is to analyse the culture and improving the performance
by implementing appropriate organizational culture. The report describe how organization's
culture, politics and power influences individual and team behaviour as well as performance.
Further it also evaluate the how content and process theories of motivation will enable the
effective achievement of goals. Report also explain the the effectiveness as well as
ineffectiveness of team and also describe the concept and philosophies of organizational
behaviour.
LO 1
Presenting organization's culture, politics and power on individual and team behaviour
Step 1
Organization's culture: Organizational culture is refers to a underlying beliefs as well as
assumptions or the ways that help to interact that further contributes to unique social as well as
psychological environment. If a company's organizational culture is good then it will help their
employees to achieve their defined goals and makes positive environment.
Organization's Politics: Organizational politics mainly guide the ways through which
the employees and a company behave with regards of both employee's interest as well as
organizationals interest. If a company plays with positive environment of politics that it will help
them to achieve well defined goals.
Organization's Power: It means that it is an ability that influence other people and affect
the behaviour of company's subordinates. It is directly affect organization culture. Power have
their own importance in the 1Spatial such that people who have different power can utilize them
in order to lead a company in different manner and as a result they help to achieve the goals and
objectives of the company.
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Culture, politics and power directly influence individual's behaviour and performance
team's behaviour in such a way that this aspect help to achieve the defined goals of a company.
For example, if 1Spatial has positive culture then it helps to do the work in an effective way.
While on the other side, positive way of politics helps to influences their employees in positive
way.
Step 2
Presenting how culture, power and power influence and this is describe below:
By applying Handy model which basically defined four different kinds of culture such
as:
 Power: there are some company's where power remains in the hands of only few
people ans only they can take decision. Only those person can enjoy the special
privileges at the workplace and in that case, subordinates who have no options but
they strictly follows their superior's instruction (Handy model, 2018). The employees
do not have a right to express their views or share the ideas in an open forum. The
managers of a firm sometimes be partial to someone and others can lead a team.
 Role: It is the culture under which the employees have delegated roles and
responsibilities as per their education qualification. In 1Spatial every individual are
accountable for something and they have to take ownership of the work assigned to
them.
 Task: the organization where the team are formed in order to achieve the targets or to
solve the critical problems, they follow the task culture. In the case of 1Spatial
individual with their common interest come together to form a team.
 Person: Under this, there are certain organization where the employees fell that they
are more important than their organization (Wilson, 2018). In this culture, they are
more concern about their own self rather than the organization.
Politics have their own importance to enhancing the decision of the employees in order to
interact with each other. Politics may direct influence the overall culture of the workplace and
the further encourages the productivity. There are two types of power such as:
 Positive types of power: These types of power helps to raise productivity of the
company. In 1Spatial, plc this also includes that the giving rewards to employees for their
strong performance and also motivates them to perform strongly in order to supervise
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their other employees (Coccia, 2018). Positive types of power builds employee
confidence and motivate employees to work harder and as a result the company's overall
productivity enhances.
 Negative types of power: under this type of powers, leaders in the organization do not
have the respect of the employees. These types of leader motivates their subordinates to
perform by threatening them with their job loss and further did not recognizes the hard
work which help to enhances their productivity level. As a result it also leads to higher
turnover rates within the organization and decreases the quality of offered of products to
their customers.
Power issues in an organization mainly focus on the interpersonal relationship between
the managers and subordinates and this are identified in some categories such as:
 Reward Power: conflicts are arises when a person have an ability to distribute the
rewards. Example: salary increases, bonus or promotions. Further praise can also be uses
as a rewards (Gray, 2018).
 Coercive power: This power is depend upon a fear. It is also known as punishment
power and some forms of coercive power are verbal abuse, lack of support and some
disciplinary actions.
 Referent power: This power is based upon the interpersonal attraction and influences are
based on possession by an individual of desirable resources and some personal traits.
 Expert power: It is based upon the skills and knowledge and this power start creates
conflicts between each other because of trust that expertise is valid and the knowledge
which is relevant for them.
 Legitimate power: It is based upon the position and the power which a person receives
from their own position. It is likely an authority which is further based on the position
and some mutual agreement.
Step 3
Recommendations:
 If 1Spatial follow positive way of culture then it will help to achieve the defined
goals of a company.
 A quoted company must have to follow the positive politics, power and culture
then it will help then to achieve the goals of a company.
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M1
Culture, power and politics are key aspects that affect the company's overall performance
because they can influences individual and team behaviour as well as performance. Culture of
1Spatial is followed Handy Culture under which a company follow task, role. Further for power,
which creates positive as well as negative influence upon company's and as a result, it affect
company's overall performance (Wilson, 2018). In addition to this power also have influence
company's overall production level as well as team performance because power is based upon
different positions, expert power and legitimate power which will affect their overall
performance.
P2 Evaluating content and process theories of motivation for effective achievement for 1Spatial
Step 1
Content theories: This theory explains why the human needs changes with respect to time and it
also explain some specific factors which help to motivate the behaviour and these theories are
Maslow's theory, hertzberg theory and one of them are as follows:
Process theory: It is a system of idea that basically explains how the entity changes and
these are often contrasted with some variances theories. It includes Vroom's and Adams theory
and it is mentioned below:
Step 2:
Maslow- Hierarchy Of needs: The theory basically are of five categories and this
beginning with the basic psychological needs and continuing through the safety. There are five
categories which are describe below:
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 Physiological needs: This includes the basic needs of human such as air, water and food.
Maslow states that if these requirement are not followed then human's mind and body are
not function (Acevedo, 2018). And if a person is lacking of food, safety and love and if
these all needs are unsatisfied then the organism is then overrules by these needs , as
these needs are in- turn into the background.
 Safety and Security: If these physiological needs are completed then other needs are
generated such as safety needs. These needs are refer to the person's desire for the
security as well as protection. In the context of 1Spatial all the safety needs has to be
include such as personal security, financial security, safety mash against accidents. Etc.
 Belongingness and love: If both the needs are fulfilled then the love and belongingness
needs come into the existence. At that time, Maslow states that people needs people
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Illustration 1: Maslow- Hierarchy Of needs
Source:(Maslow- Hierarchy Of needs, 2018)

needs to be belong and accepted among their social groups (Johnson and et.al., 2018).
Many people also suffer from the social nervousness and loneliness and this may lead to
depression also just because of the lack of this love and belongingness factor.
 Esteem: In a society respect is the main factor which shows honourable human being.
The most stable and healthiest self esteem is based upon the respect from the others. Even
external fame or celebrity is not known as self- esteem, therefore it required to give
respect to those who deserve (Dweck, 2017).
 Self- actualization: It reflect the individual's desire in order to grow and develop with
their full potential. Malsow also believed that people must overcome their other needs
and try to make efforts in order to achieve them.
Adam's equity theory: according to this theory,which states that people are motivated if
they are treated in equal manner and further they receive fair treatment. According to this theory,
people are compare their contribution of work, cost of their actions and benefits and as a result,
they to their contribution and benefits of the references. In addition to this, if the ratio of their
input and output is in- equitable then they loss their productivity level and the motivation is also
reduces (Healy, 2016). In the context of 1Spatial, if the work is done in the team and the input
into the job such as education, efforts and energy and they expect to get some outcomes in the
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Illustration 2: Adam's equity theory
Source: (Adam's equity theory, 2018)

form of salary, bonus and incentives in equal amount. This equity theory work in those work area
where the production rates is high and as a result, it enhances the production level of the
company which further enhances or maximizes the profit of the company.
Technique:
1Spatial.com uses Maslow theory in such a way that first the owner of a company will
realize the basic needs of their employees and then they will try to satisfy the needs with higher
level of needs of esteem and self actualization. Even if the individual does not move with the
management and do the work then the company will use self actualizations and in this way these
needs are completed and employees of a company will motivate and achieve the goals.
Step 3
Recommendations:
 If 1Spatial company will follow Maslow theory then it will help to motivate their
employees and make them able to achieve their defined goals of a company.
 Through Adam's equity theory 1Spatial.com can applied inputs then it similarly want the
exact amount as a return which helps to motivate them for producing bets output for the
company.
M2
By applying Maslow motivational theory into the working area which will help to raise
company's overall production level and also influences the team working. Through Adam's
equity theory whatever the inputs is applied by the person they similarly want the exact amount
as a return which helps to motivate them for producing bets output for the company.
D1
Through proper culture, politics and power 1Spatial will easily enhances their
organizational culture and it will further help to motivate their employees for their future
improvements. It is recommended to the company that by applying Maslow theory into the work
area will help to motivate their employees so that they will produces the best output for their
company.
Company.
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LO 3
Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
Step 1
Team building theories are defined as the conceptual framework that helps organisations
to instil team spirit, honesty with commitment and effectiveness for optimising the available
resources with time efficiency. In regard to this, Tuckman's and Belbin's theories can be
implemented for better understanding of issues faced by the employees at workplace.
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Step 2:
Tuckman's Theory
Tuckman’s Stages of Group Development has been considered to describe the different
stages for execution of effective teams at the business's environment. This model is necessary to
maintain and transform the challenges and problems to deliver outcomes by finding solutions
(Wood and et.al., 2012). Moreover, there are four major parameters such as forming, storming,
norming and performing which assists 1Spatial to understand this theory's significance of team
work and its effectiveness.
Stages of team
development
Description Strategies for
effective team of
1Spatial
Successful keys to
success
Forming Here, the overall
participation in
meetings,
activities etc. and
behavior will be
motivated.
They can implement
this to enhance the
behavioral pattern
through
synchronization and
cooperation.
1Spatial must ensure
that identification of
goals has supported
them for development
of team.
Storming This involves
about conflict
resolution skills
and the factors
that accelerate
tension and stress.
The management can
coach to maintain a
balance between
employees with
allocated resources.
This company can
consider all the
conflicts as challenges
in developing mutual
trust and bring
discipline at
workplace.
Norming and
Performing
It lays emphasis
on execution,
management and
sustainable
development of
projects
This empowers the
administration to
segregate the roles for
employees
engagement in
appropriate manner.
It sets aside a timeline
for the transfer of
leadership and
feedback as 1Spatial
members can work
collectively.
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undertakings by
team members or
individuals
(McArthur, 2015)
Outperforming and
Adjourning
This consists of
extension of new
members'
involvement in
operations on the
whole by
allowing them at
all decisions
making processes.
1Spatial employees
support the behaviour
in terms of doing
tasks with
responsibility and
flexibility so that the
team roles can be
interchanged when
needed for better
execution.
This helped the
company to select new
members as per the
specifications given to
create opportunities
for assistance in
leadership.
Characteristics/Problems
1Spatial saw a reluctance from their senior employees in guiding the new joiners
which led to a hostile environment at workplace. Along with, it hampered their scheduling
of projects and missing out on deadlines. This impacted their reputation at global level.
With regard to this theory, the management can use all the steps in sequential order to
bridge the communication gap by including them in random order to make them
comfortable with each other. Such rotational shift would lead to better connectivity and
improving the interpersonal skills.
Along with this above model, there is Belbin theory which put insights on the
evolutionary progress of 1Spatial to promote team spirit, better work ethics and enhanced
behavioural approaches.
Belbin Theory
Belbin's Theory was postulated by Belbin to assess the importance of emergence of interactive
integrated system for understanding the strengths and weaknesses when groups are required to
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measure and contribute to the communication between members of teams (Eichhorn and Voeller,
2012).
As per this theory, there are nine team roles, which are broadly classified into three major
headings:
Action oriented:This consists of implementer, shaper and finisher. In this, implementer converts
ideas into tangible work to achieve objectives. The shaper is dynamic who drives the entire team
in forward direction and finisher is the one who check the quality of the complete task.
Thought oriented: Here, plant, specialist and monitor-evaluator are included where the planter is
the creative person who solves problems in unconventional manner. Along with, specialist has
the in-depth knowledge with respect to particular area and monitor evaluator emphasis on logical
reasoning to lead the team.
People oriented: This is the important classification where resource investigator uses curiosity as
the key to being ideas. Along with, team-worker assist the team to complete tasks and co-
ordinator concentrates on objectives of team.
Characteristics /Problems
This company faced issues in their developmental team because of the lack of
understanding between the Team Leader and other members. However, the administration took
one-on- one session to identify their issues to handle it in sensitive and respectable manner.
Later, they organised meetings on regular periods with off-site meetings. With help of this
theory, the leader can develop the behavioural approach and implement them as per the
situational analysis. This will them to achieve their objectives in efficient manner.
Step 3:
Recommendations
1Spatial must implement few pointers for effectiveness at workplace as follows:
 Communication channel must be transparent and two-way.
 Coordination and cooperation are the promoters for progress and promote positivism at
work space so that Team work is promoted here.
 Active participation by all employees, which is distributed to attain goals and objectives.
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 Decision making involves group discussions and better problem solving for longer
effects.
 Interdependence gives way to optimism which assist in reaching goals effectively.
 Structured goals are laid with proper implementation of commitment and integrative
approach (Pelegrini Morita and Marie Burns, 2014).
 Interpersonal skills with inter-group skills are in cohesion to emphasis on support,
acceptance and individuality.
 Conflict resolution is promoted by negotiations and agreements in order to maximize
outcomes.
 Better execution of planning of tasks, roles and responsibilities that help the business
environment in appropriate manner.
LO 4
Step 1
Apply concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour to a given business situation
1Spatial can apply few concepts from theories and models to combat any situation for
proper analysis and in this regard, Path goal Theory can be established to understand the crisis.
Path Goal Theory
This theory was developed by Robert house and is defined by the adoption of type of
leadership and their overall behavioural approaches in enhancing the employees' engagement and
performance management to achieve all the goals, objectives and aim of organisations.
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Three steps
There are mainly 3 steps as the following:
1.Role of Subordinates: They play imperative role in understanding the objectives
and fulfil the expectations through their skills, experience, knowledge and
technical usage.
2.Path to remove obstacles: This can be either internal or external. This is mainly
based on defining goals in order to provide support and encouragement.
However, factors like hostile behaviour among employees, strict policies at
workplace, no interaction between lower level and the upper level management,
etc. Consequently. They can consider the type of leadership to focus n motivating
their taskforce efficiently.
3. Goals Attainment: This is the final and last step for which the organisation
work for overall sales volume and profit generations.
Leadership styles with respect to path goal theory
This leadership theory is based on attaining goals and objectives by eliminating
pitfalls and obstacles through motivation and clarification of communication and
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Illustration 3: Steps of Path Goal theory

establishing reward systems. As per this theory, there are for styles of leadership which
are as follows:
Achievement-oriented leadership- This style includes setting of challenges with risk
taking by constantly displaying improvements and confidence in employees for solving
work independently.
Directive leadership- In this type, the leader takes all the decisions and give clear
instructions to his employees with close supervision as employees with less experience
need support and direction while working.
Participative leadership-This style of leadership is significant in context of discussion
and consultation for quick and reliable decision making with specialist knowledge and
proper conceptual ideas.
Supportive leadership-Here, this style assist in useful management of situations where
the leader put attention on completion of tasks on time by being cooperative, amiable
and empathetic towards the employees.
Illustration 4: Path goal leadership theory
(Source:House’s Path Goal Theory, 2018)
1Spatil leadership style
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1Spatial needs participative type of leadership style as the work space needs coordination
and collaboration of all members of a team ineffective mode. They must discuss, interpret and
analyse the findings to come to certain conclusion or outcomes. Thus, this style will be beneficial
for them to operate properly.
Employing motivational factors from P2
With respect to this, it can be clearly demonstrated that the self actualization step from
Maslow's Hierarchical theory is necessary for an individual to understand the responsibilities by
reflecting on their individual esteem and sense of safety and belongingness for doing productive
work. Additionally, esteem can be adopted to impart a stable and healthier form of respect to
work upon the image of 1Spatial in all over the world. This assists in understanding sense of
belongingness and love amongst employees to fulfil people needs to form social groups that may
come into loop of aloofness and isolation. However, with these steps from Maslow's, it can
support the company to put their management in order with effectiveness.
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Development of plan for the organization
It is imperative for 1Spatial to design a plan for successful implementation of team roles
and responsibilities in proper and suitable way to enhance the overall operations at the internal
environment. It is understandable to use conceptual outline work of all the above mentioned
theories for laying the foundation of work ethics, integrity and professionalism on an individual
level. Also, 1spatial must organise meetings and group sessions for improving interaction among
their employees and also ask them for periodical feedbacks for any improvements in the work
space. This will boost employees confidence and zeal to work thus affecting the culture in better
mode.
Recommendations
The adoption of this theory will only accelerate the development and progress of 1Spatial
in exponential manner. It will help the employees to work together for smooth running of all
operational activities by incorporating sessions and training in enhancing employees' skills and
contingency level. It leads to overall productivity and enhances the environment at workplace so
that employees’ can become more connected to work in teams by fostering and sharing their
experience and knowledge which can help in improving qualitative standards.
For the same, if issues must be encountered then there are many reasons which lead the
organisation in darker side then they will emphasis on improving and bridging the loopholes in
their company’s internal administrative setup by following the achievement oriented leadership.
This will only lead to efficiency and competency at workstations, bringing employees to the
satisfactory level of productiveness through reward systems and appraisal. Such amiable
environment with proper implementation of policies and rules would enhance the ambiance of
trust, respect and coordination for work ethics that eventually will increase sales, revenues,
profits and ultimately affect the reputation 1Spatial at marketplace.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded clearly that organizational behaviour is of utmost importance for
the advancements of 1spatial company in leaps and bounds. Additionally, it laid an emphasis of
effects of politics, power and culture that helped in the performance management of employees
at workplace. This has also included about vital role of effective team with application of
conceptual philosophies so that the working situation is maintained properly and appropriately.
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Furthermore, it has been described that team work, commitment and collaboration helps the
organization to maintain the decorum in proper order to enhance the working environment of
1Spatial to generate revenues and profits.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Acevedo, A., 2018. A Personalistic Appraisal of Maslow’s Needs Theory of Motivation: From
“Humanistic” Psychology to Integral Humanism. Journal of Business Ethics. 148(4).
pp.741-763.
Cachon, G. and Terwiesch, C., 2017. Operations management. McGraw-Hill.
Coccia, M., 2018. Competition between basic and applied research in the organizational
behaviour of public research labs.
De Vito, L. and et.al., 2018. Employee motivation based on the hierarchy of needs, expectancy
and the two-factor theories applied with higher education employees. IJAMEE.
Dweck, C. S., 2017. From needs to goals and representations: Foundations for a unified theory of
motivation, personality, and development. Psychological review. 124(6). p.689.
Eichhorn, W. and Voeller, J., 2012. Theory of the Price Index: Fisher’s Test Approach and
Generalizations (Vol. 140). Springer Science & Business Media.
Gray, H. L., 2018. A perspective on organization theory. In The Management of Educational
Institutions (pp. 39-54). Routledge.
Healy, K., 2016. A Theory of Human Motivation by Abraham H. Maslow (1942)–reflection. The
British Journal of Psychiatry. 208(4). pp.313-313.
Johnson, J. and et.al., 2018. Part 1: Foundational Theories of Human Motivation.
McArthur, J.J., 2015. A building information management (BIM) framework and supporting
case study for existing building operations, maintenance and sustainability. Procedia
engineering. 118. pp.1104-1111.
Pelegrini Morita, P. and Marie Burns, C., 2014. Trust tokens in team development. Team
Performance Management. 20(1/2). pp.39-64.
Rosemann, M. and Vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process
management. In Handbook on business process management 1 (pp. 105-122). Springer,
Berlin, Heidelberg.
Wilson, F. M., 2018. Organizational behaviour and work: a critical introduction. Oxford
university press.
Wood, J. and et.al., 2012. Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John
Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.
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Online
Handy model. 2018. [Online] Available
through:<https://www.tutor2u.net/business/reference/models-of-organisational-
culture-handy>.
Six Sigma Mentorship, 2018. [Online] Available through:<
http://www.insurancestaffing724.com/index.asp?
txtnav1=SERVICES&txtnav2=SERVICES&TXTNAV3=SSM&TXTNAV4=NA>.
House’s Path Goal Theory, 2018. [Online]. Available through:
<https://managementstudyguide.com/houses-path-goal-theory.htm>.
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