Strategies to Control Tuberculosis: A Global Health Problem

This report discusses the background and rationale for studying tuberculosis, strategies used to measure, monitor, and control its incidence, current public health approaches, models and theories of change, and the impact of legislations on health and well-being. It also highlights the role of ethical codes and committees in research.

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Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................2
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................2
Rationale for the selected topic....................................................................................................2
STRATEGIES.................................................................................................................................3
Strategies used to measure monitor and control the incidence....................................................3
MODELS AND THEORIES...........................................................................................................4
Current public health approaches to reduce or control the incidences........................................4
Models and theories of change....................................................................................................5
Impact of legislations on the health and well-being....................................................................5
ETHICAL CONISDERATION.......................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..............................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8
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INTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the
body. This disease can reduce down the quality and well-being of people. There are various signs
and symptoms which are being related to the disease such as cough, cold, fever. Most of the
infectious disease also indicates no symptoms and is known as the latent tuberculosis. Present
report will lay emphasis on the background and rationale for the research topic. It will also lay
emphasis on the methodology and methods which are been used in research. Study will focus on
the role of the ethical code and committee in research. It also highlights upon the published
literature which is based on the selected topic. Assignment will also discuss findings and
discussion which is related to the topic of research.
BACKGROUND
Rationale for the selected topic
Tuberculosis: A Global Health Problem
Tuberculosis can be considered as the ancient disease which has affected the human
population for about 4000 years. It is a severe chronic disease that has been caused by the
bacteria known as Bacillus. This research topic has been selected as it is one of the major global
health problem and the delay in its treatment can lead to an increasing severity, mortality and
transmission. There are various reasons and factors which leads to the development of this
disease (Hadlock and et.al., 2018). This infectious disease can affect the quality of life of patients
which results into reducing their health outcome. This topic has been selected so that people can
be prevented from facing the infectious disease like Tuberculosis. It has also been analysed that
there are various investors which has reported about the delay in treatment procedure of this
disease which is the main reason that tuberculosis is been rising at the global level. It has also
been analysed that this infectious disease generally affects the lungs but in severe and worst
cases, it can also affect the other parts of body. There are various signs and symptoms that are
been linked with tuberculosis. Person who is suffering from it can go through cough, cold and
fever. Research has also provided that TB is one of the most common causes of death. Around
the world about 10 million people has been diagnosed with the infectious disease. In this 5.7
million are men and 3.2 million women and 1.1 million children. So, this infectious disease can
be termed as the global health problem. The person who is suffering from TB can also have night
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sweats, chills, loss of appetite. Tuberculosis can spread with air just like the other cold and flu.
This infectious disease can reduce the health outcome of patient and can also make their
condition worsening. It has also been analysed that only those patients with good immune system
can recover from this disease. If the patients are suffering from other chronic disease such as
kidney failure, cancer than there are chances that their conditions can worsen.
STRATEGIES
Strategies used to measure monitor and control the incidence
In accordance with Marais and et.al., (2014) there are various ways through which this
infectious disease can be prevented such as patient can cover their nose and mouth while
sneezing. The people who are at risk of coming in contact with the TB patients must be tested
regularly so that this infectious disease can be prevented and also cured at the most early stage. It
has also been analysed that health care professionals can also be involved in making use of the
face mask when they are been treating patients with TB. A systematic review of literature was
carried out. Literature search was done in Medline and EMBASE from 2014 to 2020 data base. It
has also been analysed that the search was been done by selecting the specific topic which was
Tuberculosis. The research also included the inclusion and exclusion criteria. It has been
analysed that only articles which were been published in English language was selected for the
study. The articles based on tuberculosis were only selected (Lim and et.al., 2016). The article
was been taken from the most authentic and reliable sites so that more valid information can be
gathered which can assist the researcher in getting to the end results. The articles other than the
English language was not been selected. In order to successfully conducting the study the articles
which were too old was also not been selected for the study. It has also been analysed that in
order to successfully conduct the study only new articles were been selected. Articles which are
old were not been selected for the study. Various key terms were also been used by the
researcher so that the study can be successfully conducted. The key words which were used such
as tuberculosis, infectious disease, global, health seeking, delay, prevention.
These key words have assisted the researcher to get through the end results. In addition,
indices of four major tuberculosis journals were hand-searched. It has also been analysed that the
references list from Google scholar has also been searched so that successful study can be
conducted. Information was also been taken from the various journal articles, books, blogs ,
websites and text book. These methods have assisted the researcher in successfully conducting
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the study (Colmenero and et.al., 2016). It has assisted them in getting the end results. It has also
been analysed that only qualitative study were been selected for the study. Thematic analysis was
also been done while conducting the research. It has assisted the researcher in getting useful
information from the data which has been collected by them. PubMed has been selected for the
search so that the sensitivity of search can be improved. The inclusion criteria also included that
the manuscripts were been published in English in peer reviewed journal. The exclusion includes
that the unpublished data will not be used for the research. Non English manuscripts were also
not been included in the research.
MODELS AND THEORIES
Current public health approaches to reduce or control the incidences
As per the view of Onwubalili, Scott and Smith, (2016) tuberculosis is one of the most
dangerous infectious disease which is been prevailing globally. It has been analysed that there
are so many people in the world who have been suffering from TB. It has also been evaluated
that there are various signs and symptom’s which are been related to the disease. There are
various signs and symptoms that are been linked with tuberculosis. Person who is suffering from
it can go through cough, cold and fever. It has also been analysed that this infectious disease
generally affects the lungs but in severe and worst cases, it can also affect the other parts of
body. It can also be said that the most of the people who are been suffering from the TB are older
in age. This is because the older people are more prone towards getting the infection. It has also
been analysed that this infectious disease can reduce the quality of life of people and can also
hamper their well-being. There are various risk factors related to the tuberculosis. It includes if
any of the person in family is been suffering from TB than the individual is at more risk of
developing it. It has also been analysed that the children and older aged people have the highest
chances of getting this disease as there immune system is not so strong. So various preventive
measured needs to be taken by them so that they can avoid this infectious disease. One of the
major reason for the growth of this disease is delay in the treatment procedure related to it. This
disease is been considered as one of the most common reason for death in people. It has also
been analysed that there are various drugs and treatments which has been made in order to cure
and prevent tuberculosis. TB drug treatment for the prevention of TB, also known as
chemoprophylaxis. Thus, it can be given to lower down the risk related to first episode of TB. It
has also been analysed that various types of diagnosis are also been made to analyse the extent of
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impact of infectious disease on human body. This disease can be cured and also prevented. The
people have strong immune system can overcome from the impact of this disease.
Models and theories of change
In the opinion of Sreeramareddy and et.al., (2017) it has been analysed that the first
measure through which TB can be prevented is patients education related to disease. They must
have knowledge related to early signs and symptoms related to disease, so that timely treatment
can be taken for it. Tuberculosis is the most infectious disease which can be seen in children,
adults and older people. It has also been analysed that the signs and symptoms of TB is only
been showed when the infection becomes active. The bacteria related with tuberculosis can only
spread with sneezing and coughing. The bacteria can be transferred from air to one person to
another. It is curable disease and also can be prevented at most of the levels. In the worsening
conditions, it is also one of the major reasons of death. There are various signs and symptoms
like cough in TB patients can last for more than two weeks. The mucus can be yellow and green
in colour.
Impact of legislations on the health and well-being
Health legislation is an effective tool to implement public health goals. A focus of the Stop TB
Initiative is to address ways to strengthen health legislation and regulation in order to better
control the TB. There are various causes because of which people can come across with this
infectious disease. They might be living in TB prevalent area. It has also been analysed that
generally TB is been faced by those people who have substance abuse problem. This can reduce
down their quality and well-being of living. Tuberculosis can also be caused to those people who
have weak immune system and are been suffering from the problems like HIV Aids. It has also
been analysed that TB can also be faced by health care workers who are been involved in
treating patients who have active TB. This infectious disease can also become one of the major
causes of death for people. Most of the people at global level are been suffering from this
disease. The people who are the risk of developing the disease are already been suffering from
kidney problem, diabetes and cardio vascular problem. These are at more risk of developing this
disease. It has also been analysed that people who have also been involved in making use of the
steroids are also at higher risk of developing this disease. Tuberculosis can make a person ill and
also in the worsening condition the patient can die. It has been analysed that various preventive
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measures can be taken so that this infectious disease can be avoided and also the health outcome
of patient has been improved.
The systematic review based on the diagnosis of TB has showed that there has been a
significant time delay in treating patients which has made their conditions worst. It has also been
analysed that so many people do not have the knowledge related to early signs and symptoms of
this infectious disease which has made them more prone to this disease. It has also been found
out by the research that people with the weak immune system are at more risk of developing the
infectious disease like TB (Sreeramareddy and et.al., 2019). The systematic review has also
provided the results that TB prevails at the global level and more policies and procedures related
to TB prevention must be made by government in order to prevent the disease at earliest. It has
also been analysed that the TB can be controlled effectively when various precautionary
measures are been taken by the patient as well as health care professionals while treating them. It
has also been analysed that they also need to be engaged in increasing the knowledge of patients
related to disease.
ETHICAL CONISDERATION
Role of ethical code and committee.
It has been analysed that while conducting the study researcher needs to be engaged in making
sure that ethical code of conduct has been maintained. This will assist in successfully conduct the
research and also the end results can be find out. It has been analysed that the researchers needs
to make sure that the data is been collected from the authentic sources and also the participants
who are been included in research, consent must be taken from them. It has been analysed that
the researcher needs to make sure that no harm is been caused to the participants who have been
included in the study. The scholar also need to make sure that the confidentiality and privacy is
been maintained while conducting the study. This will help them in getting better results while
collecting the data. It has also been analysed that the research need to not be conducted before
taking consent from the participants. They also need to make sure that there needs to be respect
for the intellectual property while conducting the research. All these ethical code of conduct can
make the research better. It has also been analysed that while conducting the research no
personal, belief and value needs to be hampered by the researcher. The ethical code of conduct in
research is really important so that the knowledge can be expanded. There are various
government agencies who has published the code of conduct which is really necessary for the
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research. The researcher while conducting the study must make sure that honesty and
transparency is been followed by them. They must not be engaged in providing the miss-leading
information to anyone. There must be objectivity which needs to be followed in the research.
They must make sure that no biasness related to data analysis, research design, peer review must
be done by them.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
From the above study it has been summarised that there has been various signs and
symptom’s related to the disease. Person who is suffering from it can go through cough, cold and
fever. It has also been analysed that this infectious disease generally affects the lungs but in
severe and worst cases, it can also affect the other parts of body. It can lower down the health
outcome of patient and also reduced down their quality of life. It has also been analysed that TB
is curable and preventive. There are also so many risk factors which are been linked with the
development of this infectious disease. It has included that people who are living in TB prevalent
area are at most risk of developing it. It has also been evaluated that this disease is been caused
to those who have weak immune system.
It has also been recommended that the government in future to prevent this disease can be
engaged in making various policies and programmes related to this infectious disease. It has also
been analysed that they can be involved in providing education to those who are at risk of
developing TB. Education related to the early signs and symptoms can be provided.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Sreeramareddy, C.T. and et.al., 2019. Time delays in diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: a
systematic review of literature. BMC infectious diseases, 9(1), p.91.
Marais, B.J. and et.al., 2014. The clinical epidemiology of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis: a
critical review of literature from the pre-chemotherapy era [State of the Art]. The
International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 8(3), pp.278-285.
Sreeramareddy, C.T. and et.al., 2017. Delays in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary
tuberculosis in India: a systematic review. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and
Lung Disease, 18(3), pp.255-266.
Onwubalili, J.K., Scott, G.M. and Smith, H., 2016. Acute respiratory distress related to
chemotherapy of advanced pulmonary tuberculosis: a study of two cases and review of
the literature. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 59(3), pp.599-610.
Lim, J.Y. and et.al., 2016. Current clinical propensity of laryngeal tuberculosis: review of 60
cases. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Head & Neck, 263(9), pp.838-
842.
Colmenero, J.D. and et.al., 2016. Miliary pulmonary tuberculosis following intravesical BCG
therapy: case report and literature review. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious
disease, 74(1), pp.70-72.
Hadlock, F.P. and et.al., 2018. Unusual radiographic findings in adult pulmonary
tuberculosis. American Journal of Roentgenology, 134(5), pp.1015-1018.
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