Organizational Behaviour: Concepts and Applications

This assignment delves into the field of Organizational Behaviour, requiring students to analyze key concepts and their practical applications. It involves studying provided academic articles and applying their insights to understand various organizational phenomena such as leadership styles, ethical behaviour, work-family conflict, and incivility. Students are expected to demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of the chosen concepts and their impact on individuals and organizations.

Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................1
P1 Influence of culture, power and politics of organisation on individual and team behaviour.1
a) Handy’s cultural typology.......................................................................................................1
b) Influence of culture, politics and power on behaviour of employees within BBC.................2
TASK 2 ..........................................................................................................................................3
P2 Evaluation of way to motivate teams and individuals for effective attainment of goal.........3
a) Content and process theory of motivation .............................................................................3
b) How motivational theories assists in improving effectiveness in teams................................5
c) How improved motivation level assist in attaining goals of BBC..........................................5
TASK 3 ...........................................................................................................................................6
P3 Creating effective teams........................................................................................................6
a) Different types of teams and its significance..........................................................................6
b) Ways to develop effective teams ...........................................................................................6
TASK 4 ...........................................................................................................................................7
P4 Application of philosophies and concepts of organisational behaviour................................7
a) Use of organisational theory to improve productivity and performance ...............................7
b) Barriers to effective performance in BBC..............................................................................8
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Organisational Behaviour (OB) refers to the way in which individual interact with others
within firm. It is a subset of administration activities concerned with predicting, understanding
and influencing the behaviour of individual in an organisational setting. OB is a human tool that
applies broadly in every organisation for benefit of individual. It is the basis of management and
development of human resource. Study of organisational behaviour is applied in order to create
efficient business firms (Alfes and et. al., 2013). Its theories are used for the purpose of
maximising output from individuals as well as group members. The concept of organisation
behaviour is very crucial for firms as it administers in understanding personnel in better manner.
In the present assignment, given company is BBC which is the oldest broadcasting organisation
in the world. This report covers impact of politics, power and culture on behaviour of individuals
within BBC. Apart from this, it also includes different theories of motivation and its influence on
enhancing productivity of workforce in order to attain organisational goals in an effective
manner.
TASK 1
P1 Influence of culture, power and politics of organisation on individual and team behaviour
a) Handy’s cultural typology
The model was proposed by Charles Handy in 1999 and it defines that firms are similar
to countries. Each has a particular culture that depends on expectation, beliefs and values that are
changing with time span. So, it is necessary for business organisations to change its culture in
order to grow and sustain in the market as well as attain long term targets and objectives of
company. According to Handy's model, four types of culture are there which the firm follow.
These are -
Power culture: In BBC, power is concentrated in hands of few individuals and only they
have authority to take decisions. The workforce of company is judged by their accomplishment,
not by performance. Important people take major decisions at work place and delegate their
responsibilities further to other individuals. Smith review said that power culture enables BBC to
make decisions quickly that helps the employees in effective working (Ashkanasy, Becker and
Waldman, 2014).
Role culture: In this culture, responsibility is delegated to every employee as per their
interest and specialization in order to extract out the best of him. The individuals of BBC are
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aware about their roles and responsibilities which enables them to work in better manner. In
refereed organisation, position of an employee determines his power. Proper delegation of
authorities enables the workforce to work with effectiveness and efficiency within a particular
time frame (Del Mar Alonso-Almeida and Rodríguez-Antón, 2011).
Task culture: In this culture, groups are created in order to attain targets and resolve
critical problems. In BBC, teams are formed with the individuals who have similar skills,
competencies and specialization so that goals are effectively attained and problems can be
resolved. Each member of the team equally contributes in achieving goals of BBC.
Person culture: In this, individuals position themselves as superior in the organisation.
Employees feel that they are more important then firm. The workforce of British Broadcasting
Corporation put their best efforts in attaining goals of the company but, they expecting good
salary for that. As the power is in hands of individuals, they are able to make their own
decisions.
According to Smith Review, many challenges are facing by BBC in context of redefining
its culture and structure. It is necessary for the organisation to administer excellent programming
and content that enables consumer to read. In addition to this, British Broadcasting Corporation
also emphasises on developing better management visibility, creating safe working environment,
break down complicated processes into simple one, recognition of good performance, open
communication for its workforce etc. in order to enhance overall productivity and performance
of the company as well as its employees in an effective and efficient manner.
b) Influence of culture, politics and power on behaviour of employees within BBC
Organisation behaviour refers to the process that defines attitude and behaviour of an
individual within organisation. It demonstrates the way in which an employee interacts with
others at workplace. This is basically a study of power, politics and culture of the firm that
influence performance of its employees. An individual is engaged into politics when they
transform their power into action. Politics and power put positive as well as negative impact on
business concern whether it is large or small (Demir, 2011).
BBC emphasises on refurbishing its culture in order to extract out the best from their
personnel and in turn, they administer good benefits and compensation to them which values
their work. The company also gives stress on reducing the number of levels in employee's
hierarchy or delayering of management in order to make working easy. The firm focuses on
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administering clear and effective communication to employees so that they are enable to freely
discuss their views and issues from management. This helps them in increasing motivation level
of individuals and encouraging them to work in a better way. BBC promotes healthy
environment at workplace so that employees are more engaged in the activities of organisation.
Apart from all this, they emphasize on creating strong management visibility, breakdown
complex processes, providing healthy environment etc. in order to increase productivity of the
company. British Broadcasting Corporation treat their workers in fair manner so that they can
engage them in the process of decision making by which employees feel to be a part of
organisation and a sense of belongingness creates among them (DiPaola and Tschannen-Moran,
2014).
According to Smith Review, the company has started to work upon their weaknesses by
taking corrective actions which increase the effectiveness and efficiency of their employees.
Apart from this, BBC rebuilds its power, politics and culture in order to attain stability in their
working situation and they easily achieve growth and success.
TASK 2
P2 Evaluation of way to motivate teams and individuals for effective attainment of goal
a) Content and process theory of motivation
Motivation is the act of motivating others. It is the willingness of doing something. This
assists in stimulating employees to work in a more effective way. It directs the behaviour of
individual in the firm. Motivated employees assist the company in successful attainment of goals
and targets. There are 2 types of motivation theories which are defined below:
Content theory: This theory emphasize on encouraging workforce so that they are able to
perform well at workplace and attain objectives of organisation. BBC also stimulate its personnel
for improving their performance and effective attainment of goal.
Process theory: This motivational theory examine the issues that are facing by employees
and administer them corrective measures that facilitates in increasing overall performance as
well as productivity of workforce (Farndale, Hope-Hailey and Kelliher, 2011). The refereed
organisation also take measures for creating healthy environment for workers so that they can
freely share their issues.
Maslow's Need Hierarchy theory: This theory of motivation was given by Abraham
Maslow in year 1940. It states that, a person is motivated so that needs and wants can be attain.
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When individual attain its primary need, i.e., need for survival, they are motivating for attaining
other needs as well. This theory defines five needs of individual which are as follows:
Physiological need: It involves basic needs of individual, i.e., food, water and shelter that
are necessary in order to survive. These needs are dominant one and after attaining these, an
individual move to next level of needs (Gelfand and et. al., 2012).
Safety needs: After the fulfilment of physiological needs, new desire will arise, i.e., need
for safety. It includes financial security, health and safety, personal security, safety measures
against illness and accidents etc. These needs develops safety components among people.
Belongingness needs: These needs administer sense of love and belongingness among
individuals. The desire affection from family members and friends which motivates them.
Esteem needs: Individual starts creating self esteem or self worth desire at this level.
They being appreciated, valued and respected by others.
Self actualization: After attaining all the needs, here desire of individual is to grow &
develop to their fullest potential.
Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory of Motivation: The theory was developed by Frederick in
1959. As per this theory, there are some factors that are present at workplace of the organisation
that may cause job satisfaction or dissatisfaction among manpower. These factors are categorized
as -
Hygiene factors: These factors cause demotivation among employees and these
components are external in nature, therefore, influence the working surrounding of the business
concern. These factors include job security, rate of pay, policies of company etc.
Motivate factors: These components builds sense of accomplishment and pride among
workforce for their efforts. Motivate factors encourage individuals to work in more better way
with efficiency and effectiveness. It involves career advancement, personal growth and
recognition for achievements (Graham, Ziegert and Capitano, 2015).
McClelland's Motivational Theory: The theory was established in 1960 and define
three motivators of humans. It is also called “learned need theory”. The 3 motivators of
individual are:
Achievement: It involves the need of solving problem efficiently and effectively. In this
need, people are self motivated and like to work in their own manner.
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Affiliation: In this, a person need friendly & warm relationship with others. They are
more productive when they work with team or group.
Power: It includes the need to control others and monitor their behaviour. Here,
individual consider themselves superior from others (Hammer and et. al., 2011).
b) How motivational theories assists in improving effectiveness in teams
Different theories of motivation has been adopted by BBC that helps them in motivating
their workforce in effective way. The firm is able to attain higher profitability by application of
these theories. British Broadcasting Corporation states that performance of workers and
compensation benefits are directly linked with each other. They have direct relationship between
them and BBC paid employees as per their efforts. They monitor performance of each worker
and administer them opportunity for their personal development and give them recognition for
their work. Apart from this, they provide open communication channels and healthy work
environment to employees so that they stay happy and feel free to share their issues with
management. BBC administer on the job training to its workforce in order to improve their skills
and competencies. This assists in increasing motivation level of employees and encourage them
to work in more effective manner. In addition to this, BBC administer guidance and provide
direction to their workers in order to enhance productivity and performance of employees as well
as organisation.
c) How improved motivation level assist in attaining goals of BBC
By the application of motivational theories, the workforce of BBC are enable to work in
more constructive manner and attain goals of firm effectively. Motivated employees put their
whole efforts in attaining goals of firm. They make proper use of resources in order to reduce
cost and increase productivity of the company (Kitchin, 2017). BBC motivate their employees by
identifying their skill needs and provide them appropriate training so that they become more
confident and perform well. It also helps the company in developing coordination and
cooperation among individuals so that they are able to work in team. Motivated employees are
assistive in enhancing productivity & profitability ratio of the company in effectual manner. In
BBC, all the employees are work collectively for the attainment of common purpose.
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TASK 3
P3 Creating effective teams
a) Different types of teams and its significance
Team refers to a group of persons work collectively to attain common purpose. It
provides support and creates a sense of belongingness. Groups are developed by leaders so that
effective solutions to problems can be administer (Lee, Kim and Kim, 2013). Teamwork highly
contributes in administering solutions to issues in effective manner and improve the productivity
and profitability of BBC by lower down its cost. Different types of teams are defined below:
Functional team: These teams are permanent and all the members of this team are
belongs from same functional department but duties of each individual are different. Only
manager is liable for anything and each person has to report him. These team work to attain
common objective. Functional team handles day to day operations in BBC.
Project team: In these teams, project is same but individuals are from different functional
departments and assigned with different responsibilities. Groups can be bifurcate as per the
needs. These are formed for a particular project and for specific time period. All the members of
team work on specific project and complete that on time. Right combination of competencies and
skills are required in these teams. In BBC, project teams helps in timely completion of a
particular project.
Virtual team: Individuals of this team work together from different locations so that
common purpose can be accomplished. Virtual work environment is developed by the use of
software technologies and IT for performing task. Digital communication takes place to make
communication easy and it allows manager to create teams based on weaknesses and strengths.
In BBC, clear communication assists teams in performing duties effectively.
Problem solving team: These are temporary teams and formed for the purpose of solving
specific issue. Line managers collectively provide solutions to real problems with the help of
facilitators. These teams administer effective solutions to issues of BBC that takes place during
business functioning (Lu, 2014).
So, it is necessary for BBC to have different teams so that productivity can be increase in
cost effective manner.
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b) Ways to develop effective teams
Effective teams are developed when all the team members put their whole efforts and
works for common purpose. By hard work, struggles and commitment, a successful team can be
created. Effective skills and competencies are required in team members and it is necessary to
develop strong relationship among each other. Some qualities that creates effective team in BBC
are:
Balanced roles: Proper balance of competencies and skills is necessary. It is necessary to
have clear understanding about roles and responsibilities among individuals.
Good communication: It is necessary to have effective communication among team
members so that work can be done in proper manner (Sliter, Sliter and Jex, 2012).
Mutual cooperation: Existence of cooperation among team members is important for
effective working in organisation.
Effective leadership: Effective teams are created by good leadership skills. So, having
leadership qualities are necessary for building efficient teams.
So, effective team assists in increasing profitability of BBC.
Tuckman and Jensen's model of team development-
This model focuses on team development. Four phases are defined by Tuckman in order
to develop teams. These are:
Forming: Team members learned about opportunities and challenges in forming phase
and rely on manager for getting guidance.
Storming: For handling issues, ideas are generated at storming phase. Trust initiates to
build and individuals start recognizing each other.
Norming: Solutions to problem are find out in this phase. Team members express their
views freely and improve behaviour so that conflicts can be avoided.
Performing: In this phase, team members work collectively as they completely
understand and cooperate with each other.
This model helps in creating effective groups in BBC.
TASK 4
P4 Application of philosophies and concepts of organisational behaviour
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a) Use of organisational theory to improve productivity and performance
Theory of organisational behaviour assists in identifying and controlling behaviour of
individuals. It assists manager in encourage employees so that high productivity can be attained.
The culture of BBC is strong that helps in providing healthy surroundings to workers. Manager
adopt path goal theory for improving performance of team (Wayne and et. al., 2013).
Path goal theory:
This theory defines styles and behaviour of leader that is most suitable to workplace.
Main aim of BBC is to increase motivation level of employees and empower them in order to
increase productivity. This theory states that, on the basis of expectations, individual will act in
specific manner. By this theory, specific behaviour is selected by leader which is best suitable to
workplace so that they are able to provide direction to employees (Williams and Grossett, 2011).
Some basic steps are involved in this theory that are necessary to follow:
 Employee characteristic
 Environmental & task characteristic
 Leader behaviour and style
b) Barriers to effective performance in BBC
There are many factors that influence the performance of team. In BBC, these
components are act as barriers as if team performance is poor, objectives and targets of the
organisation can not be achieved. Some barriers are defined below:
Poor communication: This factor highly influence the performance and effectiveness of
teams. Poor interaction among employees hinders the productivity as well as profitability of
BBC as the policies and objectives of company can not be clearly communicated if
communication channels are not proper.
Lack of management involvement: It is necessary for administrator to involve in all the
activities that are conducted within the company. If managers are not involved then, it lowers
down the effectiveness of team as they are not being administered with proper guidance.
Unclear goals: In BBC, it is necessary to have clear objectives and goals. If they are not
clear, it will be barrier for company towards effective performance. Unclear goals hinders
performance of workforce (What is organizational behaviour?. 2017).
Leadership style: If leader adopt an inappropriate style of leadership, it will impact the
effectiveness of performance.
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CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that organisational behaviour
plays vital role in improving productivity of company. It assists in increasing competencies and
skills of employees and encouraging them to work in better way. 4 types of cultures are defined
in Handy's cultural typology, i.e., role, personal, power and task culture. Application of
motivational theories assists the managers in increasing motivation level of workforce. Different
types of teams play various roles in growth and success of organisation. Path goal theory helps
the managers in improving effectiveness and performance of teams, individuals as well as
organisation.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alfes, K. and et. al., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices,
engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model. The international
journal of human resource management. 24(2). pp.330-351.
Ashkanasy, N. M., Becker, W. J. and Waldman, D. A., 2014. Neuroscience and organizational
behavior: Avoiding both neuro‐euphoria and neuro‐phobia. Journal of Organizational
Behavior. 35(7). pp.909-919.
Del Mar Alonso-Almeida, M. and Rodríguez-Antón, J. M., 2011. Organisational behaviour and
strategies in the adoption of certified management systems: an analysis of the Spanish
hotel industry. Journal of Cleaner Production. 19(13). pp.1455-1463.
Demir, M., 2011. Effects of organizational justice, trust and commitment on employees' deviant
behavior. Anatolia. 22(2). pp.204-221.
DiPaola, M. and Tschannen-Moran, M., 2014. Organizational citizenship behavior in schools
and its relationship to school climate. Journal of School Leadership. 11(5). pp.424-447.
Farndale, E., Hope-Hailey, V. and Kelliher, C., 2011. High commitment performance
management: The roles of justice and trust. Personnel Review. 40(1). pp.5-23.
Gelfand, M. J., and et. al., 2012. Conflict cultures in organizations: How leaders shape conflict
cultures and their organizational-level consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology.
97(6). p.1131.
Graham, K. A., Ziegert, J. C. and Capitano, J., 2015. The effect of leadership style, framing, and
promotion regulatory focus on unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of
Business Ethics. 126(3). pp.423-436.
Hammer, L. B., and et. al., 2011. Clarifying work–family intervention processes: The roles of
work–family conflict and family-supportive supervisor behaviors. Journal of Applied
Psychology. 96(1). p.134.
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Kitchin, D., 2017. An introduction to organisational behaviour for managers and engineers: A
group and multicultural approach. Routledge.
Lee, U. H., Kim, H. K. and Kim, Y. H., 2013. Determinants of organizational citizenship
behavior and its outcomes. Global Business and Management Research. 5(1). p.54.
Lu, X., 2014. Ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: The mediating roles of
cognitive and affective trust. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal.
42(3). pp.379-389.
Sliter, M., Sliter, K. and Jex, S., 2012. The employee as a punching bag: The effect of multiple
sources of incivility on employee withdrawal behavior and sales performance. Journal
of Organizational Behavior. 33(1). pp.121-139.
Wayne, J. H., and et. al., 2013. Family-supportive organization perceptions and organizational
commitment: The mediating role of work–family conflict and enrichment and partner
attitudes. Journal of Applied Psychology. 98(4). p.606.
Williams, D. E. and Grossett, D. L., 2011. Reduction of restraint of people with intellectual
disabilities: An organizational behavior management (OBM) approach. Research in
developmental disabilities. 32(6). pp.2336-2339.
Online
What is organizational behaviour?. 2017. [Online]. Available through.<https://www.css.edu/the-
sentinel-blog/what-is-organizational-behavior-learn-more-about-the-human-side-of-
business.html>.
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