IT Fundamentals

This document provides answers to questions on various topics related to IT Fundamentals. It covers the IP overhead in IPv4 and IPv6, TCP/IP protocol stack, advantages and disadvantages of agile method, unique aspects of Apple design process, reasons for project failures, and goals of a software manager.

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IT FUNDAMENTALS
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1IT FUNDAMENTALS
Table of Contents
Answer to question 1..................................................................................................................2
Answer to question 2..................................................................................................................2
Answer to question 3..................................................................................................................2
Answer to question 4..................................................................................................................3
Answer to question 5..................................................................................................................3
Answer to question 6..................................................................................................................4
Answer to question 7..................................................................................................................4
References..................................................................................................................................5

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Answer to question 1
The IP overhead in IPv4 is 20 bytes.
The TCP overhead in IPv4 is 20 bytes.
The TCP overhead in IPv6 is 40 bytes.
The payload size is given as 128 bytes.
The total overhead cost is 128 + 20 + 20= 168 bytes.
So, the total number of bytes that will be sent is 1024 + 20+20= 1064 bytes.
i) Protocol overhead (including payload): 168/1024x100 = 16.4 %.
TCP/IP overhead: 40/1024 x100= 3.9%
ii) Protocol overhead for IPv6: 40+20/1024 x100 = 5.85%
Answer to question 2
The TCP is a connection oriented process while the underlying IP process in not, but still
they coexist together as a part of same protocol stack. This is mainly possible because TCP
has memory unlike IP which helps it in remembering things. The TCP mainly makes
connection from one port to another while the IP is used to connect one host to another. The
TCP performs many upper layer functions like flow control and error control. The IP is
unaware of all these functions or control done by the upper layer protocols. For example, if a
single packet is dropped due to some problem, the TCP is able to remember this fault and
resend the packet. All this is done and the IP is not affected by it. So, even though TCP is
connection oriented,it still relies on IP and IP being connection less is not affected by the
TCP functions and hence can coexist together in the same protocol stack.
Answer to question 3
The advantage and disadvantage of agile method are:
Advantage: It helps in maintaining customer satisfaction by providing continuous and rapid
delivery of useful software.
Disadvantage: Due to its agile nature, there is lack of proper emphasis and guidance on the
necessary documentation and designing.

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Answer to question 4
Agile method is almost similar to the evolutionary method except some differences.
The major difference between this two processes is that in evolutionary method the software
development process is more rigid than the agile process. It means in the evolutionary
process the development team has to follow a specific guideline irrespective of the needs or
the problems of the requirement software. This results in parts not matching the guideline to
be eliminated and produces an incomplete software that does not match with the original
requirement. The Agile method helps in avoiding this as it is capable enough to incorporate
new requirements or address problems that may arise during the developmental process.
Hence it is much more flexible.
For example, let us assume a software development company gets an order to
develop a chatting software within a short time frame and after a few days the ordering
company requests video chatting feature to be included in the original text based software.
The agile process will be able to accommodate the new change but the evolutionary process
will not be able to do it. That is the major difference between the two methods.
Answer to question 5
The apple is one of the top companies in the world. It is extremely successful mainly
due to the design of its products which are unique and of high quality. There are many unique
things about the apple design process. Among those things the three main unique aspects of
the apple design process are:
1. Systematic Product Development Process: The apple start designing their product even
before the project is sent to production. The entire designing of the product process is
completed beforehand to build a framework based on which the product needs to be
developed. So the entire development team has a vision of the final product in their minds.
The apple policy states that the product designers should design the product the way they
want it to be putting themselves in place of the customers.
2. Substance over form: The apple company believes that the design is not the most
important part of the product, but what lies beneath in more important. The product features
is given equal importance along with the product design.

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3. Quality above all: Apple makes products that are of superior quality than the rest of the
competitors. The apple products are most aesthetic and are designed with great attention
given to detailing.
Answer to question 6
The three main reasons of project failures are:
1. Poor preparation: This happens when the team does not have a clear idea of what is
needed to be done. If enough preparation is not done and there is a lack of focus, the project
is doomed to fail.
2. Inexperienced project manager: If the head of the project is inexperienced, the project
may fail as all the major decisions are taken by the project manager including assembling of a
qualified team capable enough to handle the project.
3. Inaccurate cost estimations: If the budget is not estimated beforehand, the project will
run out of money and stop in its track. It causes critical level failure.
Answer to question 7
The main goals that I will be needed to perform as a software manager are:
1. I will be needed to develop a strategy to identify the requirements for the new software.
2. I will be needed to manage and train the team who will work with the software.
3. I will be required to ensure that all team members have access to the resources they need to
create, test or develop software.
4. I will also be responsible for scheduling the teams so that they complete the projects on
time.

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References
Choudhary, B., & Rakesh, S. K. (2016, February). An approach using agile method for
software development. In 2016 International Conference on Innovation and
Challenges in Cyber Security (ICICCS-INBUSH) (pp. 155-158). IEEE.
Chuanxiong, G., & Shaoren, Z. (2000). Analysis and evaluation of the TCP/IP protocol stack
of LINUX. In WCC 2000-ICCT 2000. 2000 International Conference on
Communication Technology Proceedings (Cat. No. 00EX420)(Vol. 1, pp. 444-453).
IEEE.
Comer, D. E. (2018). The Internet book: everything you need to know about computer
networking and how the Internet works. Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Hussain, A., Mkpojiogu, E. O., & Kamal, F. M. (2016). The role of requirements in the
success or failure of software projects. International Review of Management and
Marketing, 6(7S).
Kim, J., Jun, S., Jang, D. S., & Park, S. (2017). An integrated social network mining for
product-based technology analysis of Apple. Industrial Management & Data
Systems, 117(10), 2417-2430.
Mall, R. (2018). Fundamentals of software engineering. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd..