Evolution of Management Theories

The assignment requires students to analyze and discuss the evolution of management theories from classical to modern management theory. It involves exploring key concepts, ideas, and researchers that have shaped the field of management over time. The student is expected to critically evaluate the relevance of classical management theories to modern public administration and provide a comprehensive review of the global impact of Fayol's work on contemporary management and accounting practices.

Leadership and management
for service industry

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
PART 1 ...........................................................................................................................................1
Extent classical management theories in relation to changes in digital technology ..................1
Ways of impact of digital technology on current management and leadership styles ...............3
PART 2............................................................................................................................................4
Most common management roles within the Thomas Cook ......................................................4
Impact of digital technology on current hard and soft skills required to perform management
roles.............................................................................................................................................6
Future skills of management roles given effect of digital technology .......................................7
Management skills have developed in relation to changes in digital technology ......................8
Ways of digital technology effect change management and leadership style in Thomas Cook
and TUI.......................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

INTRODUCTION
Leadership is establishing new direction or mission for team that they follow that is
leader is the force for that new direction. In order to that, leader gives ways through developing
vision and communicating it to the workers and inspiring them to accomplish it of company. On
other side, management controls or directs people or resources in team according to values which
have been set up. Manager gets their authority by virtue of their position in the company. In this
context, it is important to know that leadership is an important portion of impressive
management (Shin and et.al., 2015). As significant element of management, important leadership
behaviour emphasis upon building atmosphere in which all employees develops and excels. This
study is based on Thomas Cook and TUI. Both the companies operated in travel and tourism
company in the United Kingdom. Report will explain classical management theories in relation
to changes in digital technology. It will critical analysis the ways of impact of digital technology
on current management and leadership styles. It will identify the most common management
roles within Thomas Cook. Furthermore, report will evaluate impact of digital technology on
current hard and soft skills required to perform management roles with in the company.
PART 1
Extent classical management theories in relation to changes in digital technology
Classical Management theory:
It is based on the feeling that employees only have physical and economic wants. It does
not take into action social wants or job satisfaction but rather than exponent specialization of
labour, focused leadership and decision making as well as maximise the profitability. There
many significant areas of management theory like Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management,
Henri Fayol's Administration, Max Weber's idealised bureaucracy theory (Hassi, 2019). It will
give normally description of each of these management approaches together with measurement
on the atmosphere in which these theories were implemented as well as success that they
accomplished.
Frederick W. Taylor- Scientific Management:
The scientific management theory focus on the one best mode to perform the activity that
is it research ways of task situation which can be structured to acquire the largest production
from employees. The procedure of finding this one best mode has become called as scientific
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management. The methods of this theory can possibly by implemented to management at all
levels. This theory is related to lower level management analysis. There are many principles
involve in scientific management theory like select, train, teach and evolve the employees
scientifically, cooperate with the employees, divide work and duty almost equality among
management as well as employees within the Thomas Cook (Psomas and Jaca, 2016). As per the
changes in digital technology like utilization of mobile application, manager needs to focus on
selecting, training and development to employees for effective working through digital
technology within the company.
Max Weber- Bureaucracy Management:
This theory is flow of classical theory of management. It is the formal system of company
which is based on clearly hierarchic degrees and responsibilities in relation to maintain
efficiency and power. Bureaucracy Management theory was developed by Max Weber which is
broadly utilised in the arrangement of both public and private companies. Companies are usually
divided into series according to bureaucracy management theory. These lines aid in making
powerful lines of authorization as well as control within company. The authority structures and
relations based on ideal kind of company known as bureaucracy that is first management
approach developed by Max Weber. This form of company featured by division of labour,
understandably characterized and elaborated rules and modulate and personal relationship
(Barnett and Carter, 2018). This theory depends upon administration tendency and also present
the ideal structure of company. Bureaucracy management theory is based on four rules like
hierarchical position, rules of system, separation of labour for specialization and personal
relations within the Thomas Cook. As per the changes in digital technology like utilization of
mobile application, manager need to focus on these rules of management, so that employees are
effectively working and completing the tasks through digital technology in the workplace.
Henri Fayol- Administration Management:
It is the second classical theory that are interested with the whole range of managerial
performance within the company. Administrative management directs efficiency of company.
This theory is also known encompassing analysis of management. The components of
management have defined planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling are
advised worthy divisions under that to research, analysis and influences the management
procedure (Kitana, 2016). The general principles of management recommended by Fayol are
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advised useful in current management activities. The values of management in relation
developed such as division of work, authority, unity of command, involvement, unity of
direction, remuneration, centralization, order, equity, stability of tenure of human proposals and
esprit de crops within Thomas Cook (Parker, 2016). As per the changes in digital technology like
utilization of mobile application, managers needs to focus on all principles of management, so
that employees are easily and effectively working in relation to complete the task digital
technology within the company.
Ways of impact of digital technology on current management and leadership styles
Digital technology has string effect on each and every view of lives of people. It has
modified the mode people link with each other. Digital technology can be one of most helpful
techniques to aid become better leader at the top level management. Technology is driving power
behind the new style of leadership. A leadership that grasp modification, learning, interaction
and diversity (Khorasani and Almasifard, 2017). The most successful leaders at the international
level are those who known that technology can help them in managing people. Assisting them
build team and keeping track of activity across all channels and in any area of the world. There
are many ways by which technology impact on style and work of leaders in the Thomas Cook in
both positive and negative manner.
Positive Impact of Digital Technology:
Digital technology like utilization of mobile application influence on leadership style and
work in positive manner like: flexible working, manage people, embrace diversity, expand
market, training activity etc. within the Thomas Cook.
Flexible working: Organizations offer same packages of benefits to their workers what
really created the differences for loyal workers that is work or life balance they can expect to
accomplish. The modern business atmosphere is decentralised. Groups no longer wants to be
enclosure together in similar office building or similar meeting rooms (Nhema, 2015). Tasks can
be worked on utilising different software solutions that enable collaborative working in actual
time in protect atmosphere of Thomas Cook. With this, manager make efforts to develop
structure and culture of company.
Training and Development: The induction of new workers and continuous training
sessions utilised to be highly heavy for human resource department in the Thomas Cook. Some
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of workers had to taken from their regular activities and productiveness was apportioned in more
than one division. With this, manager make efforts to develop structure and culture of company.
Embrace diversity and expand new markets: Communication barriers have been one
of the top challenge for big firms which are trying expansion (Jung and Yoon, 2018). Many of
expected markets and many possible talents which can act for beyond reach. With this, manager
make efforts to develop structure and culture of the company.
Negative Impact of Digital Technology:
Digital technology like utilization of mobile application influences on leadership style
and work negative manner such as time management, being champion for work/life balance.
This kind of issue influence on working of employees within culture of company.
Time Management: Manager and leaders utilise digital technology which impact on
managing time, because of technology takes lots of time and money in the work (vom Brocke,
Zelt and Schmiedel, 2016). Therefore, digital technology impact negative on work of managers
and leaders within the Thomas Cook. This kind of issue influence on working of employees
within culture of company.
Work life balance: Through digital technology, there is high level impact on work life
balance. There are many changes in digital technology by which manager can not handle and
control all activities on timeline in the Thomas Cook. This kind of issue influence on working of
employees within culture of company.
PART 2
Most common management roles within the Thomas Cook
Management Role:
There are mainly three essential roles such as interpersonal, informational and decisions
role within the organization. Therefore, managers needs to play all roles as figurehead, leader,
monitor, entrepreneur, resources allocator and other duties. In this context, managers play role to
controlling of whole organization. This can aid to provide effective travel and tourism services to
the consumers.
The travel and tourism industry along with related sector contributing to it. It is expected
to develop in leaps and boundary in coming years. Job in this industry can be largely exciting
and daring and even pays well (Shariff and et.al., 2017). In relation to that, there are various
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people behind the areas who make things happen, so that they can enjoy holidays from travel
agent who booked flights and accommodation, to housekeeper at the hotel and localised travel
guide who presented around like Thomas Cook and TUI.
Travel Agency Manager:
Travel agency manager work in retail travel outlets that promote and sell holidays as well
as travel related goods.
Responsibility: Travel agency manager is responsible for running travel outlets and
evolving approaches to hit or exceed sales targets of companies like Thomas Cook and TUI.
They will need to promote and market the business, sometimes to new or niche market, handle
budgets, maintain statistical and financial records (Mohamad and et.al., 2017). Also, they will
manage all functions relating to travel booking and contents, maintaining relationship with third
parties such as services providers and various traders.
Skills: Travel agency manager must have communication skills, sales and consumer
services abilities, powerful organizational skills, ability to lead and motivate team and so on. As
travel agency manager must have vacation or temporary work experience in sales atmosphere
and experience of international travel will increase application. The capability to communicate
effective in various language in also useful.
Tour Operators:
Tour operator combines tour and travel elements to make holidays packages of
companies like Thomas Cook and TUI. They will deal with different services providers
involving bus operators, airlines and hoteliers.
Responsibility: Tour operator make path for different destinations and will frequently
monitor trends in famous destinations in relation to put together attractive holidays packages for
consumers. They mainly deal with travel agents while travel agents deal with the public (Shin
and et.al., 2015). As tour operator, various tasks involve making management for transport, tours
and actions. They will use the computer database to research data about hotel accommodation,
fares and hotel ratings, dealing with payments and making presentations to travel group.
Skills: Tour operators must have good interpersonal abilities, good information
technology skills, ability to work well as part of team and high confident (Hassi, 2019). If an
individual have completed consumer care course or hold any qualification relevant to sales that
will give further advance to their application.
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Tour Guide:
Tour guides provide guided tour to team of tourists. They must have expert knowledge of
specific locations involving natural features, historic sites, museum and other tourist places.
Guides can provide walking tours, bus tours even boat tours. If an individual decide to become
tour guide by which they will probably get most of the experience on job. They will need great
communication skills and speaking more than one language which will definitely advantageous
for them.
Impact of digital technology on current hard and soft skills required to perform management
roles
Employers look for candidates with two skills set like Hard and Soft during job
application and interview procedure. Successful applicants will make assure to put both set of
abilities on display. It aids to know the difference among these two kinds of abilities. Therefore,
changes in digital technology effects on structure and culture of company in relation to effective
working condition, solve any complex problems and make appropriate decisions (Barnett and
Carter, 2018). With this, manager make efforts to develop structure and culture of company.
Also, digital technology aid to improve the hard and soft skills of management within the
organization.
Role of Leaders:
Leaders play essential role as vision casting, role modelling, follow-through and associate
buy-in and so on. Leadership is activity of leading workers to accomplish the objectives. It plays
essential role in performance and productivity of workers. Great leader builds morale by pulling
everyone together to work towards common objective.
Hard Skills:
Hard abilities are teachable skills sets which are easy to quantify. They will learn hard
abilities in the company. There are many examples of hard skills like proficiency in international
language, level or certificate, typing speed, machine operation and computer programming and
so on. Therefore, manager of Thomas Cook and TUI needs to develop the all the skills and
competencies to their employees in relation to adopting digital technology like utilization of
mobile application in the activities of company (Kitana, 2016). Through this skill, manager needs
to know about all the flights detail on computer and taking all the data.
Soft Skills:
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Soft skills are subjective abilities which are much harder to quantify. It is also called as
people abilities or interpersonal abilities. These skills relate to the mode of relation and
communicate with other people. There are many examples of soft skills like communication,
leadership, motivation, team work, time management, problem solving abilities, work ethic and
so on which utilize by manager of Thomas Cook and TUI (Khorasani and Almasifard, 2017). In
relation to that, manager needs to focus on developing all soft skills according to changes in
digital technology like utilization of mobile application in activities of company. This can aid to
increase consumer services in the business as well as build relationship with them.
In order to that, these skills are very essential and effective by utilizing the digital
technology within travel companies like Thomas Cook and TUI. Through these skills,
management and employees utilize digital technology in effective manner in relation to operate
system and solve the problems within the travel and tourism company (Parker, 2016). Through
digital technology, employees make efforts to develop skills, improve execution and productivity
which aid to increase customers satisfaction within the company.
Future skills of management roles given effect of digital technology
As per the role of management, many of skills are required to handle all the functions of
company. There are many skills and competencies of managers required in future of company
like ability to think new solution, high emotional intelligence, capability to work with people and
digital technology together in the Thomas Cook and TUI (Five skills you will need to lead
company of the future, 2017). As per changes in digital technology, it can influence on skills and
abilities of manager in the organizations. Therefore, changes in digital technology effects on
structure and culture of company in relation to effective working condition, solve any complex
problems and make appropriate decisions.
Effective communication:
Digital technology is very essential part of organization in today's world. Through
technology, manager and employees easily and effectively communicate and work together in
the workplace. Also, staff and manager easily interact with their consumers for providing the
goods and services of Thomas Cook and TUI. In relation to that, digital technology aid to
improve the customer relationship management system within the travel and tourism company
(Khorasani and Almasifard, 2017). This can effect on competitive environment of travel and
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tourism business. Through digital technology, employees make efforts to develop skills, improve
execution and productivity which aid to increase customers satisfaction within the company.
Training and Development:
Digital technology is very essential part of organization in today's world. Through digital
technology, manager easily provide the training and development to employees according to
their job role in the Thomas Cook and TUI. By which, workers easily and effectively working
and completing the activities on time. In relation to that, digital technology aid to improve the
customer relationship management system within the travel and tourism company (Nhema,
2015). This can effect on competitive environment of travel and tourism business. Through
digital technology, employees make efforts to develop skills, improve execution and productivity
which aid to increase customers satisfaction within the company.
Problem Solving:
Digital technology is very essential part of organization in today's world. By digital
technology, like utilization of mobile application, manager solve easily problems related to
information technology, data protection, flights detail and so on in the Thomas Cook and TUI. In
relation to that, digital technology aid to improve the customer relationship management system
within the travel and tourism company (Barnett and Carter, 2018). This can effect on competitive
environment of travel and tourism business. This can effects on competitive environment of
travel and tourism business.
In order to that, these skills are very essential and effective by utilising the digital
technology within travel companies like Thomas Cook and TUI. Through these skills,
administration as well as workers utilise digital technology in effective manner in relation to
operate system as well as solve the problems within the travel and tourism company. With this,
manager make efforts to develop structure and culture of company (Jung and Yoon, 2018).
Through digital technology, employees make efforts to develop skills, improve execution and
productivity which aid to increase customers satisfaction within the company.
Management skills have developed in relation to changes in digital technology
Through different skills, managers must have different skills and competencies in terms
of adopting the changes. There many changes in digital technologies like integration of Internet
of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, virtual reality and wearable technology which are utilised
in travel and tourism companies like Thomas Cook and TUI. These kinds of technologies effects
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on the skills and competencies of management within the companies (Jung and Yoon, 2018).
Management skills involve communication, planning, delegation, decision-making and
motivating to employees within the workplace. Therefore, changes in digital technology effects
on structure and culture of company in relation to effective working condition, solve any
complex problems and make appropriate decisions.
Planning:
It is necessary skill to management in relation to plan for the future. This refers setting
priorities in line organization objective, reviewing system and policies and attending training to
members within the team. Through digital technology, it is easy to management for completing
the all the planning activities within the travel and tourism companies like Thomas Cook and
TUI. Effective planning aid to increase competitive environment of companies in industry in
which they operate (Jung and Yoon, 2018).
Communication:
It is necessary skill to management in relation to effective interact with staff and
consumers. Effective leader or manager must have all kinds of communication involving written,
verbal and listening abilities (7 skills for a successful management career, 2018). Through digital
technology, it is simply to interact with staff and consumer for build relationship with them
within travel and tourism companies like Thomas Cook and TUI. Effective communication aid to
improve consumer services which is beneficial for company.
Delegation:
It is necessary skill to management in relation to manage workload, attend meetings and
training session as well as review policies of company. Through digital technology, management
save time and ensure that essential timeline met. Many of leaders or managers ease their busy
workload by delegating activities to colleagues (Khorasani and Almasifard, 2017). Delegation is
far from mark of weakness and can multiply amount of work which manager can achieve for
developing confidence of employees within the travel and tourism companies like Thomas Cook
and TUI.
Decision Making:
It is necessary skill to management in relation to make appropriate decision by
management in the workplace. Through digital technology, management have innovative and
creative ideas and thoughts which aid to solve the problems of day to day. Effective making
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decisions aid to smoothly and carefully working flow and increase productivity of travel and
tourism companies like Thomas Cook and TUI. Appropriate decisions making aid to raise
competitive environment of companies in industry in which they operate (vom Brocke, Zelt and
Schmiedel, 2016).
Ways of digital technology effect change management and leadership style in Thomas Cook and
TUI.
Digital technology influence change management and leadership style in travel and
tourism company like Thomas Cook and TUI. There are many digital technologies like
integration of Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, virtual reality and wearable
technology which are utilised in travel and tourism companies (Parker, 2016). There are
following ways of digital technology by which various changes happen in company. Therefore,
manager needs to follow the digital technology for effective working and performance of
company. With this, manager make efforts to develop structure and culture of company.
Leadership Style:
Leadership style is mode and concept of giving direction, applying plans and motivating
people. There are many leadership styles like autocratic, democratic, transformational,
transactional and so on. In this context, leaders of TUI follow the transactional leadership style in
which leaders encourage compliance through followers via both rewards and punishments. These
leaders are capable to keep followers motivated for short terms.
Environmental friendly and less time consuming:
Digital Technology made travelling more environmental friendly and lower time
consuming which is good for consumers. With the help of technology, travel can become lots of
friendlier with environment. Previous days, there were need to point the airline ticket, boarding
pass or hotel reservation (Psomas and Jaca, 2016). Online reservations, mobile check-ins and e-
tickets that can save large amount of paper. Moreover, online booking, reservation are time
savers as there is not requirement to stay in line to get ticket.
Exceed communication barriers:
Digital Technology helped to company and consumers in exceeding communication
barriers within the business. Previous time, there were the requirement to carry phrasebook in the
interaction of the place that they were going to travel. Today's time period, it is needed to
smartphone and with the aid to apps like iTranslate or Google Translate, the time of effort when
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communicating with localised have come to an end. Google translate app utilise smartphone
camera to translate marks or menu real time.
Changed ways of booking:
Digital technology has changed the mode of book flights, room access hotel facilities
which are informed of daily events as well as try advice to sightsee city chatbots for win.
Chatbots have become the exactly travel familiar. Many of hotels and travel companies like
Thomas Cook and TUI offer messaging options to the consumers either by providing ability to
text then through own apps or set up messaging channels like Facebook or WhatsApp (6 ways in
which technology has changed the way we travel, 2017). But the actual modification is chatbots
by which they are becoming large assets to travel industry. It enable individual to communicate
with either human or artificial intelligence through chat interface.
Electronic payments:
Through digital technology, consumers or tourists payment easily and effectively. Apple
Pay, Google Wallet by which everything is so much easier in term of electronic payment. The
benefits of going cashless in which two highlights lie convenience and lower risk (Shariff and
et.al., 2017). There is no longer the requirement to carry lots of cash, couple of credit cards and
stay in line for ATM withdrawals. Once wholly incorporated one does not have to trouble about
credit card fraud or changing cards.
In order to that, digital technology has effected on leadership style within the travel and
tourism companies like TUI and Thomas Cook. Leadership is possible without making sound it
is just happening online. The large companies, technology is having large effects on leadership.
Technology is starting to enable larger power and governance without requiring physical
presence and also aiding to change traditional working patterns. Technology based leadership
enable workers to act remotely (vom Brocke, Zelt and Schmiedel, 2016). People can clock in the
work, they are doing utilising tech and sharing Google docs. While managers to look
development people are making on essential documents. Techniques to aid monitor employees
participants and consumer satisfaction which are aiding leaders be far more hands on with live
information rather than ever before. Leaders of Thomas Cook and TUI with no social media
presence or tech utilise can only effects of company. Therefore, changes in digital technology
effects on structure and culture of company in relation to effective working condition, solve any
11

complex problems and make appropriate decisions. With this, manager make efforts to develop
structure and culture of company.
CONCLUSION
This report has summarized that classical management theory such as Frederick w.
Taylor-scientific management, Max Webber-bureaucracy management, Henri Fayol-
administration management that have utilized in relation to digital technology in travel and
tourism organization. It can be concluded that Ways of impact of digital technology on current
management and leadership styles in both positive and negative manners. Positive impact of
digital technology like flexible working, training and development, embrace diversity and
expand new markets. Negative impact of digital technology like time management and work life
balance in the firm. It can be discussed that common management roles within the travel
company such as travel agency manager, tour operators and tour guide in the workplace.
Furthermore, report can be evaluated the impact of digital technology on current hard and soft
skills required to perform management roles in the workplace. It can be analysed that
Management skills have developed in relation to changes in digital technology like planning,
communication, delegation and decision making within the company. Moreover, study has
summarised that ways of digital technology effect change management and leadership style in
travel and tourism company. Ways involves time consuming, electronic payment, exceed
communication barriers and changed ways of booking in the travel business.
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