Analysis of Leadership Development Models

The provided document is a collection of research papers and articles on leadership development models. It includes an analysis of the Contingency Theory, which suggests that leadership styles should be adapted to fit specific organizational situations. Additionally, it explores the Social Change Model of Leadership Development, which focuses on creating positive social change through effective leadership. Other topics covered include trust in leadership, executive coaching effectiveness, and spiritual leadership principles.

Organisations – Leadership
And Management

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
TASK ..............................................................................................................................................3
1. Difference Concept Of Leadership And Management............................................................3
2. Analysis The Leadership Theory............................................................................................6
3. Analysis Of Tesco Management Development Program........................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Leadership and management in organization plays vital role in organization because it
manages all work and operation. Leadership is supervised to all subordinates and employees for
achieve objective of organization and management manage all situation of workplace. Different
types of management level present in organization and all are work for manage work so it
includes problem solve of the employees, motivate to employees for achieve organizational goal
through give reward and incentives (Bogar, 2019). So that means that leadership is set visions
and mission and then provide direction to employees for effective work and management
controls and direct employees and resources that work for organization goals achieve. Tesco plc
is as British multinational retailer company. It sale groceries and general items. Its headquarter
Welwyn garden city in United Kingdom. It was founded in 1919 by Jack Cohen. This report will
be cover concept and difference of leadership and management. It also covers theory of
leadership and management development programme in retail organization of United Kingdom.
TASK
1. Difference Concept Of Leadership And Management
CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIP
Leadership is a process that give direction, supervise and change behavior of employees.
So its main purpose is give direction to employees and subordinates for achieve common goal of
Tesco Plc that helps in achieve goal of organization. So it also increases behavior of other and
also capacity of employees for increase productivity. Leaders responsible for develop future
objectives and motivate to employees for achieve objective and increase profitability (Bagheri,
2016). So profit and productivity is depended on leadership if proper and systematic leadership is
present in organization so its helps in increase profit in organization because employees do work
effectively and put full effort in meet objective.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LEADERSHIP
Optimum utilization of resources – leadership mainly focus on optimum utilization of
resources of Tesco plc. Because resources like man power and capital is limited in organization
and desire is unlimited so its main purpose that get more productivity and revenue from limited
resources and limited cost and get extra benefit from that.
Coordinating – leadership has also characteristics of establish coordinating between all
employees of different department so it also prevents and reduce conflict on workplace and it

helps in make teamwork in Tesco plc. So it establishes well coordination and relationship
between all individual employees and departments (De Bie and Rimbach, 2017).
Full knowledge of abilities of employees :- leadership has also featured that it has complete
knowledge of capabilities of all employees so its helps in distribute work to them. Because
leaders give work to subordinates according to their qualities, experience, attitude and aptitude.
So it has all knowledge about employees ability and all these things helps in achieve
organizational goals.
Making policy and important decisions – leadership also make policy and rules and regulation
and it also makes strategy that helps in achieve organizational goals. So it makes rules and
regulation and implement on work so its helps in improve work, profit and productivity in Tesco
plc.
CONCEPT OF MANAGEMENT
Management is an important and it plays vital role in organization because it manages all
plan for effective work. Management has main work is planing, organizing, staffing, directing
and controlling so all these things helps in achieve organization goals. It also manages all
resources like manpower and capital in systematic and proper manner. Planning through
management helps in make future planing that helps in increase productivity and profitability
(Sanders, 2017).
CHARACTERISTICS OF MANAGEMENT
Goal oriented process :- management is a goal oriented process. Because it set goals of Tesco
and it also makes plan work effectively and efficiently so it helps in achieve goal. Through this
organizing, staffing and controlling also work proper because after implement all things for do
work and meet objective so it has to control and manage also organization work.
Management is a continuous process – it is a continuous process because it is important for
each step of work related to organization. Management manages all function of organization so it
helpful in manage all works. Without management work of organization not flow smoothly and
employees create conflict because they have no threat of any superior on their without
management.
Management is a intangible force – management is a intangible in organization because no one
can see to management it is only feel by members of organization. All function of Tesco Plc is

control by management of organization and it makes plan for effective and efficient work for
achieve organizational goals and control.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT
Basis Leadership Management
Definition It is a process that help-s in change
and increase capacity of work of
employees and motivate also to
them for achieve organization
goals effectively.
Management is a process and
important for organization that play
vital role and it helps in manage
and control resources and also
coordinating for meet objectives.
Personality styles Leaders has a ability to understand
their employees and it has all
knowledge about employees
capability (Uhl-Bien and Arena,
2017).
It has ability of solve problem. It
also focuses on goals and structure
of organization and it also controls
and manage work and resources.
Orientation Leaders work's is depended on
people oriented because it all work
is related with lead and supervise
of people that includes give order,
direction for work.
It's all work relate with task of
organization because its main
purpose is meet objection so it
makes plan, organizing and control
for effective work and achieve
organization.
Focus Leaders has focus on leading
people for achieve organization
goal and it only possible through
direct, supervise to employees.
It mainly focuses on manage work
through plan, organizing and
control of work of all department
of organization.
Approach to task Leaders has approach that they
solve problem of their employees
with creative employees. It also
focuses on other problem for
prevent.
Management has main approach
that make strategies, rules and
regulation for proper work.

Style Leadership adopt style like
transformation, consultative and
participative.
It has style of autocratic,
democratic and consultative.
2. Analysis The Leadership Theory
Leadership is a very important process of organization that helps in increase productivity
and profitability in Tesco Plc. Because it has focus on lead to people and motivate them for
achieve Tesco Plc goals. Leaders has all knowledge about their all employees and it is also very
important for give responsibilities and work according to their capability, attitude and aptitude so
it helps in achieve organizational goals. Leadership has many types of theories. Theories of
leadership means that understanding basic principles of that and recruit right people according to
position (Ciulla, 2017). Theories also refers features and their style and all theories specially
contain special characteristics and features.
Contingency theory of leadership :-
Through this theory organization evaluate that matches of leadership style with different
situation. So through this theory leaders easily evaluate that stability of style with different
situation it means that it gain knowledge about match style according to situation. So it helps in
Illustration 1: contingency theory
Source : Contingency Theory, 2018

manage work and subordinates according to situation. So it shows that leaders is effective when
style and situation is match with each other.
Contingency theory of leadership is proposed by Fred Fiedler in 1958. It is developed in
situation that fiedler research of effectiveness of leadership in group situation. So through this
research he got result that when leader's lead is totally depended on control of situation and style
of them. So leadership is come in contingent when situation and style of leaders is same and
match with each other (Dong, 2017).
How contingent theory of Fiedler works :-
This theory works with both situation like situation of work and style of leader so it
means that if leader only adopt situation of work so it is not enough and this theory can not work.
But if both situation is match with each other so it works. So before use of this theory, evaluate
that leaders has style and it is done through LPC ( least preferred coworker scale).
Through this theory helps to know that leader style because use of least preferred
coworker scale is use for know about leaders choice about employees. LPC is a list of different
type of questions and it useful in contingency theory. Situation of work related is includes in
contingency theory through three types.
Leader- member relation – it means that relation of employees and leader. It includes that
leader of Tesco Plc interact with their employee in what way. So it is also a situation.
Task structure – it is also a situation that task is set up by leader is how to structured because
leaders has option that they choose employees according to their task structure so it is very
important situation of contingency theory.
Positional power – it is a factor of contingency theory of leadership that means leaders power. It
means that quantity and amount of power that leaders have according to their post so it is also a
situation that it helps in contingency theory.
These all factors is important for complete project of organization and achieve goal. So
contingency theory shows that if all factors like leader member relation, task structure and
positional power. All are combine so its helps in complete project and it helps in getting success
(Alexander, 2017).
Strength of contingency theory :-
Evaluate leadership :- It is a very important theory that evaluate leadership and achieve
as well. Because this theory research based and it is proposed after research. It analyzes situation

of work and style of leadership. It is possible only through LPC. Because it is a best way for
match situation and style of leader.
The Best way of measure :- This theory also is a best theory that helps in understanding
leadership and it also focuses on single and best est type of leadership so it is important in match
situation and style. It is helpful in measure that choice of leaders according to situation.
Effect different :- It is also proved that leaders not affect same in all situation and
organization also consider that it is depended on situation of work and organization and style of
leaders. It is not necessary that leaders affected same in every situation because many situations
is well handled by leaders and many situations that can not tackle in effective manner.
Data supply :- This theory also helps in supplies data according to leadership style that is
useful in improve leadership profile for employees planing. It is shows data that helps in evaluate
their style according to situation so it is also a helpful in data supply because leader how to take
decision in different situation that is important to evaluate of their style (Rosenbaum-Elliott,
Percy and Pervan, 2015).
Weakness of contingency theory of leadership :-
Time consuming :- this theory is consumed more time because its main purpose is match
situation of work in organization and style of leader in particular situation that they have to adopt
for complete project and goal of Tesco Plc. Because in organization different types of situation
create with different work and objective. So leaders has to adopt different type of style for tackle
and handle employees for accomplish goal and objective of organization.
Lack of efficiency :- in this theory lack of efficiency also a major weakness that create
problem because many types of situation create in Tesco through different work and all
situations leaders of organization has to adopt different style of leadership for achieve
organization goal and objective rather than complete project. So if leaders has no ability and lack
of knowledge and efficiency for take decision about manage and tackle situation that they can
not take and it creates barrier in achieve goal of organization (Khazanchi, Munkvold and
Lazareva, 2015).
3. Analysis Of Tesco Management Development Program
MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Management development is the continuous process by which managers acquire and
improve their skills, qualities and attributes to do better performance and achievement of the

goals. For that various company provide Management Development Program. This program is
planned by a team of executive and managers. Management Development Program (MDP) is a
unique program held by company for the purpose of building managers' and employees' skills,
views, attitudes and working styles in order to achieve organizational goal and adopt changes in
the future for the betterment of organization. It is considered to be important for the organization
to invest in management development because it is beneficial for the organization in many ways.
The objectives behind these programs are as follows -
 To give managers and employees to expand their knowledge and increase the
understanding of the importance and role of management in the organization.
 To provide managers the opportunities to work on various management approach and
leadership theories.
 To give opportunities to strengthen their efficiency as a manager.
 To focus on the improvement of skills, knowledge, qualities and capabilities.
 In this program, the focus is on to create such human competencies who is ready to face
any kinds of emergencies and uncertain changes.
 To provide employees and managers personal growth opportunities and enhance their
decision making process (Thiry, 2016).
MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM OF TESCO -
Tesco is 9th largest company by employment. They provide their employees, leaders and
managers training and development program for which they conduct Tesco Management
Development Program (MDP). The Tesco Management Development Program (MDP) is a
professional and personal development program that provides training and development in major
competencies and skills, such as work management, team work and communication. It also
provides an opportunity to implement skills through employment, CV building, interview
technique and an internship within a specific department in Tesco. Tesco uses various
methods/approaches to provide management development. These approaches are as follows -
1. Mentoring – Mentoring is a relationship between 2 specific persons in which one person
is experienced and he guides another person in developing skills and gaining knowledge.
The person who guides is known as Mentor and to whom mentor guides, is known as
Mentoree. By this approach, Tesco's managers are able to enhance his productivity and
efficiency. It also helps in reducing the employee turnover of Tesco.

2. Coaching – Coaching is a form of learning program in which coach of the Tesco helps
and guides managers, employees and leaders in achieving goals by providing training
program. By this approach, managers become supportive for the new changes. It also
helps in building relationships in the Tesco. It also helps in building a sense of
responsibility in managers and leaders towards organization.
3. Job Rotation – Tesco uses this approach in which they rotate some managers and assigns
them different tasks. Using this approach behind company is to provide flexibility to
managers and leaders. It also helps managers to identify his hidden talents and potentials.
It also helps managers to gain more knowledge which is benefit for his decision-making
(Rekalde, Landeta and Albizu, 2015).
4. Upward Feedback – In this approach, the feedbacks are given by employees of Tecso
regarding the performance of their managers and leaders. On the basis of these feedbacks,
programs are conducted to improve the performance of them. Using this approach can
improve the performance, efficiency and productivity of managers and leaders of Tesco.
5. Supervisory Training – This approach is being use by Tesco in order to make
supervisors to adopt management approaches and styles to make organization successful.
Benefits of this approach to Tesco are that supervisors of the company are able to manage
and co-ordinate the systems and procedures of organization. Also, Supervisors are able to
do work planning and work control effectively.
6. Action Learning – In this approach, managers are given to real business problem and
ask them to solve the problem. It is the most practical approach which is being use by
company. Benefits of Action learning approach include – managers' problem solving and
leadership quality will improve and it also boosts the confidence of managers.
BENEFITS OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM TO TESCO -
Tesco has various benefits by conducting Management Development Programs. These
benefits are as follows -
 It improves the skills, capabilities and knowledges of management team which lead to
better working environment and better network support.
 It improves the efficiency and productivity of the managers. Productive and efficient
managers are satisfied managers which is good for Tesco.

 It improves the decision-making of managers which make tasks completion and
successful. This leads Tesco to achieve his targets and earn profits.
 It ensures not only the organizational growth and development of Tesco, but also ensure
the personal growth and development of managers and leaders too.
 It increases the chance of innovation in products, services, processes, procedures and
strategies of Tesco which help in increasing profitability of company.
 It reduces the employee turnover and workplace conflicts and enhances the financial gain
and brand image of Tesco (Gerasimov and Gerasimov, 2017).
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT ASPECT OF TESCO
Leadership development is an important part of management development program, in
which the focus in on the developing leadership qualities in the managers of Tesco. Leadership
development is considered as a key factor for the success of Tesco. Good leadership plays a vital
role in achieving organizational goals.
Tesco focuses on 5 elements which make his Leadership Development Program
successful -
1. CLEAR GOALS – At the starting of Tesco Leadership Development Program,
Management team decides the short term goals of conducting the program with
leadership team. The goals should be concise, understandable and feasible.
2. SMALL GROUPS – After deciding the goals, both team decide that whom (managers)
to give training and how long the program will run. A small group is build by selecting
some managers. Small group is considered to be more effective rather than big group.
Also, small group can be easily handle and manage.
3. EXPERIENCED LEADERSHIP – For the training, experienced leader is hire by the
company who gives training, guiding and helping managers to acquire leadership
qualities and use leadership approaches and styles.
4. MULTIPLE LEARNING METHODS – Experienced leader uses various methods such
as action learning, supervisory training, upward feedback, job rotation, coaching and
mentoring etc. to make them learn leadership styles, qualities and approaches.
5. ONGOING SUPPORT – After completion of programs, managers are capable to use
their knowledge effectively and help in Tesco to gain profits and continuously growth.
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MODELS USE BY TESCO

There are various leadership development models which have their own advantages and
disadvantages (Holt, Hall and Gilley, 2018). Thus, Tesco uses following models to provide the
best leadership development and training program to their managers, leaders, supervisors and
employees in order to develop leadership qualities and achieve the goals behind these programs.
These models are as follows -
1. SOCIAL CHANGE MODEL OF LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MODEL – This
model is used by Tesco to provide leadership as intense, common and value based
process in order to achieve positive results and goals. This model is based on following
assumptions -
 Leadership is a continuous process.
 All managers are probable leaders.
 Leadership should be based on value.
This model is based on seven dimensions (values), which is also known as 7Cs. Tesco follow
these 7 dimensions which make his leadership development programs successful and company
gains the best managers as a leader. These 7Cs are as follows -
1. Consciousness – Managers are aware of beliefs, values, attitudes, perspectives and
emotions which help them to motivate others. This motivation quality make manager a
good leader.
Illustration 2: Social Change Model
Source: Social Change Model of Leadership Development, 2019.

2. Congruence – Managers are behaving and treating their employees equally. They are
honest with employees.
3. Commitment – Managers are committed towards their tasks, responsibilities and
employees.
4. Collaboration – Managers are working with teams in order to achieve the common goal
of Tesco.
5. Common Purpose – Managers and employees are working for shared aims and objectives
which is for Tesco.
6. Controversy with Civility – Managers and employees have different view points. Thus,
managers are building relationships with them and showing respects towards them which
make organisational environment good and friendly (The Social Change Model of
Leadership Development, 2018).
7. Citizenship – When managers and employees work in collaboration with fully
responsibilities, this lead Tesco to provide good quality of products and services to the
society and community.
By this model, Tesco's managers and supervisors are able to understand the values, interests and
talents of his employees which help company to gain the best employees. Also, this model helps
Tesco to easily cope up with the changes in the organizational environment which plays vital
role in company's success (Komives and Wagner, 2016).
2. LEAD NOW! LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MODEL – This model is uses by
Tesco to provide their managers, employees, supervisors and leaders a full-scale
framework for those critical areas where good leadership qualities are required in Tesco.
These critical areas are building relationships, solving problems, employees' progression,
creating good working environment and employees-teams growth etc.

This model is based on one assumption that Leaders have to achieve positive results from the
four perspectives. These four perspectives are as follows -
◦ PEOPLE
◦ BUSINESS
◦ MARKETPLACE
◦ ORGANIZATION
On the basis of these four perspectives, there are the four areas where leaders are required -
◦ Create Purpose – Managers, supervisors and employees define the vision and plan
strategies to achieve that vision.
◦ Deliver Excellence – Managers, supervisors and employees of Tesco are
responsible for excellence operational activities and they are executing the best
strategies in order to conduct the best operational activities.
◦ Develop Self And Others – Managers, supervisors and employees gain
opportunities, building teams and relationships, managing conflicts, encouraging
and motivating others as well as self too.
◦ Lead Change – Managers, supervisors and employees adopt changes and finding
opportunities for the benefit of Tesco.
Illustration 3: Leadership Development Model
Source: LEAD NOW! Model, 2019.

By using model, Tesco gains focused, supportive and risk taking managers who have good
leadership quality which help company to keep employees satisfied and doing high quality
performance (Shamir and Eilam-Shamir, 2018).
CONCLUSION
From the above study, it has been summarized that Leadership and management are
different concepts. If managers and leaders work together, they provide best services to the
society which leads organisation to become successful. Leaders adopts various management
styles and theories. No particular theory fits in all situations because the nature of leader and
organizational cultures are different. All leaders can become good managers but all managers can
not become good leaders because managers focus on the task completion. Thus, for the adoption
of good leadership quality, companies conduct management and leadership development
programs which is run by top management and leadership team. They focus on the building good
leaders and managers for the company's better future. No management and leadership
development methods or approaches or models are perfect because there are various factors
around business which create opportunities as well as constraints for the programs.

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