The Impact of Leadership Styles and Inter-Organisational Networks on Employee Performance: A Case of John Lewis

This dissertation discusses the impact of leadership styles and inter-organisational networks on employee performance, using John Lewis as a case study. It includes literature review, research methodology, results, and discussions.

RESEARCH METHODS/ THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP
STYLES AND INTER - ORGANISATIONAL NETWORKS
ON EMPLOYEE’S PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF JOHN
LEWIS.

Abstract
This dissertation has discussed about leadership style and it influence employee performance.
Report has discussed literature review of research topic in order to get proper knowledge of
research topic. Research is conducted through qualitative technique. Questionnaire method is
used in order to conduct primary research and 30 participants are selected randomly for the
purpose of survey.

Table of Contents:
INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................3
Background..................................................................................................................................3
Rationale......................................................................................................................................4
Problem identification..................................................................................................................4
Literature review..............................................................................................................................5
Concept of leadership style and inter organizational network.....................................................5
Methods of leadership style ........................................................................................................7
Association between leadership styles and inter - organisational networks with employee
performance.................................................................................................................................9
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................11
Research philosophy..................................................................................................................11
Research type.............................................................................................................................12
Research Approach....................................................................................................................12
Data collection...........................................................................................................................13
Data analysis..............................................................................................................................14
Sampling....................................................................................................................................14
Reliability and validity...............................................................................................................15
Ethical considerations................................................................................................................16
Results............................................................................................................................................16
Discussions....................................................................................................................................32
CONCLUSION AND LIMITATION ...........................................................................................36
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................41

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Background
Retail sector is one of the most growing sector in worldwide. As it includes those
products and items which are necessary for survival (Adnan and Valliappan, 2019). It includes
products like clothing, footwear, accessories, bags, perfumes, grocery etc. this sector is highly
contributing in the economic development of UK. John Lewis is the multinational company
which manufacture products for men, women, and children. Company have stores across the
globe. They are famous for its innovative and good quality of products. They have wide product
portfolio and deals with fashion, electricals, furniture and many more. They have high end
departmental store which is located at different parts of the world. This research has discussed
about the problem which is identified while doing the research along with research aims and
objectives. Further it has shed light on literature review so that topic can be understand clearly.
It has evaluated methods through which the research will get conducted and will also discuss
results and discussion.
Rationale
The main issue is as there are many leadership styles so which style should be
implemented is the biggest issue (Megheirkouni, 2017). It has become issue now because
organisation want to retain its top performer employees so it is essential that they select such
leadership style which will retain employees and also help company in getting good employee
performance. This research will help organisation to know that which leadership style they
should select which suits their employees. As every organisation cannot select same leadership
style. Leadership style is selected by the organisation according to its workforce and also it
depends on the task which has to be accomplished. Through this report company can able to
improve employee performance and also help them to build organisational network within the
workforce. Organisational network is very important. As healthy networks or connections
between workforce will help organisation to attain success even fast. When employees will have
healthy relations then they will coordinate or help each other and it also does not arise conflicts
within the organisation between employees.

This research will give benefit to the scholar who will in the future conduct research on the same
topic. Researcher can review this research and can take idea before conducting their original
research. It will also benefit retail industry in order to manager their employee performance. By
reviewing this research industry will get idea about various leadership style and which leadership
style should be implemented. They will also get information about inter organisational networks.
As organisation should understand the importance of inter networks within the company. If
employee will coordinate with each other they company will grow rapidly.
Problem identification
The topic is chosen for the research because it has observed that many organisation in
today's world is facing leadership style related issues. As there are many leadership styles and
leaders are often confuse that they have to choose which leadership style so that the performance
of the employees can be improved. Good employee performance defines growth and success of
company. It is found that inter organisation networks also helps in improving employee
performance. This research will guide organisation about leadership style and also how inter
organisation networks are helpful in achieving expected employee performance. Leadership style
is itself complex procedure (Mwesigwa, Tusiime and Ssekiziyivu, 2020). Company cannot opt
same leadership style in achieving every task. Leaders have to choose leadership style as per the
situation and to understand which leadership style has to choose is not an easy task. It is very
important that formal and informal communication between employees or team members are
essential. Employee performance have become major problem for organisation. The good
performance delivered by employees are majorly dependent on their leaders and managers so
that is why it is important that leaders should adopt best leadership style.
Aim
The aim of the current study is to ascertain the impact of leadership styles and inter -
organisational networks on employee’s performance.
Objectives
 To understand the concept of leadership styles and inter - organisational networks.
 To identify methods of leadership styles in the company.
 To analyse association between leadership styles and inter - organisational networks with
employee performance.

 To recommend effectual strategies of leadership styles and inter - organisational networks
to John Lewis.
Research questions
 what is the concept of leadership styles and inter - organisational networks?
 What are the methods of leadership styles in the company?\
 what are the association between leadership styles and inter - organisational networks
with employee performance?
 What are the strategies of leadership styles and inter - organisational networks to John
Lewis?

Chapter 2: Literature review
Literature review refers to the comprehensive summary of old research on a selected topic. The
Literature review surveys done by the researches and scholars so that they may get the critical
review on the selected topic. This review summarizes the selected topic and brings in depth
information to the researcher. The key purpose of Literature review is to achieve an
understanding on the existing topic and get data for the same. Establishing Literature review will
also help in building knowledge about the topic.
1. Concept of leadership style and inter organizational networkAccording to Aunger and et.al
(2021). leadership style defines the characteristics of a leader and their behaviour when they
direct, motivate and guide the group of people. It has been seen that great leaders always inspire
and motivate people at the workplace and help them to attain their individual goal along with the
goal of the company. Besides this, leader can also have made different changes in the
organisation and behaviour of employees as well. If the organisation does not have great leaders,
then it becomes difficult for employees to perform innovative and creative work. In addition to
this Gentili (2021) states that inter organisation network refers to the relationship between
employees. It can be formal and informal in nature. It is very important for the employees to
build a good network and connections with each other so that they can share all the valuable
resources and information to each other and determine their priorities so the organisation can
achieve all the pre – determined goals. Inter organisational network is helpful in creating
coordination among channels. Besides this, it also reduces the situation of employee recruitment
and turnover. So an effective leadership styles help the employee of the organisation to set a
good relation with all so that in future if they need to work in a team then they can easily
corporate to each other and make the project successful. As per Wind and et.al (2020) Leadership
style is helpful in managing healthy competition among employees and competition will help the
employees to increase their skills and knowledge while working in a team so that they can help
the company to gain good growth and build a connection between every employee. So the
organizational leaders help the employees to set strategic goal for every employee and also they
motivate others to perform extra – ordinary in the organization. Besides this, leadership will help
the management to make their strategies successful so that organization can easily reach to their
goal. Leader4ship refers to the action thorough which they can lead the employees and people in
the organization so that they can attain goals. Leaders can influence the behaviour of employees

in different manner and this will help the management of the company to built inter
organisational network as well. In arguing with this Cepiku and et.al (2021) said that it is not
necessary that if the company has good leadership then only they can build inter – organization
relation. There are many organisation available which are working well and generating good
return in the absence of leadership because in such organisation employees are well versed with
their job and responsibilities. When the employees know their work then they can put their all
efforts so that they can attain their individual and company's goal. But Alberti and et.al (2021 )
argued that in the absence of leadership employees will not get proper guidance and there is high
chances that they may commit errors and mistakes at the work place. As it is the main objective
of leaders that they must show right path to their employees and help them in each and every
step. One of the major role of leader in the organization is that they provide clear direction to the
employee and let them know the value of discipline, standards and rules. Kinder and et.al
(2021) states that It is the responsibility of the leader that they must provide an effective strategy
to the employees so that all employees and team member can understand how they have to share
valuable information to each other so that inter organisational network can take place in the
organization. As the end goal of each and every organization is to increase their market share and
make good reputation in the market.
Kinder and et.al (2021) states that leader can only become successful when they have
followers, if the leader do not have any follower and people are not ready to follow the guidance
and rules of the leader then it becomes difficult for the leader to make employees understand
about the importance of strategies and leadership. It is the responsibility of leader that they must
celebrate the progress of company along with their employee. Besides this, leader has to follow
appropriate style so that they can take suggestions of the employees as well to generate good
goal of the company. Along with this, leader provides proper resources to the employees and
give them all the training so that they do not commit mistakes and errors. Apart from this, leader
is responsibility of the leader to create structure and also job role so that employees can produce
quality work. Leader should not follow servant leadership style in their organization. Leader
must collect review and feedback from each and every employee so that they may share their
review and point of view. Broadhurst and et.al (2021) also states that leader must follow
command and control in the organization. They also have to build trust among employees so that
employees can also share their feelings and thoughts with the leaders so that they can reduce the

situation of conflict and dispute at the workplace. This will help the company to increase the
skills and accountability of the company. It is the obligation of the company to maker sure that
everyone in the company must have some skills and knowledge so that organization can use
their skills to achieve their own goal. Along with this, leader must trust their employees and
commit good intention to them. Broadhurst and et.al (2021) states another major role of leader
in the organization is to encourage employees for their better performance and also improve their
skills and roles to get effective inter organizational network.
Methods of leadership style
As per the views of Kazemi, (2021)there are many leadership style is present, which can be
followed by the leaders of the organization as per the requirement. There are numerous leaders
available in the organization which uses different styles some leaders want that their employee
must follow their instruction without arguing and sharing their opinions such leaders are known
as autocratic leader. They always follow command and control approach and states that they
always focus on the instruction given by leader. Besides this some leader follows Authoritative
leadership style in which employees follow their leaders only but in this case leader should be
confident and must meet the expectation of the employees. This leadership style is also
appropriate in some uncertain situation where employees don't know what they have to do. This
type of leader always take time to make employees understand their role and responsibility and
leader also have to explain them so that they can perform their job role effectively. Apart from
this Tareque, (2021) said that there is Democratic leadership available, such leader always give
priorities to the thoughts and opinions of employees. They welcome the suggestions and views of
their employees before taking any decisions. Organization must get benefit of this leadership
style because, employees can easily share their views and what they think about the management
and other colleagues . This leadership will also help the company to reduce the situation of
conflict and dispute. This will help the organization to win the trust of their employees and it
will promote positive spirit among employees at the work place. When the organization follows
this leadership style it will increase corporation from employees because when leader understand
their situation then employees also follow instruction and command of their employees and try to
generate accurate results in the favour of the company. Besides, this it has also been seen that

good leadership style help the company to achieve their all goals, in the absence of leadership
employees will not get any proper direction and this will make their entire work delayed. In
addition to this Imansach and et.al (2021) said that leader may follow Pacesetting leadership
style This approach is good for all those works in which employee have to work under pressure,
and they can easily complete the work in a given deadline. Along with this, one of them most
effective leadership style is also present their which is popularly known as coaching in which ,
leader observe their employees and as per the requirement they give them appropriate coaching
and training so that they can improve their weak areas and use their skills for the overall
development of employees so that they can perform effectively in the organization. Those
leaders who uses this leadership styles keep their hands and hearts open for others, and they
always remain ready to teach new things to others and especially to their employees so that them
do not have to face any difficulties in performing their job role and responsibilities. Such leader
believes that every individual have some power and skills which makes them unique. Badillo-
and et.al (2021) also says that leadership is an management function which assist to direct the
entire organisation. It also improve the overall efficiency of their resources and attain the
objective of organisation. The main objective of leader is to bring creativity in the purpose of the
organisation and also guide the employees in realizing the mission of the company and how they
can contribute their part in the company. Sindy,(2021) said that in today's era organisation cant
enjoy luxury as the market can change any time and the preferences of customer can get
changed,so in such situation it becomes compulsory for the organisation to meet the market need
and remain stable in the market. But this can only possible when organisation follows good
leadership style so that leader can guide employees towards the market need and help them to
use new techniques of the organisation so that their company can give tough competition to other
companies. Leaders are one of the important factor who can make the entire organization
successful. Leadership is an art through which leaders can assign work and responsibilities to
employees and encourage them to attain all goals. Antonopoulou and et.al (2021)said that in the
absence of leadership, manager alone can't achieve effective and quality work from them. By
having good leadership the entire culture of organization can get improved. Thebo and et.al
(2021) bring aboutThe concept of leadership is important for the organization because it provides
a clear vision to the organisation and also employees can share their problems and issues with
their leader This will help the organization to decrease the absenteeism and employee turnover

in the organization. Besides this, leadership is also responsible for setting objectives for the
organization and for the employees as well. After setting objective, leader also form strategic
vision and direction so that the goals can easily attain by the employees. Thebo and et.al (2021)
believes that strategic vision and objective can help the organization to increase competitive edge
in the market. But the main goal of leader is to get success for company and make company a
tough competitor for other companies. Leader always try to provide high performance to and by
implementing effective leadership style, leaders can easily provide quality work to company.
Leadership concept believes in group m efforts and team work. Remarkable leadership style
focuses on building such an environment in which each and every employee develop something
new in them and this will benefit the organization.
Theories of leadership style:
Pacesetting leadership style in which they increase the morale of their employees and follow
keep up approach and utilize the pacesetting style. Those leaders who follow this approach they
always push their team to do better work and run hard and fast so that they can attain all the set
targets and reach to the finish line.
Autocratic leadership style. In this style leaders does not involve their employees in the decision
making process. Subordinates have to follow instructions of their leaders and are not allowed to
share their views and opinions.
Association between leadership styles and inter - organisational networks with employee
performance.
As per Isa and et.al (2021) relationship between leadership style and inter – organizational
network can improve the performance of employees. As the main motive of using leadership
style in the organization is to guide employees so that they work on their performance and the
weak areas so that in the future, employees do not have to face any issues. Inter – organization is
totally concerned with the relation of employees to each other so that they can easily work in a
team, and they can get a chance to learn from each other. This will help employees to enhance
their performance. As inter-organisational network is the procedure of reaching out to the
colleagues and connecting to them and it doesn't matter that it is the part of job, but it is
beneficial for the employee when they connect with their colleagues because they will get many
new things to learn from them. Hence, the relationship between leadership style and inter-

organisational network will definitely help employees to learn something new. Besides this,
Muhdor and et.al (2021)said that employee also put some efforts so that they can have a talk
with their employees, and they can use office messaging system so that they can easily connect
with their colleagues and share their problems with them. This kind of system can help the new
employees to ask some fellow questions with other employee and it will save their valuable time,
and they will easily learn new skills. Here leadership can help them because by using effective
leadership style, leader of the company will also guide employees whenever they work in a team
because leader knows the skill and level of knowledge of each and every employee, so they will
build only such team in which all the employees share similar interest. Leaders can conduct some
events so that employee can get a chance to interact with each other. Nasab and et.al
(2021)emphasis on it because such small events create a network among employees and it is not
necessary to host big events but a small get together can establish healthy relation among
employees. This kind of get together will help the organization to decrease the situation of
conflict at the workplace. But leadership also impacts employee performance because when the
leader is corporative then it will help their employee to sort out their every problem and on the
other hand if the leaders are not cooperative, and they impose their opinions and rules then it
becomes difficult for employee to establish good relation with their colleagues. Trust is a critical
factor which helps the employee ton achieve all the goals and objective of the company. It takes
time to build trust over time. But it is in the hands of leader to win the trust of their employees.
It is essential for the business to reach at their goal and for that they need to maintain
good reaction with their employees. It has been seen that many leaders faces difficulties in
maintaining good relation with each other, because some times' leader may select such
leadership style in which they do not give importance to the opinions and suggestion of
employee and this creates hurdles in forming good relation with employees. Leaders can help
employees in improving their short term and long term performance by using different leadership
style. But it has been seen that democratic approach is effective in both whether it is short term
goal of employee or long term. It is the responsibility of leaders that they must share feedback
with their employees so that they may know where they are going wrong and how many efforts
they have to put more so that they can improve their performance in the future. On the other hand
Donkor and et.al ( 2021 )believes that participative leadership style is less effective for short
duration as it is useful for long term perspective. It also put positive impact on the performance

of employees. It also makes a positive environment at the workplace and provide inter-
organisational network to the organization. Besides this, one of the major thing which is being
done by leaders is that they always say truth to their employees so that they may know the
reality and work on it. Along with this leader also listen to the opinions and concerns of
employees instead of giving the orders. This will help the organization to build some positive
environment and so that all the employees feel relaxed, and they can focus on their work. If the
organization really build inter-organisational situation then it is the liability of leaders that they
must use different leadership styles at different situation so that employees can easily meet
difficult and complex problems and bring appropriate solutions from them. Besides this, leader
can provide motivation to employees and this will help them in decision-making procedure,
because when the employee remains motivated then they can form a healthy and creative
environment in which other employee can also share their participation and add value to the
organisation. But to motivate employees and boost their morale employees, leader must know
what drives them so that they can work effectively. It can be done at the hiring level and leaders
can ask difficult question to employees so that they may know the level of knowledge of
employees.
LR Conclusion
It can be concluded that leadership plays an important role within the organisational
context. This could also seems that leadership styles about their team members as they can easily
work and keeping them for having their high skills and knowledge. By reviewing about retail
sector that could help them for knowing about organizational networks and make sure for having
their high estimation process. Leadership styles is being more important for the managing work
and make sure for having their high sources for their work. Along with this could also keep their
healthy competition among employees and that competition will help them for knowing that help
the company growth ad build up high connection. While research have also collected the
information about leadership styles with employee and also make sure for having their highly
effective things. This might be helpful for taking their risk and measure about how they are
reacting with interviews.

CHAPTER 3:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research philosophy
Research philosophy is regarded to be the prospect with which the research that is involved in
bringing about the entire orientation of the report gathers data (Azad and et.al, (2017)).Research
philosophy is important and is also constituted into two major philosophies. the first one is
interpretivism and the second one is positivism (Azad and et.al, (2017)). The interpretivism
research philosophy revolves around half of the individuals contribute for the society and their
roles which is vital in shaping the society. That behaviour is also regarded to be one of the
criteria that is known to be auditor mental factor in the interpretivism philosophy. This is also
oriented with the societal needs and believes. Positivism is the one which shapes individual
according to the society. there is an influence of behaviour in this and that is interpreted by the
data which is known about individuals. The effectiveness that is oriented with regard to
evaluating data can improve the decision making criteria that is in regard to the researcher
(Beauchamp and et.al, (2021)). This particular research which is oriented with leadership and the
types of leadership that are oriented is brought about by the interpretivism research philosophy.
The focus is entirely upon the individuals rather than the society honour phone. This particular
philosophy is selected because and inductive research along with the qualitative research can be
imbibed for this particular philosophy. There are also many other reasons for selecting
interpretivism for this particular research in order to move ahead with the limitations of
positivism that are unrealistic.
Research type
The data collection that is a part of research type is oriented into different format and this is
again classified into two types. The qualitative as well as the quantitative research for the two
types that are mostly preferred by people all around when dealing with the research reports.
Qualitative research is the one that will bring about all the data that is textual oriented which is
not related to the statistics that are in regard to the research (Bush and et.al (Eds.), (2019)).
Qualitative research will bring about an explanation that will generate an understanding of the
entire concept of research along with the opinions. A detailed information regarding all the
consequences of the data that is being collected is portrayed by this type of research (Bush and
et.al (Eds.), (2019)). Qualitative research is mostly preferred when there are no statistical data
that will have to be analysed. There are also certain techniques that are included in order to

structure the kind of research. These include semi structured and unstructured criteria where
mostly the qualitative methods include other observations for focus of a certain group in order to
collect data. The quantitative research which is the second type of research that is included will
depict the numerical data on the statistics that are oriented with the research. This can also
revolve around the collection of different numbers that are associated with their finances for the
number of employees that are usually there in the research. When the research is defining about a
problem oriented concept then quantitative research type is usually preferred such that the
different forms of survey as well as and understanding of all the problems that are in relation to
the numbers is being ratified. The type of research that is being opted by the researcher in this
particular report as a qualitative esearch which will provide a better understanding of all the data
which is being collected (Delanoy and Kasztelnik, (2020)).
Research Approach
The research approach is nothing but a plan that will comprise of all the required steps and
assumptions that are a part of research. This will bring in the collection method as well as the
particular analysis that is oriented with interpretation of data. In this particular approach the
major decision is oriented with the kind of approach that will have to be opted by the researcher
among the kind of research approaches. There are particularly two types of research approaches.
The inductive and deductive research approaches. the data collection that is a part of inductive
research will bring about all the phenomenal aspects in identifying the patterns that are in regard
to the research and orientation of concept (Castillo and Hallinger, (2018)). The inductive
research is mostly towards deriving a new theory from the related ones that our existing (Castillo
and Hallinger, (2018)) The inductive research is in depth analysis that will help to effectively
increase the knowledge that is associated with a particular concept that is portrait in the research.
When a research is moving ahead with a possible outcome then there is a certainty to go with the
positive as well as the negatives in the research. The inductive type of research will reflect upon
the positivity of the entire concept and the outcomes are also evaluated on accurate basis
(Delanoy and Kasztelnik, (2020)). In the deductive kind of research there are certain assumptions
that are taken with the hypothetical data in order to evaluate the existing circumstances that are
prevailing around the concept. The kind of research that is being selected as an approach for this
entire research by the researcher is an inductive type of research approach. This will bring about

the kind of qualitative research that is being adopted by the researcher and the suitability is
derived in all prospects.
Data collection
Data Collection is regarded as one of the prominent aspect in a research methodology and it is
carry forwarded by certain stages by the researcher. Based on the research topic the data
collection will be gratified in an effective manner. There are two types of data collection one is
the primary data collection as well as the secondary data collection. The aim of conducting a
research is to move ahead in analysing the goals as well as a strategy that are in regard to the
research. This can be brought about by certain formulation and that in regard to data collection is
brought about by the two types that are depicted. In the primary type of data collection all the
data which is necessary for the research to be oriented is collected from the primary sources like
that of a questionnaire interview survey and other type of interactions that will bring about the
right amount of data on a primary basis (Delanoy and Kasztelnik, (2020)). The secondary data
analysis is nothing but the data which is collected from the secondary sources like that of books
journals social media platforms and many other secondary accesses that are in regard to bring
about the data into existence. The Research development kind of entity is more towards
evaluating this two types of data collection aspects where the right amount of knowledge can be
gained. in this particular research the research is choosing a primary type of data collection
where the sources of survey are verified in order to meet the needs of the research. There are
certain components that are included and are to be evaluated and those are particularly carried in
a secondary data collection process (Golensky and Hager, (2020)).
Data analysis
Data analysis is regarded to be one of the prominent stage where the entire data that is collected
is being evaluated in the prospect of dealing with the kind of entities that are in regard to the
project. The research methodology is more oriented with the data analysis because it is being
processed with certain formulations like that of inspecting modelling and transforming the
collected data into the components of the project (Golensky and Hager, (2020)). The data that is
collected from various platforms is said to be evaluated based on the kind of materials are the
primary sources that are being inculcated. This step is one of the major in the research
methodology and it is carry forwarded and two techniques which is to analyse the data as well as
transforming the data into the collected sources which is for the depicted by qualitative and

quantitative research. The type of data analysis is entirely based on the selection of topic for the
research. If the research is oriented with a qualitative kind of approach then it is more towards
bringing about the theoretical aspects and therefore the analysis that is oriented will be thematic
analysis. This is because all the variations are not numbers and the entire concept will have to be
analysed and therefore the researcher will opt for a thematic analysis to be inculcated. When it is
a quantitative type of research that is oriented with evaluating numerical data and various
statistics than the type of analysis that is being used by the other is a statistical analysis. In this
particular research report the researcher uses a thematic analysis because the type of research that
is being adopted as a qualitative research. This is oriented with every component and every
factor in a thematic analysis and therefore the data can be transformed and collected under the
process of thematic analysis. This will bring in the right amount of required knowledge from the
vital sources and platforms and that which is not oriented with numbers.
Sampling
Sampling refers to the target people or the audience that are in regard to bring about the various
choices that are associated with a research. Sampling is mostly associated with the primary data
collection where this step is inculcated in to bring about all the answers to the answered queries
that are a part of research ((Gümüş & et.al, (2020))). This is being used only selected by the
research in order to inculcate the techniques that are in regard to collecting data as well as
inquiring him at all levels of research. In order to conduct a research it is first necessary to
identify the audience as well as the participants that are necessary to draw information. The kind
of sampling will vary upon the particular research and these are of two types namely random and
non random. In a random sampling method it is mostly the people that are picked up on a random
criteria and are required upon the research analysis. These are not planned ones and they are
picked accordingly in a random format from the type of entity that the researchers usually dealt
with (Gümüş & et.al, (2020)). A non random type is the one in which it is a pre planned criteria
and the number of employees are the participants that are in regard to knowing the details of an
organisation are the type of research that is being carry forwarded is usually pre-planned. the
kind of sampling types that is being chosen by the researcher in this regard is a random. Random
sampling is mostly preferred by many researchers because it is already pre planned to decide
upon the participants because the research will have to be oriented in a plant manner and that is
carry forwarded by a random sampling. In this regard for this particular report the researcher is

going to choose 30 participants as a part of employees as well as the once that are a part of
deriving information. These are selected on a random basis and evaluated upon various
information that is being gathered as a part of research. The sampling method will also bring
about the kind of motivation that is in regard to research of the selected topics and there is a
value that is generated in the midst of participants because they feel valued.
Reliability and validity
Reliability and validity are the measurable factors of every research and they are broadly
classified into defining the concept of entire research by maintaining the formulations that are a
part of inculcating practices of research report. The reliability and validity are the conceptual
actions where one is brought about by and accuracy and the other is brought about by precision.
It can be classified and can be defined as maintaining accuracy of the entire research and that can
be carry forwarded in a successful manner. The researchers that is in regard to bring about all the
data which is collected from various sources which are primary and secondary will not
necessarily be accurate (Parvin, (2019)). For this reason the reliability and validity are included
in order to bring about the accuracy that is in regard to the data which is being collected.
Sometimes there might be sources that will defect numbers or the teams that are not particularly
accurate. This inaccurate data that is being collected from various sources can be evaluated based
on reliability and validity. When reliability brings about the consistency in dealing with the
choices of the research then validity will show the accuracy of the particular entity. All the data
that is collected from various platforms will make this approach and essential and a reliable one
where the researcher is mostly oriented with covering the overall entity of the study.
Ethical considerations
Ethical constraints are nothing but the moral principles that are included in a research. It is a
well-known fact that every research is governed by ethics and is also oriented with the kind of
scientific atmosphere that is being provided by the researchers. The ethical principles are
regarded to be the crucial components where the determine the protection rights as well as the
dignity of research participants that are in regard to bring about the data into existence. When the
research is more into bringing about the ethics and maintaining the ethical standard then
probably it is regarded to be a successful research and that is also an improvised version of new
concepts. The ethical studies are said to be creating a great impact and a more reliable pace in the
midst of your and that is being an advantage for different opportunities that are in regard to the

project (Zia, (2020)). Some of the ethical standards that are usually maintained by researchers
include those of not misinterpreting data that is being collected. Proper referencing and
evaluation are carried and there are no false statements that are included. Equal and fair amount
of opportunities are provided to the participants that are engaged into deriving data by
maintaining the standards of respect. Although the information is said to be a valid one it will not
be shared with others as a part of confidentiality that is in regard to the project. The values of
every research method and the participants is maintained at all levels in a ethical consideration.
Respect towards the intellectual property and not violating the rights of research as well as the
intellectual property will have to be maintained in ethical considerations and that is regarded to
be one of the primary component in order to carry an effective research. When all the standards
of ethics are being fortified then the research will obviously gratify the aim with which the entire
work is moving ahead. The support that is generated to the values of research will bring in
fairness honesty and a mutual respect.

CHAPTER 4- Results
Theme1: majority of respondents said that company has adopted democratic leadership style.
Which leadership style is adopted by your
organization?
respondents
Democratic leadership style 20
autocratic leadership style 7
laisez faire leadership style 3
total 30
Interpretation:
From the above bar graph it can be interpreted that out of 30 respondents 20 said democratic
leader style, 7 said autocratic style and 3 said laisez faire style. Democratic leadership is one the
most popular leadership style.
Theme2: maximum participants strongly agree that leadership style can impact employee
performance.
Democratic leadership style
autocratic leadership style
laisez faire leadership style
total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
20
7
3
30
Column B

Do your agree that leadership style can
influence the performance of employee?
respondents
Strongly agree 15
agree 5
strongly disagree 4
disagree 6
total 30
Interpretation:
From the above pie chart it can be said that within 30 participants 15 strongly agrees, 5 agree, 4
strongly disagree and 6 disagree.
Theme 3: maximum respondents said that inter - organisational networks are important.
Do you think that effective inter -
organisational networks are important?
respondents
Yes 25
no 5
total 30
15
5
4 6
30
Strongly agree
agree
strongly disagree
disagree
total

Interpretation:
From the above pictorial representation it can be observed that out of 30 respondents 25 said yes
and 5 said no. inter organisational networks is the formal and informal relationships between
employees within the organisation.
Theme 4: maximum respondents said that employees must included in decision making.
Do you feel that employee should be included
in decision making process?
respondents
Yes 22
no 8
total 30
Yes
no
total
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
25
5
30
Column B

Interpretation:
From the above picture it can be interpreted that out of 30 respondents 22 said yes and 8 said no
employees should not involve while making decisions.
Theme 5: majority of respondents said that good leaders should have all qualities.
According to you what are the qualities which
a good leader should have?
respondents
Gratitude 2
ability to delegate 4
communication 3
empathy 1
all 20
total 30
22
8
30 Yes
no
total

Interpretation:
From the above image it can be said that out of 30 participants 2 voted for gratitude, 4 voted for
ability to delegate, 3 for communication and 1 voted for empathy and 20 said all the above
qualities should have in good leader.
Theme 6: majority of respondents said that good employer and employee relations are important
in order to achieve goals.
Do you think that in order to achieve goals
better organisational relationships within
employees and employer are important?
respondents
Yes 21
no 9
total 30
Gratitude
ability to delegate
communication
empathy
all
total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2 4 3 1
20
30
Column B

Interpretation:
From the above chart it can be analysed that within 30 employees 21 said yes and 9 said no when
they are asked that better organisational relationships are important or not. If employee will have
good relations with his or her employer than he or she will retain for longer time period in the
organisation. It has been noticed that there are many employees which leaves job because they
are not satisfied with their employer.
Theme 7: maximum people said that inter - organisational networks is helpful for innovation.
Do you believe that inter - organisational
networks can helps in bringing innovation?
respondents
Yes 18
no 12
total 30
Yes no total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
21
9
30
Column B

Interpretation:
From the above representation it can be interpreted that from 30 participants 18 said yes and 12
said no when they are asked that inter - organisational networks is helpful in bringing innovation
or not. When employer will take suggestions from employees and build good relations with them
then employees can suggest innovative ideas (Zhang, Cao and Wang, 2018).
Theme 8: maximum employees said that they can express their opinions and views.
Do you think that you are allowed to express
your views and opinions?
respondents
Yes 16
no 14
total 30
Yes
no
total
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
18
12
30
Column B

Interpretation:
From the above image it can be seen that out of 30 respondents 16 said yes and 14 said no when
they asked that there opinions are taken by the organisation or not.
Theme 9: maximum participants strongly disagree that leaders can only give orders.
Do you agree that effective leaders are only
those who will give orders?
respondents
Strongly agree 2
agree 3
strongly disagree 20
disagree 5
total 30
16
14
30 Yes
no
total

Interpretation:
From the above image it can be concluded that out of 30 respondents 2 strongly agree, 3 agree,
20 strongly disagree and 5 disagree.
Strongly agree agree strongly disagree disagree total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2 3
20
5
30
Column B

Theme 10 Maximum participants are strongly agree that by getting feedback their
performance will be increased
Do you agree that feedback provided by leader
will help you to improve the overall
performance ?
respondents
Strongly agree 18
agree 8
strongly disagree 2
disagree 2
total 30
Interpretation:
The above table and graph it can be stated that majority of employees are agreed that they get
feedback from their leaders and it is beneficial for them to increase their overall performance. 18
employee are strongly agreed with this that they are getting proper feedback from their leaders
Strongly agree agree strongly disagree disagree total
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35

and 8 employees also agree with this but 2 employees are strongly disagreed as they did not
found any improvement in their performance (Ullah ansd et.al 2021). But majority of employee
have improved their performance by working on the instructions and feedback.
Theme 11 Maximum respondents states that their leader take their opinions and
suggestions
Do you feel that your leader take your opinion
and suggestions ?
respondents
Yes 22
No 8
Interpretation:
According to the above table it can be seen that 73% employees believe that their leader take
their opinion and suggestion. It is very important for the overall development of the employees

as well because this will help them to become creative thinker, and they can easily provide
appropriate suggestions to the company whenever company need their help and suggestions. But
on the other hand 8 employees feel that leader does not take their opinions and suggestions so the
management and leader of the company should work on it. So by conducting survey it has been
known that most of the employees are happy and feel privileged whenever leaders collect their
opinions and views.
Theme 12 Majority of respondents said that they have been communicated the
performance
Do your leader clearly communicate
performance expectation ?
respondents
Yes 27
No 3

Interpretation:
After analysing the entire table it is being analysed that most of the employees feel that their
leaders clearly communicate performance expectation from them. In the entire survey it has been
come out that 90% employees said yes, and they know what organization is expecting from
them, and they are working as per the expectation of their leader and helping the company to get
their goal achieved (Tan and et.al 2021) . On the other hand only 10% employee said no about
their performance expectation but it can happen at the big organization. So the leader should not
ignore this, and they must convert the remaining employees, and they also get the performance
expectation.
Yes No
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

Theme 13 Most of the employees agree with this
Do you think that leaders play important role in
achieving organisational objectives?
respondents
Yes 22
No 8
Interpretation:
After analysing the entire graph it can be analysed that most of the employees at the workplace
believe that leader is playing important role to attain the objective of organization because leader
is the one who is guiding the entire team and making all the employees aware about the
weakness and strength so that they put more focus on improving their performance and weak
Yes No
0
5
10
15
20
25

areas. On the opposite 8 employees are disagreed with this as they think that leader is not
contributing effectively to attain the objective of the organization. So the management and
leader of the company must take appropriate action about this and let all employee know their
strength so that they can help the company to attain their end goals and objectives.
Theme 14 Majority of employee get feedback
Does your leader gives you feedbacks? respondent
On weekly basis 20
On monthly basis 8
Never 2
On weekly basis On monthly basis Never
0
5
10
15
20
25

Interpretation:
As per the table it has come out that most of the employees believes that they are getting
feedback from their leaders on different time duration. 20 employees stated that they get
feedback on weekly basis so that they can improve in the upcoming weeks. On the other hand 8
employees get feedback on monthly basis, and they feel that this feedback will also help them to
improve their performance (Wang and et.al 2021). But very few employees said that they never
get any feedback so the leader must concern this, and they should provide feedback to all
employees, so they may know about their performance and try to do better. So that they may get
more rewards and appreciation from their manager and leaders, and they will get motivated and
encouraged as well.
Theme 15 Mostly employees are agree with this
Do you agree that in complex situations leaders
should allow employees to take decisions on
their own?
respondent
Disagree 12
Strongly disagree 8
Agree 6
Strongly agree 4

Interpretation:
After analysing the entire table, it can analyse that majority of employees are disagreed, and they
believe that leaders allow them to take their own decision in the complex situation as in every
situation they can communicate with their leaders and then take correct actions. On the other
hand 8 employees are strongly disagreed with this, and they feel that they have the freedom and
right to made their own decisions in complex situations (Schleu and et.al 2021). On the other
hand 6 employees are agreed with this as they feel that they do not have right to take their own
decision in the complex situation, and they have to follow all the rules and instructions of their
leaders. Besides this, 4 employees are strongly agreed with this, and they are also feeling that
they have no right to take their own decisions.

Theme 16 Majority of employees get rewards
Does your team leader gives you rewards and
recognition for your hard work?
respondents
Yes 25
No 5
Interpretation:
From the above collected data it has been seen that majority of the employees believe that their
team leaders give them rewards and recognition whenever they perform outstanding in the
company. It is a motivation for them whenever they receive any kind of appreciation and
motivation because it being them encouragement and motivation to do more and give their best.
But on the other hand 5 employees did not receive any reward.

CHAPTER 5-Discussions
It is true that leadership style plays vital role into employee performance. So leaders should have
carefully select leadership style through which employees gets motivated and their productivity
can be enhanced. If employee will perform good then it will help organisation to achieve their
aims and objectives. In democratic style employees are allowed to give their views and opinions
in decision making process. Employees are not forced or pressurise to do any task but its concern
are taken (Akkaya, 2020). It is very important that management of organisation should involve
their employees while making decisions for them. As employees know better that what problems
they are facing and on which decision has to be made. Young employees can also provide
innovative and new ideas which can help company to achieve its objectives. While in autocratic
style all decisions are taken by high authorities only and employees have not asked before
making any decisions for them. Every organisation adopt different leadership style and is
decided by leaders. If leader will use that leadership style which is best for the situation then
leader can provide proper direction to the workforce and that can improve or enhance employee
performance. Leader plays vital role in directing employees and leaders uses leadership style to
provide proper direction to the employees. As leaders act as mentor so they guide their
employees in such a manner so that objectives or goals of company can be achieved. It is very
important that all employees of the organisation have healthy relationship because that will help
company to grow because it reduced conflicts and confusion (Islam, Tariq and Usman, 2018).
For that it is necessary that employees should communicate with each other so that strong
relations can build. Absent of effective inter - organisational networks can hinder performance
and growth of company. So that is why it is highly recommend that employees should have good
relations within. Decision making process is the important step and employees are also part of
the organisation so that is why company should never exclude employee from this process. It is
essential that leader should have good communication skills because he or she has to address
entire team so that is why it is very important. Leaders should delegate responsibilities to their
team members. So that work can be done rapidly. Empathy is the important quality. Leader
should understand that every individual have different capacity to understand things. As some
can take time and other cannot (Sarfraz, 2017). When employee and employer will have good

relations then complete focus will be on achieving goals only. Company can use ideas of
employees because young employees have amazing idea which can be helpful for company to
achieve company's objectives. Innovation cannot be brought by one individual but it is the hard
work of collective team. Employees should be given freedom by every organisation so that they
can share his or her opinion or views. There are highly chances that employee can share such
idea which can benefit to company. If organisation will not allow employees to share their
opinions then employee can get frustrated and also leave such organisation. As effective leader is
not the one who always gives orders to its team members. Team leader are not made to give
orders but they are made so that they can give right direction to the team members (Asghar and
Oino, 2017). If team leader will start giving orders to their team members then they will start
losing members because no employee will accept work as an order. So it should be highly
avoided. Leaders provide right direction to their workforces which help them in doing right work
at right time. Leaders also help their subordinates in balancing their work and life. Without
leader no team can achieves objectives or fulfil tasks. Employee will give good performance only
if they will get good working environment. Leaders also provide their employees healthy
working condition where they feel safe and secure.
CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION AND LIMITATION
From the above dissertation, it had been seems that retailing sector have taken the huge
place around the worldwide. This could also helps the customer for knowing about how they can
deal and make sure for knowing about those activities which could keep them with highly profits
working. As for this leadership styles and inter organizational networks for developing those
activities through which organization can work with their employee. This could also led them for
having their high evaluation and make sure for having their proper strategies for keeping them
with high growth. While having such things this could also essential for knowing about that
leadership styles must be important for taking organization goals and objective. While having
such things this could also led them for working with high system and make sure for having their
performance and make sure for having their proper estimation about various sources.
Also, keeping them with having their various leadership styles about those activities
which could keep them for working about those terms and condition. While this also allow them
for working with many things for the employees and also managing them with their goals and

objective. This could also led them for working with high impacted and business for sector that
make their rules and regulation about those activities which could make them working. The
organization also required for keeping them with more styles about their activities which work
and make sure for having their high estimation. This might be also happened with various factors
and having more rights and responsibilities about those effective manner cost.
This have been concluded about that secondary research that states about various author
views that could make them with having their high estimation about those sources. This could
also led them for working with high effective things and make sure for having their high process
in completion about leadership styles. It have been seems that author views about the different
styles of leadership and that could led the for working with high estimation and process about
those styles which could make them working. Moreover, having the estimation about various
sources and make sure about their communication and team working with proper managed.
This research is carried out in the quantitative type as it helps in bringing out the textually
oriented data which is not based on statistics. It helps in building the explanation which is helps
in understanding the concept an entire basis. Both primary and secondary research is conducted
in this research to obtain reliable and accurate results related to the topic. Primary data is used to
collect the real life data with the help of survey and gathering the data for interpreting the
outcomes. Secondary data was helpful in collecting the data which is already been proven. The
limitation of this research was the constraints due to the allotted time. Due to the financial
reasons, quantitative research was not possible so qualitative research was conducted which
helped in having better understanding and providing all the information which was required for
the research.
It can be seen that leadership styles and networking are an important part in the
performance of employees within an organisational context. The sector for retailing is growing at
a fast pace especially for the products to be used in day to day life. There are different types of
leadership styles which can be implemented in an organisation. This style is selected based o the
employees of the company and the one which suits them well. The different types of leadership
styles can be a confusing element in the aim to improve the performance of the employees.
Organisational networks are helpful in attaining the desired performance of the employees as the
latter has become a problem for organisation. Leadership is about the characteristics present in a
leader to guide the team members. It is an important part of leadership to have good network

connection while sharing all the valuable resources and information. Effective form of leadership
will help the employees of the organisation to increase their skills and knowledge to help the
company grow. Moreover, leadership helps in making strategic goals for the organisation which
is well suited for each employee working within the organisation. It is important for John Lewis
to have leaders who will influence the behaviour of its employees in positive way while building
the inter- organisational networks.
This will also help the company in gaining the competitive advantage and moreover, help
in decreasing the absenteeism of employees within the organisation. It creates the work
environment where the employees are free to develop new ideas and actions which will benefit
the company. Along with leadership style, networking within the organisation is also very
important for improving the performance of the company. Inter- organisational network is related
with the employees and their relations with one another while gaining a chance to learn for each
other. Connecting is a part of each employee's job. Such systems will allow employees an open
platform to clear their doubts and raise questions and where the leader can help the company to
guide the employees in the right direction. With the such level of connection and networking,
there will be decrease in the conflict at the workplace as the employees will be able to solve their
issues. It can be seen from the primary data that leadership style as well as inter- organisational
network will impact the performance of employees. The qualities demanded in a great leader are
gratitude, their ability to delegate, having effective communication as well as empathy. It is
important for John Lewis to improve their inter- organisational networks as it helps in bringing in
innovation. It must give a platform to its employees where they are allowed to express their
views and opinions. It is not necessary that effective leaders are the one which gives orders.
Companies such as john Lewis, are known to have some issues for the leaders in maintaining the
relations with one another with the leadership style which is being adapted within the
organisation.
Limitation
The limitations of this research is the sample size as it was not possible to conduct sample
within a large number of population but the data was gathered with simple random sampling
where the sample size of 30 was taken while collecting the primary research data. The company
can opt for participative leadership style which is very beneficial for the company on long terms

basis as it helps in influencing the employees in the positive way. It creates the workplace to be
more relaxed which enables the employees to focus more on their work and completing the given
tasks within deadline. There is a relation between leadership as well as the inter- organisational
networking which leads employees to learn something new. John Lewis can introduce some
messaging systems within the organisation which will help the employees to connect easily and
have effective form of communication.
Recommendation
A good leadership strategy in John Lewis will help in increasing the skills and
accountability. It helps in avoiding the conflicts happening within organisation. The different
styles of leadership include democratic leadership which is considered to be the most effective
leadership and will benefit the organisation. Democratic leadership give more priority to the
needs and requirements of the employees. It will help in increasing positive spirit within the
organisation which in turn will increase the corporation level from the side of employees.
Democratic leadership styles is suited best for the John Lewis as it helps in increasing the morale
of the employees working for the company. Such leaders lead the company with open hands and
mindset for helping others and making sure that employees are not facing any issues. For a
company like John Lewis, it is important to make the use of new technology and techniques
which is possible with the help of choosing the right style for leadership. The absence of a proper
leadership will not take the company in the right direction where the leaders hold the
responsibility to provide company with effective strategies which will help in attaining the goals
and objectives of the organisation which is to increase the market value of the company while
maintaining a good reputation within the market. Moreover, a leader provides the employees
with required resources and will train the employees in order to avoid any mistakes and errors.

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