Leading and Managing Change

This assignment explores the concept of leading and managing change in organizations, with a focus on the white metaphor and its evaluation on planned and unplanned approaches. It also discusses the shift from calm waters to white waters and its impact on business strategies and external factors. The case study is based on Amazon, a leading e-commerce firm.

Leading and Managing Change

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Main Body.......................................................................................................................................1
1. Explantation of white metaphor in the organisation and its evaluation on the basis of
planned and unplanned approach................................................................................................1
2. Evaluation that shows the shift from calm waters to white waters generates by considering
business strategies and external factors.......................................................................................4
3. Theories related with the managing and leading change and their implications in the human
resource department....................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCS...................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Leading and managing change works as a systematic approach which is used by
organisation to deal with the modification in transformation and transition. The major purpose to
implement change management in the organisation is to formulate effective strategies to
implement and control in the organisation. Majority of the corporations implements the
understanding and leading change to help the employees for adopting changes in the
organisation. This assignment is written from the perspective of Amazon which is one of the
leading E-commerce firm among all over the world. There are more than 6,47,500,
(https://www.statista.com/statistics/234488/number-of-amazon-employees/) employees are
engages in Amazon who are working to achieve organisational goals and objectives. It was
founded by Jeff Bezos in the year 1994. They start their business as per the E-commerce platform
by which they sold books to customer's. To implement this effectively in the organisation
management focuses on employee's or people to make effective changes at workplace. The study
for this assignment show the importance of strategic and operational importance in organisation.
Along with this it also highlights the critical evaluation of management theory, strategies and
tactical operations. In the last, organisational development approaches will also be cover in this
report. Further, in upcoming years Amazon start to expand their business by selling large range
number of products to customer's and enhancing their business size into different industry like
cloud computing, artificial intelligence etc.
Main Body
1. Explantation of white metaphor in the organisation and its evaluation on the basis of planned
and unplanned approach
According to the existing market conditions it is mandatory for all organisation to manage
effective changes in the functions and operations. The activities related to modification leads the
organisation to stay for longer period in the competitive industry. Therefore, to implement
effective changes in a firm white water metaphor and calm water metaphor are two methods
which are adopted by the management of Amazon to achieve huge success in the industry (Al-
Haddad and Kotnour, 2015). Moreover, in the present scenario organisation gives priorities to the
white metaphor because it helps them to adopt regular changes that take place in the society. In
the change management white metaphor introduces changes on a small level because they are
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unpredictable and complex to manage. Along with this it is for the management of Amazon to
deal with various problems such as lack of stability and predictability which are required by
managers and organisation to survive in the market for longer period. In the present scenario, it is
mandatory for the Amazon to implement essential changes in the organisation which are related
with change management in organisation. It results that employee's are motivated through
making changes which leads organisation to achieve their goals effectively. This determines with
the implementation of white metaphor it is easy for Amazon to adopt changes on regular basis.
This activity results it is easy for the management to increase their market share by delegating the
work and its possibilities to perform the work with in a accurate manner. As most of the
customers attracts and demands those products that are unique and imitable. Amazon is leading
their business at the top position in online industry. So changes help the organisation to perform
their work with in appropriate manner such as by adopting the innovative technology it is easy
for organisation to enhance their business performance. As it helps management to perform their
operations and functions in short intervals.
There are three types of changes are included and implemented by the organisation that are
unfreezing, changing and refreezing. On the other side, there are various changes related with
structure, design and process related E-commerce business to separate them from other
organisation is also considered by Amazon. The whole explanation is mention related with this is
mention as below:
Kurt Lewin's model
 Unfreezing stage- In this stage the organisation make changes through leading employee's
for reducing the impact of old process. It helps organisation to take first step of improving
the process. The main motive to implement unfreezing stage is to reduce the
organisational changes and to compete them to deal in better way.
 Changing stage- With the change stage it is easy for management to implement new ideas
through which organisation perform their work in effective manner as employee's are
ready to learn new process. Changing stage is to perform their work as per needs to
control its work as per the management to enhance results and consider them in managing
employees to learn better process.
 Refreezing stage- After the learning stage this is easy for management to motivate
employee's by which they became habitual for new process. So the operational
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performance will be increased. With this stage it is easy for organisation to make changes
as per the results for considering better results and to enhance long term benefits by
managing its work to manage them for considering operational results to make long term
benefits.
On the other side calm water works as process for the change that is related with three
different stages which are unfreezing, changing and refreezing. This change process works as
traditional approach for organisation in which unfreezing stage helps the management to deal
with existing changes in their operations such as removing the process (Alavi and Gill, 2017).
The second stage for this process relates with alteration in the current process. Amazon is
operating their business at global level. So it is mandatory for management to respond on
environmental actions rather than react. Amazon consider their work as a calm sea and make
changes when they are mandatory to enhance their work performance. It governs management
helps individuals to adopt n new process so it is for them to become familiar with the current
issue in order to learn the new methods and process for their operations. The last stage stands for
refreezing stage this determines the new changes which are implement by organisation are
permanent and works as the regular process for the functions of a business.
In the present scenario most of the organisations are performing their work at global level.
Therefore, to deal the changes management need to focus on all aspect. So it is mandatory for
organisation to make plans in order to approach the changes with in a effective manner. But the
external market conditions of the organisation is unpredictable. Moreover, by making and
adopting effective changes it is easy for management to boost their performance with effective
manner. Like Amazon adopts all its changes with the help Kewin model for change. This results
better performance is achieved by management through improving productivity of employee's. It
governs that it is difficult for the firm to perform the work with constant basis. Hence, it is
mandatory for organisation to make changes by implementing the approaches with more
efficiency.
In the accelerated changing business environment, it is mandatory for large organisation
such as Amazon to learn about those factors which helps them to adopt changes in a flexible way.
Planned and unplanned approaches are two methods which helps organisation to make an
effective changes (Bloxham, Ehrich and Iyer, 2015). Such as planned approach helps
organisation to make changes through formulating various needs which leads the management to
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enhance business performance for the internal department of organisation. It determines to
implement modification inside the firm planned approach is most appropriate methods which
helps organisation to enhance business performance. Whereas, to deal with the external factors it
is difficult for organisation to predict them so unplanned changes is one of the best approach
which leads the business houses to implement changes in appropriate manner.
Characteristics of unplanned and planned change
Planned internal change- To make changes with the planned actions can work as a
strategic move for the organisation. It refers that there are various functions need to be improved
as it leads management to perform by developing new framework in organisation. In the context
of Amazon they are performing their operations at large level so the management make changes
in the organisational structure and its size. This activities leads management to enhance their
business performance by making changes in the services and products of organisation by
implementing a fair amount related with pre planning, effective coordination and resource
distribution to meet with the needs of changes in the organisation (Braveman, 2016).
Administrative system are implemented by the organisation by enhancing administration
accuracy and efficiency. This results the most competitive advantage is achieved by Amazon
such as to improve the image of the organisation in the market. On the other side, it also helps
organisation to manage the business activities from top to down approach. Previous identified
that work is to manage in centralized and formal work because it helps to achieve the greater
success by implementing changes in organisation to complete the work in an effective way.
External change works as a system that leads management to perform the work by
motivating the people to complete their work with a positive factor. Technological innovation is
one of the best example that helps organisation to become a large part by designing and
manufacturing the process to increase the operations and functions of organisation. This governs
that management is able to bring innovation in their work due to which it is to delegate the work
as a automated process.
Advancement in communication and information processing- In the present scenario,
there are various task need to be managed by work through which it is easy for management to
transfer all essential information with its subordinates. Fibre optics wires, networking and
wireless connectivity are some of the major factor that leads organisation to complete their work
in minimum time period (Dawson and Andriopoulos, 2014). It governs that all of the above
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mention factors leads the organisation to perform their work with high efficiency and
effectiveness. The main aim to deal with this changes is to perform by providing easiest and
convenient solution to business and its people. Therefore, it results in improving the efficiency of
organisation at a broader level to enhance the productivity of organisational operations and
functions.
After the analysis of various aspects it is analysed that white metaphor is one of the
crucial aspect which helps organisation to perform their work in accurate manner. Effective
methods which are used by management of Amazon are mention as follow:
Change in demographic composition- The number of women in market functions and operations
is increasing with a rapid speed. It determines whether the organisation is private or public
women are contributing to perform the work which results in increasing the efficiency for
organisation (Fragouli and Ibidapo, 2015). It works as the unplanned internal change which
results in increasing the organisational performance and the economic conditions of country.
Performance gap- Performance gaps are associated with in an organisation either by
increasing the profits margins for a firm and the decrease in the number of sale of their products
and services. The main reason to undertake this factor is to improve the strategy for organisation
because it works as an internal department of organisation.
Government regulation- Alterations that takes place in the governmental rules and
regulations is greatly influenced by the nature of business. This determines it works as the
positive factor due to which it is easy to identify that whether the organisation is performing the
work under government rules and regulations. Like in the developing countries E-commerce
platform is not managed properly. So to complete the work government support the organisation
to increase their business performance by investing in organisation to develop better
infrastructure.
Global economic conditions- Global economy directly relates with impacts on the
business due to which performance and productivity of organisation is directly impacted. Like
Amazon leads management to perform their operations in developing and developed countries.
As per the present economic the competitive pressure is high in market. This activities result it
works as an external factor for the organisation due to which the performance relates with the
management to perform their work in short intervals.
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2. Evaluation that shows the shift from calm waters to white waters generates by considering
business strategies and external factors
Successful changes are planned in the organisation through analysing various factor such
as external which are related with management and its policy (Gupta, 2011). This determines it
is important for organisation to deal with various changes by which organisation changes its
policy and regulations for performing their work with a positive approach. Change structure in
the organisation relates with different factors by which management is able to perform their work
through considering various task such as to enhance their business performance and to improve
the quality of their work possibilities and probability is high in context of white water. This refers
modification in management such as authority, relationship, coordination and many more are
designed by organisation to achieve organisational goals and objectives. It is possible if
management is able to perform their work by considering all variables of organisation with a
positive factor (Jones and Harris, 2014). So it works as one of the major benefits for Amazon
through which management is able to enhance their work probability by considering all positive
factors for a business firm. It results with this structural components it is easy for top authorities
for implementing improvement process in organisation.
Traditional approach- Calm water process is the traditional approach which is used by
organisation to complete the process of change in organisation. This refers that there are various
task need to be performed by management for increasing awareness among the employee's about
the benefits of the changes in their work. This theory also impacted by external factors such as
government and market environment. Along with this it is essential for formulating different
factors through which organisation makes changes through formulating changes in top down and
bottom approach. The adaptability requires to complete the work is related with extensive
commitment it refers that management is able to boost their performance by performing their
activities on daily basis (Lawrence, 2015). As the constant efforts or improvements helps the
organisation to make changes in their performance by defining their performance and its results
with a positive manner. Along, with this adaptability requires by organisation need to make
commitment which works as a positive factor such as by providing training and development to
the co-workers of organisation.
Cost saving- Whenever the changes are implemented in the Amazon, there is risk among
the factors by which productivity and costing of the organisation is impacted. Along with this
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theory relates with organisation and its factors are achieved by management to overcome from
the competitive parity and competitive advantage. It determines that the major risk relates with
the factors of cost, money and profits of organisation. Therefore, it is important for the
management to deal with effective factors that leads the management to boost their sales by
reducing the efficiency of organisation (Painter and Clark, 2015). So it is essential for
management to implement white-water process so better results will be achieved by the
organisation through performing and managing the work on daily basis. The changes is
implemented which results to identifies there are various goals that leads them to save the cost by
considering various evaluation to make efforts and its results with the efficient and monitoring
their business factors to make their task as a part for the business. This determines better results
will be achieved by management through improving work capabilities by implementing the
process of white-water as it helps to evaluate various factors which are related with evaluating
organizational structure.
Corporate relationship changes not only improve the performance of Amazon but it also
helps the organisation also improves the business ideas through completing and accommodating
the work capabilities. Reasons relates with the changes and their implementation of process are
required to preserve important relationship by considering regular improvements in the work
culture of organisation (Shore, 2014). Hence, with the white-water improvements performance of
stakeholders is regular increase that results in improving the better relations with the stakeholders
of organisation. Moreover, strong management of corporate relationship assist the organisation to
improve the revenue of an organisation but generating the confidence among vendors, customers
and employee's.
Internal and External factor for change
According to the present era, it is essential for an organisation to adopt changes in order to
stay for longer period in a competitive market. Internal and External environment of an
organisation undertakes various steps due to which changes take place in organisation. Some of
them are mention as follow:
Government- This is essential for organisation to perform their work as per the regulations of
authorities and system of a country. Amazon is operating their business at global so it is essential
for them to follow this rules effectively.
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Competitors- In the present scenario, competition in the e-commerce industry is intense due to
which it is mandatory for organisation to adopt changes on daily basis.
Procedures- Most of the existing organisation are performing their work by focusing on all
factors which relates with management procedures. But to improve performance of organisation
managers need to make changes as per current situation of market.
Resisting to change people
To deal with the changes it is essential for management for completing their work by
making changes on regular basis. Some effective methods to deal with the changes is mention as
follow:
Motivation- In the present scenario, organisation needs to deal with changes through
implementing motivational techniques. It leads management to boost their performance in
effective manner.
Leadership- An effective leader leads the organisation to enhance their work performance by
considering all positive factors to complete their work with more efficiency in order to increase
business area for leader.
3. Theories related with the managing and leading change and their implications in the human
resource department
Organisational change works as one of the imperishable quest for large number of
scholars and managers in order to implement effective decisions in the organisation. This refers
that there are various task are performed by management to increase their work size and
implementing effective structure which work as a positive results for the management to enhance
their work and its capabilities in order to gain positive results two approaches are implemented by
Amazon which is mention as follow:
Methods that create barrier for change Self Interest- This is one of the major reason due to which people are not interested to
adopt change. As the major focus of this employee's in the organisation is to complete
their self needs due to which they overlook on organisation benefits. Lack of trust- People not adopt changes as it is complex for them to fulfil their needs due
to which employee's are not able to understand their needs. It governs that it resist
employee's to accept new changes.
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 Lack employee employment- This is one of the major barrier that generates challenges for
the barrier in the organisation. Employee's are fear for change as it is complex for them to
learn new techniques or approaches for work.
 Ineffective communication- Majority of the organisation face challenges because of no
communication strategy. So it works as major barrier due to which leaders are not able to
introduce changes in organisation.
Methods to deal with resistance Participation and involvement- In order to accept all the changes it is mandatory for
employee's to involve them in all functions and operations. Due to which better results are
achieved by employee's. Participation and support- The another method which is most effective for managers is
to provide support for all employee's. As it increases the moral support to enhance
employee's benefits. Negotiation- By negotiating all the ways it is essential for employee's to manage their
work through completing their needs in order to gain high return from employee's.
 Co-operation- In the present scenario, by generating and managing employee's needs it is
easy for organisation to formulate better co-operation between employee's and
management that leads to gain better results for organisation. Increase urgency- This steps involves to generate a sense of urgency in the organisation
in order to motivate them by generating needs for employee's that leads them towards
objectives. Build the team- most of the Amazon project are performed by teams. So with Kotter
theory it is easy for management to formulate effective teams for organisation.
Prescriptive approach- Planned change is one of the crucial factor which helps
organisation to perform their work as per the needs of market. The major term is first coined by
Kurt Lewin that is used to distinguish between the marked plans and sudden changes due to
which organisation perform their work in a new way. This results management needs to complete
the work by ensuring different factors such as internal work and its change is easily done by the
management. On the other side, sudden changes need to be adopt by organisation in a accidental
way. This results management need to focus on all possibilities due to which management is able
to perform work by freezing and unfreezing the work.
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Emergent approaches consists of various factors which are related management and its
functions are related with ongoing accommodations, adaptions and alternations which are related
with fundamental changes in society. Emergent changes that occurs are related with organisation
and re-accomplishment to perform their work which are related with contingencies, breakdowns
and opportunities to perform their work. The changes relates with people and routines to make
implement in applicable rules and breakdowns to complete the work (Velmurugan, 2017). Their
are various for completing universal applicable rules to emergent changes and to models for
monitoring different participative features of organisation. Along, with this their emergent to
make their work for performing the work in structures, cultures and organisational learning to
make power and politics.
Theories related with understanding and leading change
Kotter's change management theory- It is one of the most popular and implemented
organisation which leads management to increase the market share by considering various factors
in order to lead and make changes at different stages. Some stages related to organisation are
mention as follow:
To improve the vision- This stage relates with organisation and its performance by
selecting the long term vision to make essential changes. So after this step organisation focuses
on communicating all the needs of organisation through improving their management process.
By the above points it is determined that Amazon is able to get long term profits by considering
the factor of management to implement this process by considering their work with step by step
process in order to follow and corporate them for longer period rather than using the old process
to perform their work as it outdated and consume more time.
CONCLUSION
From the above report it is concluded that it is mandatory for the organisation to make
essential changes because it helps the firms to survive for longer period in the market. In the
present scenario, there are various functions and operations needs to deal with factors that leads
management to complete the work by enhancing change management process and the evaluation
of white-water process through impacting business facilities and the strategies to lead
organisation for completing their work. Further, the major factors which are achieved is to
explain effective theories by which work performance of the business will be improved. Along
with this it is also useful for human resource department. In the last, management need to focus
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on effective strategies that enhances business performance by familiarize employee's with change
management.
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REFERENCS
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managing successful projects (Vol. 213). John Wiley & Sons.
Painter, S. and Clark, C. M., 2015. Leading change: Faculty development through structured
collaboration. International Journal of Doctoral Studies. 10. pp.187-198.
Lawrence, P., 2015. Leading change–Insights into how leaders actually approach the challenge of
complexity. Journal of Change Management. 15(3). pp.231-252.
Jones, M. and Harris, A., 2014. Principals leading successful organisational change: Building
social capital through disciplined professional collaboration. Journal of Organizational
Change Management. 27(3). pp.473-485.
Gupta, P., 2011. Leading innovation change-The Kotter way. International Journal of Innovation
Science. 3(3). pp.141-150
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development. International Journal of Information, Business and Management. 7(3).
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school performance, in Queensland. Journal of Educational Administration. 53(3).
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follower responses to complex change. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies.
24(2). pp.157-171.
Al-Haddad, S. and Kotnour, T., 2015. Integrating the organizational change literature: a model
for successful change. Journal of Organizational Change Management. 28(2). pp.234-
262.
Nelson‐Brantley, H.V. and Ford, D.J., 2017. Leading change: a concept analysis. Journal of
advanced nursing, 73(4), pp.834-846.
Lopez, P. and Wise, D., 2015. Leading Change for the Implementation of Common Core State
Standards in Rural School Districts. Education Leadership Review of Doctoral
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Byers, V., 2017. The challenges of leading change in health‐care delivery from the front‐
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Online
Leadership Skills. 2019. [Online]. Available
Through:<https://www.skillsyouneed.com/leadership-skills.html>.
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