Management and Leadership Perspectives

This report discusses the key theories and perspectives of leadership and management, motivational theories, and the impact of effective management and leadership on ethics and values framework. It also explores how managers and leaders can facilitate changes in an organization. The case study focuses on Marriott Hotel and its strategies in leadership and management.

MANAGEMENT AND
LEADERSHIP
PERSPECTIVES

TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
1. Key theories and perspectives of Leadership and management..............................................3
3. Motivational Theories..............................................................................................................4
4. Effective management and leadership contribute to ethics and values framework.................5
5. Effectiveness of leadership and management behaviours impact on organization's vision and
mission.........................................................................................................................................6
6. Managers and leaders can facilitate changes...........................................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Daily decision-making and setting business strategies is the work of managers and
leaders of a company. It is very important to have a stable processing of the company so that the
working is better and the organization will be able to get higher revenue. Marriott hotel chain is a
public company which is having its headquarters in Maryland, U.S. There are 176,000
employees working in the company and covers 6,906 locations in the world.
Managers and leaders have different roles in organization which is covered in the further
report. Theories and principles used by leaders and management to have an effective workforce
and make the best services reach the customers on time. Tools and methods which are used for
fulfilling making the working of leaders and management more stronger.
1. Key theories and perspectives of Leadership and management
Leadership can be define as the ability of influencing the work and behaviour of people
towards goal achievement in given situation and
Management is a process of controlling and administering the activities of the
organisation.
There are various type of leadership and management theories which has been adopted by
the organisations. Marriott hotel international uses these leadership theories in following manner:
Contingency Theory: The contingency model has been given by Fred Fiedler and according to
him effectiveness of a leader is contingent on his style matching a situation and not by adopting
it. This theory is future oriented so Marriott hotels assure that the leaders are capable to prepare
the employees for the contingency that might arise in the future.
Transformational leadership Theory: Transformational leadership style can be define as a
leadership style in which a leader motivate, inspire and influence its subordinates to create
positive changes towards the organisational growth. Marriott hotel follows this style because it
works on both relation oriented and change oriented behaviour of leadership. It combines
employees needs and interests with organisational goals by influencing and motivating them
(Nader, 2019). Marriott hotel give much attention in policy development according to employees
value. Culture has been addressed for the purpose of motivate them to work for company and
their own benefit.

Situational leadership theory: This theory suggests that a single leadership style can't be a best
fit for every situation. Instead, it depends on the current situation that which leadership style and
strategy are suitable for that task. According to situational theory an effective leader is the one
who are able in adapt their leadership style accordingly the situation and by taking care of all the
factors. Marriott's hotels has adopted this theory because they believe that situations are not same
at all the time so a single solution can't be suitable for every situation. They have the team of
effective leaders that have ability to adopt required leadership tactic in different situations.
3. Motivational Theories
To motivate the employees, leaders of Marriott hotel can use content theory and process
theory of motivation.
Content Theory of motivation
Content theories also known as need theories because it mainly associated with
employees needs and relates motivation with fulfilment of these needs. This theory aims to
identify those factors which motivates people that they seek after their needs are fulfilled.
Herzberg two factor theory:
According to Herzberg removing the factors that causes dissatisfaction at workplace,
doesn't automatically give satisfaction to the employees. So he suggests that organisations should
have some factors which can increase satisfaction positively.
Herzberg mainly include two factors to increase satisfaction that are Motivation and
Hygiene. Hygiene factors can be identified as the factors that can be a cause of workers
dissatisfaction (Graves and Sarkis, 2018). It may include working conditions, salary and
company policy.
Motivation factors are those which helps employees to get job satisfaction, such as job
recognition, promotion opportunity and responsibilities. These factors can satisfy human
psychological needs.
Marriott hotel's managers use this theory to remove dissatisfaction in employees. It
assures that working conditions are favourable and company policies are supportive for
employees. It also assures timely pay to employees so that dissatisfaction can be reduced.
Leaders of Marriott hotels also taken care of motivation factors like job recognition and
performance appraisal etc. to increase motivation.

Process Theory of motivation
Process theory is generally related with the psychological process of people which
influence their behaviour to act in a certain way.
Equity Theory:
This theory is concerned with the employee's perception towards equity. Equity means
the output has to be equal to input. According to this theory the ratio has to be equal of the
contribution and outcome so that employee can be motivated (Bande and et.al., 2016). Employee
that are working at same level should be paid equivalent because inequality can causes
demotivation.
Leaders of Marriott hotel motivates its employees by giving performance appraisals and
promotion to able employees. They provide training to employees and keep them evaluating.
They take feedback of employees so that required changes can be done. Managers maintain
equality between employees contribution and their outcomes so that they feel motivated.
4. Effective management and leadership contribute to ethics and values framework
Due to ethics and value framework of Marriott there are standards which are present in
the hotel and that is satisfying the customers more. There is a sense of direction within the hotel
which making the effect working of the employees be explored and the organization is being
able to achieve their motivates.
 Motivation
It is very important for the leaders and management to have a positive behaviour of
themselves within Marriott so that there is a healthy environment for all of them to work in. For
maintaining the motivation in all the employees and making the best results reach the customers
it is very important to have a fair treatment to all the employees (Akhter and et.al., 2016). Make
employees feel that they all are important in the organization so that they would give their best in
Marriott. Involving the employees in decision-making is another factor which is an ethic in
Marriott because that gets a level of motivation in employees so that they can function better.
 Team building
To have a team work within an organization it is very important for the leaders to have an
honest and trustworthy relationship with all the employees so that they can have a better
functioning for themselves. Marriott has values for team work so that there is a better functioning

for themselves and that results in a good brand image in market. Guidance is very important for
team building which the management presents for the hotel and that can make the efficiency in
the organization better.
 Mentoring
There is proper training which is given to the employees of Marriott so that they can
match up to the ethic and value of the organization so that the customers are satisfied. It is very
important for the leaders to mentor the employees because there are standards which are set by
management of the organization and it is very important for them to achieve those so that the
functioning of the organization is better (Choromides, 2018). Commitment from the leaders and
management must be present so that the employees of the hotel can get inspired which will be
very helpful.
5. Effectiveness of leadership and management behaviours impact on organization's vision and
mission
Leaders and management of Marriott work together so that they can achieve their
objectives and goals. To have a better performance in the organization the management makes
sure that the leaders are motivated which would lead to employees motivation because the
leaders will be able to guide the employees better. There is a sense of direction which is present
if there is motivation in everyone. Motivation also leads to team work which is another
competitive advantage for Marriott because achieving the objectives becomes even easier for
them.
The visions and mission of Marriott is to provide the customers with the best of
experience in the hotel with leisure and holiday feelings. This is easily achievable for the hotel
organization because they work as a team and that is because of the leaders and management of
the organization. There is no communication gap in the organization which is leading the
organization to have one direction which is a very important factor for everyone so that they can
achieve their objectives (Baumgartner and Rauter, 2017). Management puts vision and mission
in front of all the employees and the leaders have to work harder to make them come into
practical use. Management will only see that they are being achieved from time to time so that
the organization can reach a larger customers base by satisfying all of them.

Performance of the company has to get improved which is when the leaders and
management put in their best for reducing the conflicts which are taking place in the company.
Team work is very important in Marriott because there are a lot of factors which have to be
completed for the customers to have a better stay in the hotel and till the leaders and
management does not make everyone work as one till then there will be no achieved goals in
organization. Hotel line all the departments are connected and if they do not work as team, then
they will not be able to give the best to the clients as well.
6. Managers and leaders can facilitate changes
Kurt Lewin's change model can be used to understand the work of leaders and
managements of Marriott. There are three stages of process of change in organization which are
unfreezing, changing and refreezing.
Management and leaders of Marriott use this model when there are changes like
technology or digitalization changes which are coming in this industry (Herman, 2016). Unfreeze
is when there are a lot of changes which are required by the company so the leaders and
management make decisions and then the leaders inform the employees slowly and gradually
that the changes are very important. Information is required so that employees can have a mind
set of changes which have to be made. Changing stage is when there are changes which take
place, in this stage employees rebel and do not accept the change but when the changing phase
shifts to freeze then the employees have to adjust to the changes so that they can have a better
functioning for themselves. Marriott is a very competitive company because they made decisions
for the company which will be accepted by everyone so that they can have a better functioning
for themselves. Lewis change model can help the organization to understand the importance of
change and how important roles do leaders and management play in making those changes come
in the hotel. Over years there are a lot of changes which have taken place and it is very necessary
for the leaders to motivate the employees so that the changes can be got in the hotel industry
smoothly and effectively (Parés, Ospina and Subirats, 2017).
Gantt Chart is also used in the company so that the best decision can be taken for the
hotel. There are a lot of changes which are implemented in Marriott but through the help of Gantt
chart it can be determined that which changes are making a great difference in the company
those changes will become permanent. Before making any decisions permanent in organization it

must be tried different decisions so that employees can have comfortable and pleasant with them
and the customers can be given what they expect out of Marriott.
CONCLUSION
The report above helps in concluding that the leadership and management are two critical
aspects in managing the employees at any organization and currently, Marriott Hotel was taken
into special consideration. The report concluded that the best leadership strategy that can be
recommended for the Hotel was Situational Leadership theory and the content as well as process
theories of motivation were discussed. The report also concluded that leadership affects the
effectiveness of an organization as well as there vision and mission and the strategies developed
to achieve such objectives set. Lastly, the strategies used by managers of Marriott hotel in
facilitating change were also evaluated.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Akhter, S and et.al., 2016. Leadership and management of associations. In The Palgrave
Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations (pp. 915-
949). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Bande, B. and et.al., 2016. Exploring the relationship among servant leadership, intrinsic
motivation and performance in an industrial sales setting. Journal of Business &
Industrial Marketing.
Baumgartner, R.J. and Rauter, R., 2017. Strategic perspectives of corporate sustainability
management to develop a sustainable organization. Journal of Cleaner Production. 140.
pp.81-92.
Choromides, C., 2018. Leadership and change management: A cross-cultural
perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research.
Graves, L.M. and Sarkis, J., 2018. The role of employees' leadership perceptions, values, and
motivation in employees' provenvironmental behaviors. Journal of Cleaner
Production. 196. pp.576-587.
Herman, R.D., 2016. Executive leadership. The Jossey-Bass handbook of nonprofit leadership
and management. pp.167-187.
Nader, R., 2019. Leadership and motivation (Doctoral dissertation).
Parés, M., Ospina, S.M. and Subirats, J., 2017. Social innovation and relational leadership:
opening up new perspectives on social change. In Social Innovation and Democratic
Leadership. Edward Elgar Publishing.