Operations Management: A Literature Review

This assignment provides a detailed literature review on operations management, highlighting key concepts, frameworks, and applications in the field. It covers topics such as lean management, supply chain management, sustainability, and project management, among others. The review also discusses the use of partial least squares in operations management research and presents various case studies and simulations related to the topic.

MANAGEMENT
AND OPERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
a. Differences and similarities between a leader and manager...................................1
b. Functions of a manager according to Fayol................................................................5
c. Applying different theories and models of leadership approaches in M&S............7
Thus, manager and leader of M&S uses contingency approach which help them to
make employees function effectively and attain targets timely............................................10
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................10
1. Different approaches to operations management and the one used in M&S......10
2. Role as a store manager, a classic example of an operations manager.............13
3. Importance and value of operations management to achieve business objectives
..............................................................................................................................................13
4. Impact of key outside factors upon operational management...............................14
5. The way external factors impact upon decision-making as a store manager......16
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................17
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................18

INTRODUCTION
Management’s responsibility is to conduct operations for accomplishing the
business goals and objectives. Funds, material and manpower are the resources which
administration requires to utilise in an efficient manner. For this, it is necessary that
appropriate tools and equipment are implemented in the system for execution of
activities effectively (What is Operations Management?, 2014). Manager frames
strategy and plan for directing subordinates to perform their tasks in a proficient and
systematic manner. Along with this, leader provides guidance and support to staff
members for the delivery of products and services in respect to needs and demands of
people. Present report is based on Marks and Spencer which is a popular retail store,
headquartered in the United Kingdom. It is a multinational firm that provides different
types of products like clothes, food, home furnishing, etc. Difference between role of a
leader and function of a manager is stated in this assignment. Besides this, their
application in different situational contexts of firm is given. Key approaches of
operations management and their importance in attainment of business objectives are
mentioned as well. Further, impact of upon operational management and decision-
making is also described in the report.
TASK 1
a. Differences and similarities between a leader and manager
Leader and manager have a pivotal role to play in an organisation. Leader is the
one who inspires, influences and motivates his colleagues to work hard and perform
their goals and tasks efficiently to achieve the meaningful purpose of an organisation.
On the other side, a manager is an important source in between company and their
stakeholders i.e. government, creditors, investors, shareholders, suppliers, customers
and employees. He is the key person who performs managerial functions (Ahuja, 2017).
Manager - An individual who is in charge of managing different groups of tasks
or a whole or subsidiary of it to undertaken with motive of accomplishing company's
future goals or objectives.
Roles: Manager's roles are explained by Professor Henry Mintzberg's theory which are
stated as below:
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Interpersonal role - This role includes various legal, social and cultural
responsibilities. Manager provides direction to leadership for attaining the desired goals.
In context of Marks & Spencer, it is the primary role of manager to provide direction and
path to organisation for increasing its profitability. He is responsible for creating
communication and network with internal and external connections.
Informational role - The utmost responsibility of a manager is to find out
information related to organisation and monitor internal management for achieving
productivity and well-being. In context of Marks & Spencer, it is the major role of
manager to be a spokesperson to speak on company's behalf and represent vision and
mission for achieving organisational goals (Brandenburg and et. al., 2014).
Decisional role - Manager acts as an entrepreneur and negotiator for the
organisation. He is an appropriate one who controls change within organisation which
involves problem solving, new idea generation and implementing same accordingly. In
Marks & Spencer, it is the major responsibility of manager to allocate funds, managing
staff and resolve issues and unpredictable conflicts.
Characteristics
These are features that manager possess to direct staff members as stated below:
Effective decision making - A manager should have decision making abilities to
influence working and increase the profitability of a company. In Marks & Spencer, It is
a foremost quality of a manager to take right decision at right time for the right purpose.
He should pursue ability to convince other for the overall consent regarding decision-
making.
Accountability - In Marks & Spencer, a manager should have strong
accountability characteristics to take critical decision and responsibilities for their
achieving goals. He must possess problem solving, take ownership and burden to
tackle situation is an organisation (Martínez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes, 2014).
Patience - Patience is an art to learn and develop ability to handle worst situation
to pull company out of stress to lead for profitability. Well, it needs deep understanding
and patience to deal with team mates, clients and vendors. As Marks & Spencer is a
well-grown entities, so manager needs patience for tackling every arising situation in the
company.
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Leader - The person who influence and motivates a group of people with vision
and mission towards the achievement of a well-structured and defined goals with
combined efforts.
Roles
An inspiring team leader should pursue specific roles and responsibilities for the
achievement of a company success are:
Representative - In Marks & Spencer, a leader is also considered as manager,
which is treated as representative of an organisation. He needs to represent meetings,
conclave, seminar, conferences and other corporate meets. His main role is to
communicate vision and mission of a company and link it with task of an every
employee to achieve goals and targets (Prashar, 2015).
Friend, philosopher and guide - A leader must possess “Your Own” qualities. It
means that he should consists a friend, philosopher and guide qualities in themselves.
He must possess qualities of friend to share feeling and thoughts, philosopher to use his
experience and intelligence by guiding employee and guide for supervision and
communicating an employee regarding plans and policies of a company. This is all
include in relation with Marks & Spencer
Characteristics
These are features that leader have to guide employees are as follows:
Communication - In context of Marks & Spencer, it is important that a leader
should possess communication skills to speak and convey the clear vision of a
company in order to achieve desired goals or purpose of an organisation (Fan and et.
al., 2014).
Passionate - Passion helps the leader to motivate and convince employee to
achieve the target and goals even in the case of tough consequences. It is a
responsibility of a leader to understand problems and situations of their member and
work passionately to solve their issues and increase their efficiency and productivity.
Confident - In Marks & Spencer, it is necessary that leader should be confident
and motivated. Hesitation and lack of trust doesn't come under part of leader. If leader
starts hesitating, it is impossible to regulate and manage the workforce to accomplish
their defined targets and set goals (Asef‐Vaziri, 2015).
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Difference between manager and leader:
Basis Leader Manager
Attribute A leader must possess the quality
of foresightedness to predict and
think about company's goals and
targets.
Manager should be a minded
person. His strong qualities and
strength would be managing the
workforce of an organisation.
Decision-making A leader must possess ability to
take critical decision without
taking care of any consequences.
Manager is a key person who
make decision after viewing plans,
policies, structure and goals of an
organisation
Focus A leader focuses more on
manpower because main role of
leader is to handle team or group
to increase their productivity and
efficiency.
A manager should focus on
creating process and procedure,
which comes under initial part of
completion of any task or goals of
a company.
People A leader aligns people according
to the role and duties related to
the particular objective of an
entities.
A manager is one who found most
perfect people and align their
skills and qualities according to
company's objectives (Lim and et.
al., 2014).
Similarities between a leader and manager: In a particular person, qualities of
both leader and manager work together and sits at a responsible position. A manager
can be effective leader to achieve highest efficiency level of person require to perform
the roles and responsibilities. Both parties are supposed to manage personnel as well
as resources and to work accordingly with goals, vision, mission and direction of a
company.
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b. Functions of a manager according to Fayol
Organisation is present in dynamic environment which keeps on changing with
time. Administration require to have knowledge about various situations which might
affect functioning of firm. This help them to make changes in system and policies for
conduction of business activities in according to market conditions (Bendoly, 2016). In
this, manager of M&S role is to formulate strategies and ideas for betterment of firm.
Besides this, leader duty is to transform and execute plan into reality. Staff members
are encouraged and inspired to carry out tasks in efficient way, thereby complete
targets within specifies time frame.
Functions of management: Henri Fayol had defined activities which superior
require to conduct for achievement of objectives. These are five functions that manager
and leader of M&S perform are stated below (Functions of management, 2018):
(Source: Fayol's five functions of Management, 2016)
 Planning: This is foremost role of manager is to create plan which define
activities and policies for execution of business operations effectively. It is
process by which superior of M&S view future through which coordination and
linkage of various levels is undertaken. This help leader to utilise resources
efficiently by dividing them in different activities (Kim, Kumar and Kumar, 2012). Organising: It is another function at which manager arrange and systematise
business properly. Administration of M&S require to have adequate funds,
5
Illustration 1: Fayol's five functions of
Management

material and employees for smooth execution of activities. For this, staff
members are given roles and responsibilities for making them conduct tasks
effectively. Besides this, they are provided department and structure of command
to get direction and work. Commanding: This is another essential function of management which is to
provide instruction to employees in respect to assigned tasks and duties. In M&S,
staff members will work effectively, if they get proper guidance and support from
superior. They even require to be motivated and encouraged by leader for
complete tasks timely (LaGanga, 2011). Coordinating: In an organisation, people are worked in team for proper
utilisation of resources and attainment of objectives. For this, manager of M&S
responsibility is to harmonise staff members to perform tasks mutually. They
require to maintain discipline and group dynamics for achievement of targets. In
this, leader role is to influence employee’s behaviour and make them positive
towards their team members. Controlling: This is last and crucial function which is performed by manager to
assess whether activities are conducted in respect to defined benchmarks or not.
Performance measurement helps superior of M&S to ascertain deviations that
will effect on firm's brand image. Thus, corrective actions are undertaken by
manager for execution of operations smoothly and effectively (Nassiri and et. al.,
2016).
Different situations which exist in an organisation are mentioned beneath:
Decision-making: Top personnel involves superior and employees in judgement
activities. This help them to make changes in system and policies in according to
conditions prevailing in market. M&S is retail store which provides variety of products
that are food, clothes, home furnishing and many other. Manager require to have
knowledge about demands of people which keeps on varying with time. This help them
to make changes in technologies and modifications in activities for delivery of creative
and innovative items to buyers. Leader involve staff members in decision-making
activity. Through this, employees are made competent to think creatively for execution
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of tasks innovatively. Thus, new actions and methods are used for delivery of quality
products to buyers.
Employee engagement: Management require to have sufficient workforce for
conduction of business activities and attainment of objectives. It is necessary that in
M&S, skilled and competent members are retain for longer time. For this, manager give
value and involve employees in meeting and conference (Peng and Lai, 2012). This
help them to inform them about alteration in strategies and system. In this, leader role is
to engage workers for making them motivated and dedicated to perform tasks
effectively. Thus, staff members is able to provide information to customers about
products, its features and benefits to influence their purchasing decision.
c. Applying different theories and models of leadership approaches in M&S
Management responsibility is to design system and conduct business activities
through which goals and objectives are accomplished. For this, team is formulated
which aid them seniors in proper utilisation of resources and timely execution of
operations. M&S is retail store, so leader require to use appropriate theories for
influencing employees to work effectively (Ravindran, 2016). Therefore, these are
different leadership approaches which is described beneath:
Situational leadership approach
This model was proposed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard. Both define that
manager and leader require adopting leadership style in respect to business conditions.
They should not fix to particular pattern which affect their functionality to direct team
members. Company’s situations vary timely, so superiors need to make solutions
according to the problem. Thus, leader require to be directive and support employees to
work in flexible conditions and make business growth (Pinto, 2015).
Strengths:
 This is simple approach which manager and leader are easily able to adopt for
influencing employees. Both design flexible policies through which business
operations are conducted in respect to market conditions. Strength of this approach is that with the proper assistance of leaders and
manager’s employees are able to taking corrective action on the situation in
which proper actions are required.
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Weaknesses:
 This approach has certain demerits which are related with staff member’s
adaptability to changing system.
 Another weakness of these approaches is that is not easy for all the employees
to adapt change which may cause issue in collaboration of employees working.
 Lack of employees knowledge and skills also affect the operations of firm as
people are not able to understand the situation and it is not possible for them to
take corrective action.
System leadership approach
This is another theory which state that organisation have large market reach for
enhancing their customer base. It is necessary that manager and leader uses
appropriate leadership style for making system function effectively. Both require to
make team members competent and capable to work in dynamic environment. Changes
and modifications in system and structure are made in respect to market. Leader
encourage and influence staff members to make innovation in process and products in
according to needs of people. This benefit organisation to make growth and
development in future time for sustainability (System Leadership, 2018).
Strengths:
 New and advanced tools and technologies are implemented in system which
help manager to provide innovative and creative items and services to people.
Thus, brand image and market position of firm enhance in respect to rival firms. Another strength of this approach is that in this teams are prepared in which
people are assigned as per their similar skills and ability this create value in
effective implementation of organisational operations with proper coordination
and collaboration of team members.
Weaknesses:
 Manager require to conduct training and development for improving skills and
capabilities of staff members in respect to system. This is time consuming and
even employees resist to adapt to changing technologies (Ravindran, 2016).
8

 Due to lack of knowledge and skills in regards to advance technologies
employees are not able to operate their functions in effective manner which may
impact the overall operation of the firm in effective manner.
 Organisational operations cannot be completed due to lack of collaboration
among organisational employees.
Contingency leadership approach
This model define that there is no particular style which is best for firm.
Organisation internal and external conditions determine actions which will be effective
for performance of system. Leader and manager determine their decisions and style
adopted by them to direct and influence staff members. Task or relationship oriented
are two forms of nature which affect their decisions. Leader which are task oriented
require to get business activities complete within specified deadline. Besides this,
relationship one maintain good connection with team members to make them work
effectively. This help superior to reduce conflicts and problems by timely acknowledging
their issues. Thus, productivity of organisation are improved which lead manager to
enhance system performance.
Strengths:
 This theory help leader and manager to become task and relationship oriented
through which business objectives are accomplished. Both maintain friendly
relations with team members which aid them to encourage and motivate to
complete targets timely (Thaler, Priest and Fuchs, 2016).
 Another strength of this theory is that it, therefore, works in many condition and
can be accurately used to determine which situations are best for a leader to lead
in. As such it is a popular theory and is used a lot in the field of management. This also helps the leaders in finalising the actual situation and take corrective
action through analysing the situation appropriately.
Weaknesses:
 Leader nature and capabilities influence on their decisions. There might be
possible that they are not able to accept challenges properly.
9

 A weakness of this theory is that contingency theory doesn't fully explain why
some people are more effective leaders in some situations but not in others.
 This theory is based on reactive aspects not on proactive aspects. This theory is
not reliable for manager as in this actual situation is not explained to the manager
and manager is the only person who is responsible for all the conflicts.
Thus, manager and leader of M&S uses contingency approach which help them to
make employees function effectively and attain targets timely.
TASK 2
1. Different approaches to operations management and the one used in M&S
Operations management is activity that is performed by management for
designing system effective through which organisation reach to higher position. It is
practice by which raw material and employees are components which are engaged in
creation of products and services. This help administration of M&S to provide items to
customers in respect to their demands and requirements. Profitability and sales volume
are enhanced which result into improvement in firm's image and position in market.
Thus, these are various operation management approaches which are stated below
(Thaler, Priest and Fuchs, 2016):
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Six Sigma: This method helps in measuring quality of products and eliminate
defects by focusing on process improvement and control on it. By using this technique
company's manager improves communication among team members, increased
productivity, higher customer satisfaction, production efficiency and so on. Also provide
help in improves bottom line by reducing defects and rework, employee engagement,
and time bound improvements. Those improvement motivate to employees work in
effective manner through sharing innovative ideas and immediate response by leader.
(Source: Six Sigma, 2018)
JIT Approach: This methodology assist to inventory strategies and increases its
efficiencies by reducing inventory cost, expenses, wastage. Operational Managers are
improving delivery process, and balancing between different processes. By using this
approach employees get motivate and consume less time in production procedures. It
provides help in maintaining long term relationship with suppliers, waste elimination and
top management commitment. Leader provides response to their teams on every
existing problems that enhance the level of employee's performance (Ahuja, 2017).
Total Quality Management: Manager consider to long term success of an
organization through customer satisfaction. This method's focal point is continue quality
improvement of products and services along with feedback. Through this step Company
11
Illustration 2: Six Sigma

can accomplish their goals by focusing on process and strategic thinking, effective
communication, quality chain, employee commitment, integrated system and so on.
Leaders play an important role in improving quality by conducting training programmes
according to employee's need. They monitor that all activities are doing well or not. It
creates a better image in customer's eye by providing quality products (Brandenburg
and et. al., 2014).
From the above approaches, just in time is used by manager of M&S. This help
them to utilise funds and products by maintaining relations with suppliers. Besides this,
effective transportation tools are used through which fast delivery of items. Thus, needs
and demands of customers are accomplished and resources are used efficiently.
Role of manager in operation management:
Manager chalk out strategic decisions about how to make products or services
effective. They work out on production process and layout, facilities, where to
manufacture, for instance overseas or domestic. All these plans accomplish under in
senior management. Moreover it includes tactical planning which is related to material
resourcing, process designing, technology sources, quality management and supply
chain management (Martínez-Jurado and Moyano-Fuentes, 2014). Manager's makes
appropriate plans and decisions that help to fulfil customer’s requirement by estimating
demands.
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Illustration 3: Total Quality Management
(Source: Total Quality Management, 2018)

2. Role as a store manager, a classic example of an operations manager
Operations manager is senior person who is responsible for delivery of products
and services in respect to demands and needs of people. Their role is related with
formulation of plan and implementing technologies through which business activities are
conducted effectively. Besides this, they even require to coordinate and collaborate
team members for accomplishing business objectives and goals (Prashar, 2015).
Role of manager in operation management:
Operations manager of M&S is responsible for ensuring that all stores under his
leadership are properly staffed. Another important role of Operations manager is to
control costs. For cost management, he constantly evaluate sales, inventory cost, cost
of operations and any kind of wastage and loss. He ensures that the operations are
carried out in a cost effective and productive manner.
Mark and Spencer conscious for complete feedback and fruitful results, so their
manager develop professional skills through coaching and mentoring to their team
members. They focus on how to targets will be achieve and how to implement with
specific plans, after these steps leader encourage to employees to increase efficiencies
and effective work. In case any problem occur then leader provides better suggestions
and guidelines in respective manner to their team (Fan and et. al., 2014).
Characteristics of large retail store manager
Positive attitude: A positive attitude of a store manager of Mark & Spencer
helps its employees to accomplish its tasks faster and in a better manner. It enables it
employees to demonstrate a good and positive behaviour towards their customer.
Thus, it through positive energy and the work become easier for the employees.
Team work and decision making : Good relation between the retail manger
and its employee help to build effective teams. Having a good positive and polite
behaviour attitude help them in taking better decision in fulfilling the objective of the
organisation. Thus, creates a good working environment so that employees carries
their work with ease.
Function of Retail manger:
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Store Operation: Mark& Spencer managers of retail store are responsible for
overseeing all the operation of the particular store. Such as staffing, bookkeeping,
security and ensuring over all cleanliness. They are also accountable for productivity
and profitability to develop and implement cost cutting measures to minimise the
expenses.
Merchandising: Mark & Spencer retail store manger are responsible for
merchandising how the products are to be show to their customer that looks
presentable. It also help in building spacial displays to showcase sale or seasonal
items on stores. Thus , it creates image of the store by most fashionable attires with
development merchandising activities.
3. Importance and value of operations management to achieve business objectives
Operations management is a systematic procedure which responsible for all
operational activities. It involves production plans, administrative process, procurement
steps and which is based on product distribution process. Managers prepare for related
strategies that increase efficiencies in production. It is the administration of business
practices to create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization. Mark
and Spencer receives benefits by improving productivity through adequate plans. It
provide better plans for availability of products at right place, at right time, in desired
quantity. Henceforth, these are benefits of operations management which are
mentioned below: Utilization of resources: Manager uses Just in time approach which help them
to use funds in efficient manner. In M&S, superior maintain connection with
suppliers which help them to order material and products in respect to market
needs. With this, they are able to reduce expenses of warehousing, storage,
transportation (Asef‐Vaziri, 2015). Control and enhance functioning of system: Management require good
system through which business operations are conducted effectively. Total
quality management is approach which is used by superior of M&S. This tactic
help them in delivery of quality products to customers. For this, appropriate plan
and strategies are framed by manager to direct and influence staff members.
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M&S is retail store which provide food items, home furnishing and clothes.
Company had engaged in e-commerce business through which people are
provided online purchasing facility.
 Profit maximisation: Manager of M&S uses six sigma which help them to
provide good quality products and services to customers. Employees are skilled
and talented which perform tasks effectively. They provide appropriate
information to buyers about items and its attributes. This aid leader to attract
large number of people and influence their purchase decision. Thus, company
sales volume and revenue enhance which result into increment in market
position and brand image (Lim and et. al., 2014).
A manager should motivate and encourage their team members or the worker in
order to reduce number of conflict happens and create favourable environment for
working to eliminate stress from the mind of the employee and which will increase
productivity of an individual or group task towards target achievement and helps making
profit for the long period of time.
4. Impact of key outside factors upon operational management
Business environment include internal and external factors which directly or
indirectly influences an organisation. It is necessary that manager of M&S have
information about inside and outside elements are considered while designing system
and strategies. Government, economic conditions, public and technology are outside
factors which are described below (Bendoly, 2016): Political factor: This component define government intervenes in the economy
and organisation. Different policies in respect to foreign trade, tax, labour law,
trade restrictions and political stableness in overseas market are formulated by
authorities. For example M&S have been favoured through free trade
agreements and have led to decreased sourcing costs. Favourable taxation
policies and Brexit have also benefited the company in the long run leading to
reduced costs and greater profits (What is PESTLE Analysis?, 2014).
 Economic factor: It includes growth, interest rates, exchange rates, inflation,
disposable income of consumers and businesses. For example In UK, interest
15

rates are low due to which the manager of M&S can arrange funds for business.
Due to the inflation of the country, the purchasing power of customers have
increased leading to higher revenue and increasing profitability of M&S.
 Social factor: This is also known as socio-cultural factors which includes
population growth, age distribution, health consciousness and career attitudes.
For example Manager of M&S uses advanced equipment and tools in system to
cut down internal costs and increasing the overall productivity of company. By
gaining external support from customer base, M&S has been able to increase its
overall profitability (Kim, Kumar and Kumar, 2012). Technological factor: This element define that there are rapidly technological
advancements in market. For example manager of M&S make business online
for increasing market reach and customer base. Company has strong social
media and online presence so it is well placed to capitalize on its avenue. Thus,
16
Illustration 4: PESTLE Analysis
(Source: PESTLE Analysis, 2018)

having an upper hand over its competitors helps the organisation to increase its
profitability. Legal Factor: This include health and safety, equal opportunities, advertising
standards, consumer rights and laws, product labelling and product safety. For
example Manager of M&S follows all laws related to standard packaging of
products, using eco-friendly materials and processes of manufacturing. M&S has
been successful and highly competitive in their drive to provide unparalleled high
quality goods and services. The sustainable approach by the organisation has
helped them in the long run by aiming to reduce to the cost and wastages.
 Environmental Factor: This factor has become important due to the increasing
scarcity of raw materials and pollution. It is necessary that business are done in
an ethical and sustainable manner. For example M&S has developed an initiative
called Plan A to reduce its costs. By engaging in sustainable practices, it has
been able to cut down on carbon dioxide emissions by 40%. The company has
also been accredited with efficient electricity usage, reduced gas leaks and better
waste recycling levels. They encourage their suppliers to practice eco- friendly
techniques and achieve higher efficiency (LaGanga, 2011).
5. The way external factors impact upon decision-making as a store manager
Shareholders, employees and suppliers are internal components which assist
manager and leader in accomplishing objectives. They help them in formulation of plans
and policies through which staff members are directed to work effectively. Government
frame roles and laws for influencing organisation which management of M&S consider
at time of decision-making. Besides this economic conditions, public demands and
technology are considered while making judgements in respect to strategies and
designing system.
The external factors involves different situation like economic situation of country.
If Marks and Spencer is unable to pay price of raw material required for the
manufacturing then it will affect the decision making regarding distribution of material of
store manager. Besides this, law made by the government regarding banning particular
type of material which can impact the inventory system of Marks and Spencer (Nassiri
17

and et. al., 2016). This increases difficulty level of decision making for a store manager.
While most important external factors is the overall infrastructure of the particular
organisation this will indirectly effect the complexity of managing store. For example: in
Marks and Spencer, large warehouses. Store manager difficulty is to manage store due
to its complexity and large amount of materials. Another external factors which is
demand of customer which could not be neglected by Marks and Spencer. If demand of
customer are more then it will make impact of storing product and after that store
manager have to make decision whether to store particular product or not.
Impact of external factors upon decision making of an organisation
Social factor – The manager must study its social culture like customs, mores,
values and demographic characteristics of the organization. It represent the products,
services and standards of conduct that is values and appreciated by the society. The
social factors also affect the decision-making of the managers like if the demand of
product decrease or increase the company has to update its strategies and decision
accordingly.
Technological factor - It represent the method that is available for the
conversion of resource into products and services. The organisation must be upgraded
with the technology so that they can attract investors and customers through their
unique technology and products . This decision-making of the organization get affected
due to this factor because accordingly the company has to change their plans and
processes for the production and create new strategies.
CONCLUSION
As per the above report, it can be comprehended that management conducts
operations for accomplishment of objectives and goals. Interpersonal, informational and
decisional are various roles of manager to frame policies and make staff members
aware about their duties. For this, they require effective decision making, accountability
and patience skills. Leader is the representative, friend, philosopher and guide of
employees. Communication, passionate and confident are traits which they require to
motivate and encourage them to perform tasks effectively. Planning, organising,
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commanding, coordinating and controlling are functions which are performed by the
manager. Six sigma, just in time and total quality management are operations
management approaches which help manager to deliver quality items to the buyers.
Government, economic, public and technology are external components which are
considered by the manager in decision-making.
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