Differences and Similarities between Leader and Manager (Doc)

MANAGEMENT
AND
OPERATIONS

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
Differences and Similarities between Leader and Manager Considering Their Roles and
Characteristics.............................................................................................................................3
Functions Of Manager According To Fayol...............................................................................5
Situation Leadership, System Leadership And Contingency leadership style............................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
Different Approaches Of Operations Management....................................................................8
Roles that Leader and Managers play in Tesco Stores.............................................................10
Importance of operation management in Tesco stores..............................................................11
Identification of Outside Factors that have effect on the Operation Management of Tesco....12
Factors Impacting Upon Decision Making Of Store Manager.................................................12
CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Leaders and manager plays a very important role in managing the business activities and
operations. Human resource behaviour and performance also gets influenced by leaders and
managers. They apply various tactics and techniques that lead to bring influences and also
facilitate in performance improvement. Organisation provides leader and manager with various
roles, responsibilities and functions. Tesco is a large retail store company that provides wide
range of products and services. Tesco deals in general merchandise products and also offers
grocery products. In this report, differences and similarities between management and leaders are
explained. Various leadership style such as system leadership, situational leadership and
contingency leadership style are explained. Importance of operations management and outside
factors that have impacts on operations management are discussed further.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
Differences and Similarities between Leader and Manager Considering Their Roles and
Characteristics
Both leader and manager play essential role in business organisation and operate its
business activities. Successful business organisation needs to have efficient leaders and manager
that can manage to bring influences and innovation by motivating its employees. Manager has
employees who work for them while leaders have followers.
Leaders aims at guiding and giving direction to group of people in the business
organisation. Manager focuses on managing the business related activities. Tesco, being a retail
supermarket has various functions to manage. It distributes different manager for every
departments. For example, sales manager focuses on managing the sales department, sales
employees and also related activities. Manager of research and development department aims at
managing the activities related to its department and distributes various roles to employees.
Manager and leader both provide various roles and responsibilities to employees and make them
work in right direction that leads to bring innovation and creation(Hitt, Xu and Carnes, 2016).
Tesco's leaders focus on bringing effectiveness in business operations so that it can gain
competitive advantage and also increase its profits and productivity.
Differences between roles and characteristics of manager and leader are given below:
Leader Manager

 Leaders are required at all levels of
management in Tesco retail company.
 For example, top level of management
needs co-operation while formulating
plans and policies, therefore it requires
effective leadership(Romiszowski,
2016).
 In the middle level management,
leadership is required to execute the
plans and policies. Leaders apply
leadership styles and integrate personal
goals with overall objectives of
business organization. Leaders act as a
friend, guide and philosopher to
employees and make them comfortable.
By this way, leaders can directs its
employees in rights way and
accomplish overall objectives.
 Manager is appointed at every
department in Tesco Company.
 Every functional departments such as,
purchase, research & development,
marketing, sales, inventory, finance has
managers who handle and manages the
activities.
 Manager needs to do proper planning
and organize the business activities.
 Managers are responsible to solve the
disputes and problems happening
between employees.
 Manager makes communication with
employees and also with other manager
of other departments(Heizer and et.al.,
2017).
Following are some characteristics that leaders posses:
 focus on actions(Evans, Rees and Edwards, 2017)
 result and achievement-oriented
 flexible leadership style
 understanding of roles and responsibilities of employees
 provides motivation
Following are some characteristics that manager of Tesco posses:
 self-motivation
 confidence and calmness
 flexibility according to situation
 basic monitory management

 knowledge of legal implications
 organizing activities and human resources
 knowledge of retail industry(Bromiley and Rau, 2016)
Similarities between leader and manager are explained as follows:
 Both leader and manager guide its employees towards the direction of achieving overall
objectives of organisation.
 Leader and manager aims at bringing innovation and creation that leads to bring
effectiveness in business operations.
 Both leader and manager focus on gaining advantage over its employees as retail markets
have great competition(Wu and Parker, 2017).
 Leaders and manager applies various techniques and approaches to bring effective
influences that results in positive outcomes.
Functions Of Manager According To Fayol
Manager aims at directing and guiding its employees towards achievement of pre-
determined goals and objectives of business organisation. Manager aims at influencing behaviour
and performance of employees so that it leads to bring improvement in their performance level.
The improved performance of employees facilitates Tesco to bring effectivenesses in business
operations by bringing innovation and creation. The various techniques and tools applied by
manager helps in achieving overall goals and objectives of Tesco. Manager plays various
functions which are explained as follows by using Fayol's 14 principles:
1. Division Of Work: manager needs to divide the work in different parts and apply role to
employees accordingly. In Tesco roles are divided among employees in order to their
capabilities. For example, manager gives responsibility of attending customers to one
employee and other is provided duty of giving product information in retail store.
2. Authority And Responsibility: Manager needs to provide responsibilities and authority
equally. If one employee is assigned with certain responsibilities, then he must also be
given some authority. For example, sales manager is responsible to achieve targeted
sales, then he must also be provided with authority of appointing sales representative and
also adopting to new advertising techniques.

3. Discipline: Manager needs to provide employees with proper guidance and supervision
that leads to create discipline in organisation as it very essential for effective
outcomes(Renko and et.al., 2015).
4. Unity Of Command: This refers that employees should get command from one superior
and he is also answerable to that manager, otherwise it will lead to create confusion for
employees.
5. Unity of Direction: There needs to be one plan of action and also every team member
needs to make focus on completing same objectives and all this needs to be directed and
controlled by one manager.
6. Subordination of Individual Interest: Manager needs to give priorities to general interest
and organisational benefits. They are supposed to keep aside their individual benefits and
interest.
7. Remuneration: Manager is responsible to ensure that every employees is getting paid
according to their contribution and efforts(Heizer and et.al., 2017).
8. Degree of Centralization: Authority and management decisions needs to be effectively
balanced in Tesco.
9. Scalar Chain: This refers to authority of line which moves from higher level to lower
level. This also refers to hierarchy of communication in organisation.
10. Order: Employees needs to be provided with right order of resources so that they can
effectively perform their roles and achieve business objectives.
11. Equity: Employees needs to be treated equally by the manager so that they do feel
dissatisfied towards job. Manager needs to provide right work and right position to
employees.
12. Stability Of Tenure Of Personnel: Tesco's manager focuses on making balance between
deployment and personnel management. Manager aims that employees stay motivated
and satisfied which minimizes employee turnover.
13. Initiative: manager encourage and motivate employees to take interest and initiative in
business activities. Tesco's manager aims that employees needs to come up with initiative
to make customers satisfied and happy.
14. Esprit De Corps: manager of Tesco is responsible for developing morale in workplace,
employees and effective communication. Esprit de corps refers to contributing to

developing culture and atmosphere of business that facilitate in understanding and mutual
trust(Haksever and Render, 2018).
Situation Leadership, System Leadership And Contingency leadership style
Leader aims at motivating and encouraging employees so that they put their best efforts
and potential in business activities. Tesco requires talented and skilled employees who can make
customers satisfied and happy. Leaders adapt to different leadership style in order to influence
performance of employees. Situational leadership, system leadership and contingency leadership
style are being adopted by leaders of Tesco according to the situations.
Situational Leadership Style
Situational leadership style is adopted by leaders to get fit into the performance level of
employees(Alimuddin and Sukoco, 2017). Leaders brings changes according to the behaviour
and performance of its employees. So that it can result in bringing effective influences on
employees. Situational leaders aim at motivating and encouraging employees and adjust their
style so that it results in effective outcomes. Leadership style is changed accordingly to the
situation of business organisation as well.
For example, Tesco is aiming at increasing its productivity so that it can meet increasing needs
and demands of target customers. For this, leaders needs to adopt situational leadership and also
combine it with directive and contingent style, so that it can give strict direction to its employees.
Leaders will able to influence performance of employees effectively and achieve objectives of
Tesco to increase productivity.
System Leadership Style
System leadership style ensures and enables to create an environment that employees can
work with effectively and efficiently and also leads to positive outcomes. System leaders
identifies behaviour of employees and accordingly provide with roles and responsibilities. It
focuses on identifying relationship between different parts of business organisation for solving
problems. There are various advantages to Tesco and are explained as follows:
 It is dynamic and adaptive in nature(Bromiley and Rau, 2016).
 This leadership style focuses on different dimensions of management and leadership and
arrives on effective solution.
 System leadership style aims at achieving goals and objectives of individual and
organisation.

There are various disadvantages as well which are explained as follows:
 System leadership is highly conceptual in nature.
 This style is not practically applicable at all situation and lacks universality.
 This lacks in delaying process such as decision making.
Contingency Leadership Style
Contingency leadership style states that there is no better style of leadership and his style
fits every situation. Contingent leaders applies his own leadership style to the situation
effectively(Chisholm, 2017). Leaders with contingent style thinks that effectiveness of leadership
style is based on situation. Contingency theory assumes that leadership style can not be
influenced and modified according to the situation. Contingency leadership style helps in
devising motivational and leadership approach to drive motivation in employees. This style is
adopted by Tesco's manager to deal with inexperienced employees of organisation and also
employees who require strict guidelines and directions.
Contingency style is adopted by leaders by avoiding the situation. Situation have three
factors which are explained as follows:
1. Leader-member relationship: it is related to general atmosphere of team members and
also includes trust, confidence and loyalty that employees carry for leader(Evans, Rees
and Edwards, 2017).
2. Task structure: it is related to clarity of task and process which help in accomplishing it.
3. Position power: this relates to reward and punishment authority which leader posses on
its employees.
These factors determine favourableness of different situations in Tesco retail stores. For
example, if Tesco aims at improving business operations in production department, leaders adapt
to contingency style to bring effective changes that can facilitate improvements.
TASK 2
Different Approaches Of Operations Management
There are various approaches of operation management used by Tesco's leaders and
manager to bring effective influence in business activities. Approaches help in driving effective
performance of employees and lead to achieving overall objectives and goals.
Just In Time:

This approach is considered as pull approach in inventory process. Every business
organisation have inventory or stock process involved. Tesco operates its business in retail
markets which requires maintaining stock or inventory of products for sale. Tesco's retail store
have required amount of stock of different products which can meet demands of customers. By
using just-in-time approach, products are scheduled to replenish only at point when they are
actually needed in retail stores. Manager of Tesco aims at maintaining sufficient inventory of
products according to demands of target markets. Tesco uses Just-in-time approach to gain
advantages and to manage its stock or inventory.
Benefits of using just-in-time approach in Tesco retail stores:
 This approach provides enhances proper cash flow(Graham, Ziegert and Capitano, 2015).
 It leads to make efficient and effective use of working capital
 This involves careful planning and efficient ordering
 It helps in decreasing cost as it keeps enough inventory in stores that can meet immediate
demands of customers.
Total Quality Management(TQM)
This approach of operation management aims at achieving long-term success by gaining
customer satisfaction. In total quality management approach, organisation aims at improving
products, services, processes and its culture so that it can lead to accomplish overall objectives
and goals. This is a method used by Tesco to bring continuous improvement in products and
services so that it can help in gaining competitive advantages and sustain in markets. Retail
sectors face large number of competition, therefore Tesco needs to come up with innovation and
creation in business activities so that it leads to bring improvement and effectiveness in business
operations(Haksever and Render, 2018). TQM also facilitate in integrating all business related
functions so that it can benefit to make complete focus on meeting expectations of customers
which can help in achieving organisational goals.
principles of TQM are explained as follows:
 employees effective involvement in activities
 focused on meeting needs of customers
 it is integrated system that makes various functions interlinked
 TQM is process-centred
 TQM is continuous process for improvement.

Six Sigma
Six sigma is data driven approach that aims at eliminating defects in business processes
or to solve specific problems. Six sigma approach is also applied in business organisation to
improve the processes. This benefits in removing defects from process and improving them
which facilitate in satisfying customers. Tesco uses six sigma approach to reduce process
variation which benefits in continuous improvements and also helps in gaining competitive
advantage. This approach benefits Tesco in following ways:
 It improves business process and activities(Heizer and et.al., 2017).
 Six sigma helps Tesco to remove the defects and errors.
 It helps in nurturing managers and leaders ability.
Roles that Leader and Managers play in Tesco Stores
There are various roles and responsibilities of operations manager and store manager in
business organisation. Tesco aims at meeting needs and wants of customers so that it can gain
competitive advantage and increase its profits and productivity. This requires proper planning
and organizing of activities and various functions needs to be performed. Manager focuses on
properly managing activities and human resources so that it can accomplish business objectives.
Communication: manager aims at making effective communication that leads to make proper
flow of information in the organisation. Manager of Tesco focuses on building effective
communication between employees and also within different departments of retail store so that
effective and accurate information can be transferred.
Resolving conflicts: Manager of Tesco stores aims at resolving conflicts which may happen
between employees. Resolving disputes and conflicts facilitate in building co-operation between
them(Hitt, Xu and Carnes, 2016).
Planning and organizing: this is the basic role played by store manager of Tesco. Effective
planning and organizing activities leads to bring positive outcomes for company. This also
facilitate in updating operating standards for all business related activities which helps in
improving the process and products.
Administrative roles and responsibilities: operation and store managers are also responsible
for handling the activities of administration and provides direction and guidance to other
departments of company. Tesco's store manager is responsible for confirming itineraries with

various corporate contracts. Manager also reviews and revise the daily activities of employees in
retail store.
Human resource management: Manager aims at managing day-to-day activities of business
organisation which involves various functions that needs to be performed by employees(Holten
and Brenner, 2015). Manager of Tesco store is responsible for recruiting and hiring new
employees and also recommanding them with skill development programs if needed. Manager
also participate in decision making process and gives his views and suggestion for further
improvements.
Importance of operation management in Tesco stores
Operation management aims at ensuring effective involvement of employees and
improved processes so that it can meet expectations and needs of employees which may help in
gaining competitive advantages. Various benefits of operation management are briefly explained
as follows:
 Operation management involves managing daily activities of Tesco stores. This makes
ensuring effective and best use of available resources and utilizing knowledge and skills
of employees as well. Tesco retail stores gets benefits of utilizing all available resources
in the best ways and leads to increases its productivity and lowering down the costs.
 Operation management helps in increasing overall productivity of business organisation.
It aims at increasing efficiency of employees by using various techniques and tools and
focuses on motivating and encouraging them. This makes Tesco to increases productivity
and also decrease the employee turnover ratio(Importance of operations management,
2018).
 Operation management focuses on satisfying needs and wants of customers and target
markets. Therefore, it controls overall process that takes place in production and make
required changes and also eliminates errors and defects. This leads in improving business
processes and facilitate satisfaction of target customers.
 Operation management aims at utilizing available resources and also utilizing skills of
employees. By this way, operation management distribute roles and responsibilities
among employees as right roles to right employees.
 Human resource management makes use of operation management to effectively recruit
and select employees for retail stores of Tesco(Matthews and et.al., 2018). Operation

management also helps in properly managing the human resources of company and
satisfying them.
 Operation management aims at managing day-to-day activities which involves managing
administration of every departments of Tesco. This facilitate in proper planning and
organising activities in every function of Tesco stores. It also benefits in resolving
conflicts and leads to make effective communication between various functions and
employees.
Identification of Outside Factors that have effect on the Operation Management of Tesco
There are various factors that makes influences and effects on operation management of
business organisation. Outside factors affecting operation management of Tesco retail stores can
be portrayed as PESTLE and is explained as below:
Political factors: this factors includes various rules and regulations provided by government on
business organisation. This may include government ideology, political stability, foreign trade
policies, etc. Political factors greatly influences operation management of Tesco as it operates its
retail stores in world-wide.
Economic factors: business structures, economic policies and situations, business cycles, labour
cost, etc. are considered as economic factors which makes great influences on the working of
business activities and operations.
Social factors: this factors are related to changing lifestyle of society, their education level,
social trends and cultural trends. Social factors makes influences in demands and expectations of
customers(Renko and et.al., 2015).
Technological factors: this factors brings changes in business activities and operations.
Technological advancements and developments are adopted by business organisation to facilitate
improvement and customer satisfaction.
Legal factors: It includes various laws and policies implied by government or higher authorities
that needs be followed by Tesco organisation and its operation managers(Romiszowski, 2016).
Environmental factors: this factor includes ecological factors such as climatic conditions,
global warming, etc. now-a-days business organisation adopts to CSR policies which is also
considered as environmental factors as it greatly influences business and its related activities.

Factors Impacting Upon Decision Making Of Store Manager
Various factors affecting business environment of Tesco also brings changes in decision
making of store managers. Business activities and operations gets affected by outside factors
therefore decisions are needs to be made according to the changes so that Tesco can sustain in
competitive business environment and also gain advantage over competitors(What Are The
Environmental Factors That Affect Business, 2014). Following are given some outside factors
that influences decision making of store manager of Tesco:
Political factors: these factors affects the operations and activities of Tesco organisation as
government's laws and regulations are important to be followed. Health policies laid down by
government will make influences in decision making as manager have to focus on
implementation of same in the business and related activities.
Economic factors: improved economic conditions will benefit Tesco to increase its outlet stores.
This makes manager to make policies regarding increasing productivity and also recruiting extra
employees so that it can meet organisational objectives.
Social factors: this factors influences decision maii8ng of manager as they have to make it
business policies in a way that leads to provide satisfaction to its customers and make them
happy. Manager can identify belief and culture of its target markets and make policies which
may meet expectation of customers(Wu and Parker, 2017).
Technological factors: these factors makes changes in decision making of Tesco store manager.
Technological advancement adopted in Tesco store may need extra guidance for employees
which may be provided by manager. Manager needs to adopt techniques that can give proper
guidance and direction to its employees.
CONCLUSIONS
Management operations focuses on managing the business activities in a way that leads
to bring effective outcomes and improvements. Manager and leaders adapt to various techniques
and tools that brings influences in performance of employees and business activities. Leaders
uses different styles to bring influences in behaviour of employees which results in achieving
overall objectives of organisation. Function of manager and role of leaders helps in managing the
business activities and operations effectively which facilitate continuous improvements. Various
factors of business environment affect operations management and decision making of company.

REFERENCES
Books And Journal
Alimuddin, A. and Sukoco, A., 2017. The Leadership Style Model That Builds Work Behavior
Through Organizational Culture. JURNAL LENTERA: Kajian Keagamaan, Keilmuan
Dan Teknologi, 3(2).
Bromiley, P. and Rau, D., 2016. Operations management and the resource based view: Another
view. Journal of Operations Management, 41, pp.95-106.
Chisholm, R., 2017. Interorganizational decision making. Routledge.
Evans, D., Rees, M. and Edwards, R., 2017. The influence of subsidiary strategic role on
manager‘s mindset. Electronic Journal of Business & Management, 2(1), pp.11-28.
Graham, K.A., Ziegert, J.C. and Capitano, J., 2015. The effect of leadership style, framing, and
promotion regulatory focus on unethical pro-organizational behavior. Journal of
business ethics, 126(3), pp.423-436.
Haksever, C. and Render, B., 2018. Service and Operations Management. World Scientific
Books.
Heizer, J. and et.al., 2017. Operations management: sustainability and supply chain
management, 12/e.
Hitt, M.A., Xu, K. and Carnes, C.M., 2016. Resource based theory in operations management
research. Journal of Operations Management, 41, pp.77-94.
Holten, A.L. and Brenner, S.O., 2015. Leadership style and the process of organizational
change. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(1), pp.2-16.
Matthews, M. and et.al., 2018. Determinants of turnover among low wage earners in long term
care: the role of manager-employee relationships.
Renko, M. and et.al., 2015. Understanding and measuring entrepreneurial leadership
style. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), pp.54-74.
Romiszowski, A.J., 2016. Designing instructional systems: Decision making in course planning
and curriculum design. Routledge.
Wu, C.H. and Parker, S.K., 2017. The role of leader support in facilitating proactive work
behavior: A perspective from attachment theory. Journal of Management, 43(4),
pp.1025-1049.
Online
What Are The Environmental Factors That Affect Business?. 2014. [ONLINE]. Available
through:<https://www.bayt.com/en/specialties/q/63135/what-are-the-environmental-
factors-that-affect-business/>
Importance of operations management. 2018. [ONLINE]. Available
throgh:<https://www.mitsde.com/Blog/importance-of-operations-management/>