This assignment delves into the distinct roles managers and leaders play within various business contexts. It examines how these roles evolve depending on the situation. Furthermore, the report analyzes the influence of the external business environment on operations management strategies.
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MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS
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INTRODUCTION Management and operation refers to organisation area that is related with controlling as wellasdesigningproductionprocessandalsoredesigningthebusinessoperationsin manufacturing of services and products (Ageron, Gunasekaran and Spalanzani, 2012). It is administration of the business practices in order to develop high efficiency level possible with in company. It is related with converting the labour and raw materials in to the services and products to enhance profit level of firm. This present report is based on Marks & Spencer firm and it is a retail company in United Kingdom. Under this mention report will be discussed about the various characteristics and roles of manager and leader. There will be discussion about the approach related to operation management and roles that managers and leaders plays to company. TASK 1 1) Marks & Spencer is a British Multinational retailer and its headquarter is in London. This firm was founded in year 1884 through Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer. It is a large size firm and also listed on London Stock Exchange. This firm is specialised in selling of luxury food products, clothing and home products. Marks & Spencer has around 979 stores in United Kingdom including 615 stores sell only the food products. Under this company around 84, 939 staff members are working with in different departments and their main focus is on attaining the specific aims and objectives with in a given period of time.The organisational structure of Marks & Spencer company is flat. 2) Manager is an individual that is responsible for administrating or controlling staff or group. It is in charge of certain tasks of group, subset of firm. It is in-charge of department and implement the policies and plans at workplace (Childe, 2012). On the other hand, leader is person that commands or leads team members in an organisation. It is thing or person that hold superior or dominant position with in its area and also able to exercise high control degree. Roles of managers 1
Implement policies-In Marks & Spencer company, main role of manager is to execute the policies which are executed through managers by including all staff members so that they can be aware about it. Monitor business activities-Manager is a person that monitors and control operations and activities of firm and also make the require improvements in them. It will be helpful for firm to dealing with all problems (Drake and Spinler, 2013). Provide training- It is a responsibility of manger to provide training to employees so that they can perform their roles and functions in an effective manner related to organisation. Roles of leader Solicits support-Under this, leader is an individual that invites and entertain cooperation of the subordinates. It can do anything with his personality, maturity, experience and intelligence which can be provide the positive outcomes. Supportive-Leader support the team member sin their tasks and work so that they cannot face any kind of difficulty. It develops positive impact in mind of employees and also enhance in their performance level. Encourage team building-In this, main role of leader is to motivate the employees to work in a team at workplace. In Marks & Spencer, leader enhance motivation of employees so that they can work with each other, support them in an effective manner. It is helpful in develop the trust between employees and also asses in create the positive working environment. It will develop the positive impact on mind of consumers. Characteristics of a leader and managers of Marks & Spencer Communication-It is necessary to manager to communicate wit its staff members in an effective manner. In Marks & Spencer company, managers communicate with their employees and motivate them so that their performance level can be enhanced (Gimenez, Sierra and Rodon, 2012). Leadership-In context to be an effective leader or manager, it is necessary that they should lead their staff members in a significant manner. They guide their team members regarding performing any activities as well as tasks. Confidence-It is a necessary characteristic which should be in a leader and manager. In order to sustain support of teams, there is a need to manager and leader to be more confident about their decisions and also be able to convince the team members to move forward. 2
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3) Managementhasbeenexplainedassocialprocessincludingresponsibilityofthe effective planning as well as economical of company in fulfilment of the provided purposes. It is changing process that including different activities and elements (Griffin, 2013). Different functions of managers mention below: Planning-It is a first function of management and it deals with chalking future action courses as well as deciding advance most effective course of actions for attaining the set objectives. Manager of Marks & Spencer make the planning for future. Organising-Under this step, manager organises all activities of firm in an effective manner so that staff members can be aware about their roles and perform in an effective manner. Leading-Manager of Marks & Spencer requires to do than the plan, organise to attain objectives. In leading included communicating, encouraging, motivating etc. it needs manager to assist, problem solving with the staff members. Coordinating-It helps in bringing all staff members together through developing an effective relationship and also feel them more comfortable to share issues and views. 3 Illustration1: Functions of Manager, 2018
Controlling-In this, manager ofMarks & Spencer control all activities at workplace so that there will be not issues arise and productivity of firm can be enhanced. Leadership styles Transnational leadership-The focus of this leadership style on organisation, supervision and also performance. It is exchange process under which the leader of Marks & Spencer company clarify the task requirements, roles, give rewards and punish to staff memberson the basis of performance. Transformation leadership-In this, leaderof Marks & Spencer works with its teams in order to determine needed change and developing vision to guide change by inspiration as well as implementing change by informing employees at workplace. 4) Both leaders and managers performs different roles in Marks & Spencer that assure attaining specific objectives. Staff members perform their activities or tasks and leaders guide them in a proper manner. There are different situations in which managers and leader plays their roles: Change management-Under this, there is a requirement to management to develop the effective strategies and policies related to the change and on the other hand the main role of leader is to motivate the employees to accept that change and try to be involved in it. Training and development-Under this, main function of manager is to conduct the training programmes and leaders should determine the skills and capabilities of staff members which need to be improved with the help of doing skill audit. On the basis of skill, leaders inform the manager of Marks & Spencer and manager develop training programmes. Represent organisation –In business environment several situations account in which leader and manager of M&S have to represent their company in front of others. Thus, it is the responsibility of both and they can do with the help of presentations, seminar and so on. Conflict resolving -In M&S situation of conflict arise which between employees which result in negative impact of the day to day activity. To overcome with this problem manager and leader have to implement such practices which result in healthy working environment. Management by Objectives-It is management model in which staff members and managers both work together to set, record and also monitor the goals for particular period of time. It is process of setting the objectives for staff so that they can know about what happening 4
at workplace. Its main aim is to improving performance of Marks & Spencer through explaining objectives on which top management and employees both should be agreed. 5) Leadership refers to an action of leading an individual or group. It is practical skills and research area that encompassing ability of a person to guide the other people, company and teams. There are different leadership theories which Marks & Spencer can be applied mention below: Contingency theory- This theory argues that there is not any single leading way and also each leadership style should be based on some conditions that signified that there are many people which can perform at high level (Kerzner, 2013). It emphasises that the effectiveness of a leader in Marks & Spencer and that is based on style of leader to the right condition. Situational leadership- It means when manager or leader of company should adjust its leadership style in order to fit development level of followers to influence. On the basis of situation, leader of Marks & Spencer adopt this style and it is helpful in enhance morale between staff members and also develop productive environment. By adopting this leadership style, firm can sustain at market place and enhance its growth rate. System leadership- This style of leadership is able leader in firm to develop situation where people at the all level can be work in productive manner to potential. This theory is helpful for managers or leaders in Marks & Spencer to manage as well as solve problems of team members. If at workplace, staff members face any issue or complexities, then leader provide the better solution to them in order to overcome from problems. 6) Contingency leadership –In this approach leaders of M&S match their leadership style with different situations which arises. For instance, if an employee get injured while doing work then in this situation it is the duty of leader to manage work with existing workforce. StrengthsWeaknesses Enhance fallibility in the task structure.It is reactive not proactive in nature. It supplies data on leadership styles.It is complex and also present issues in testing theory percepts. 5
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System leadership –This leadership style treat organisation to work with a system. Their is requirement of proper system of working in this leader implement their proper style. So that work can be done in effective manner. StrengthsWeaknesses This leadership provides better framework for interpretation and presentation of realities as well as phenomenon. It is complicated and lengthy in nature. It provides many teams with which the leaders can be understood. In this leadership, more risk is involved. Situational leadership –In this leader have to change their leadership style as per the requirement of situation. For example, if situation of conflict arise in Mark & Spenser then leader have to resolve this issue by implementing their style. StrengthsWeaknesses It asses in enhancing motivation as it included staff members in process of decision making. This leadership approach tends to be emphasize short term strategy because its main focus on current scenario. It increase awareness as staff members monitor situation in context to aware of leadership style (Laudon and Laudon, 2016). Itdevelopsconfusionwithingroupsas situations are interrelated and interconnected. 7) In Marks & Spencer, leaders and mangers both plays a necessary role in managing business activities and make improvement in process of business. The leader guide or motivate the team members to work in a better manner and also focus on attaining the business objectives with in a given period of time. On the other hand, managers implement the plans and policies and also monitor or control all business activities so that they can be perform in significant way. 6
TASK 2 1) Operation management is a business practice administration to develop highest efficiency level with in firm. It is related with converting the materials in to services and products as possible to enhance profit of company. The team of operation management attempt to balance the costs with the revenue to attain high operating profit. Operation management include using theresourcesfrommaterials,technologyandequipment(Moutinho,2013).Itincludes organising, planning, process and also make the essential improvements to enhance profitability. There are different approaches of operation management mention below: Six sigma-It refers to methodology to make improvement in quality related to operation management through eliminating the defects and errors, saving time and minimising cost. It is set of tools and techniques for improvement process. It is helpful in improving quality of output of process of Marks & Spencerthrough determining as well as removing defect caused and also reduce variability in process of business and manufacturing.It help Mark & Spencer to increase quality of productivity or manufacturing process and provide quality products and services. Managers an leaders of Mark & Spencer help to improve productivity by providing training and skills development program, hire those people havingpositive attitude that take pride in delivering services to customers and motivate their employees in monetary and non- monetary manner so they fell connected and valuable in an organization. Lean production-It refers to approach to management that focus on whilst quality and cutting waste. Marks & Spencer applied this approach to all business aspects from design by production to the distribution. This approach is helpful in reduce the wastage from production system without sacrificing the growth.It help Mark & Spencer to increase quality of productivity or manufacturing process and provide quality products and services. Managers an leaders of Mark & Spencer help to improve productivity by providing training and skills development program, hire those people havingpositive attitude that take pride in delivering services to customers and motivate their employees in monetary and non- monetary manner so they fell connected and valuable in an organization. Continuous improvement-It is a process of ongoing efforts to services, processes, products. Its main goal is to enhance motivation as well as enable people to share their knowledge and skills (Rosemann and vom Brocke, 2015). By using this approach, Marks & use 7
this approach to make improvement in the process of manufacturing so that quality of products can be good. 2) In the operation management, managers plays a necessary role in managing the personnel and raw materials. The main role of manager and leader is to managing the quality programs, hiring, training, supervising and also monitoring the existing processes to developing strategies to make improvement as well as efficiency. Different roles and responsibilities of leaders and managers in operation management mention below: Resources management-The managers of Marks & Spencer plays a necessary role in managing the personnel and raw materials in a better manner. Through this, company can make the products of better quality and provide to consumers in an effective way. Financialmanagement-Themainofmanagersorleadersisintheoperation management is to budgeting, keeping and controlling the costs of firm. The supply chain management of Marks & Spencer and some of the other resources are helpful in reducing productioncosts.Managerofthiscompanyusecos-benefitanalysismethodtomake improvement in efficiency (Starr and Van Wassenhove, 2014).Finance is the backbone of business and it must be manage in proper manner without wastage which can be possible by lean production management. Communication-Themainroleofoperationmanagementistodevelopbetter interpersonal and communication skills to help various organisation parts to work together. It consists developing the positive culture where ever person can work in a better manner. Continuousimprovementapproachhelpinmaintainingbettercommunicationwithin organisation from top to bottom and bottom to top. By utilising several tools such as emails, noticeboard and so on. 3) Operation management is more obligatory to manage daily basis activities. Through this, Marks & Spencer is to be able to make the better use of resources for an instance money, raw materials, labour and some of other resources. It is helpful in make improving over all productivity of business. Lean manufacturing is helpful in make improvement in efficiency of operations, enhance productivity and minimize the wastage. It is business philosophy that is more successful and it can minimize the cost, enhance productivity, maintain high quality level 8
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and neglect wastage to enhance profit level. On the other hand, continuous improvement is helpful in motivate as well as enable persons to share their knowledge and skills outside immediate team. It is helpful in make improvement in the quality of products in a better manner so that customers can be attracted towards it and profitability can be enhanced. So, the approaches related to operation management plays a necessary role and through this company can enhance efficiencies of its production process (Tummala and Schoenherr, 2011). 4) The managers and leaders are known about balance the productivity at workplace against needs of employees, productivity pressure regulatory agencies etc.It needs an ability to listen and prioritize the work to make decisions in a better manner. There are different ways through which leaders and managers can make improvement in efficiencies of operations: Quality control-It is more than having dependable and better products which can provide the satisfaction to consumers. It is helpful for Marks & Spencer company to develop the brand or products which can meet with expectations of customers. Quality can be entail over all experience of operations as well as policies of firm as whole. Set right efficiency measurement for continuous improvement-Better improvement comes from the continuous progression towards meaningful but the ambitious target. It is necessary that company should be use the right and effective techniques to make improvement in products in an effective or better manner. Document control-It refers to an ability to find the required documents which are the necessary part of the operational efficiency. Searching most of the current variation of any kind of specific paperwork piece, it will be helpful in making the organisation organised in a better manner (Ageron, Gunasekaran and Spalanzani, 2012). 5) External business environment is composed of outside factors which affect on business operations. The external environment develop the negative and positive impact on business and also operation management. In order to determine the external environment, Marks & Spencer company uses the PEST analysis. The effect of the external business environment factors on operation management mention below as above: Political-Underpoliticalfactorincludestaxpolicies,regulations,rulesetc.The government develop the effective policies to control decisions of business. If government will 9
make changes in policies then in this case there will be change in policies and practices of firm. Through this, operations of Marks & Spencer will be negatively impacted and it will develop impact on process of its decision making (Drake and Spinler, 2013). Economical-Different factors such a income level of consumes,, inflation, interest rates all are included in this factor. These all are impact on expand the business activities along with operations. Social factors- The needs and demands of consumers are changing with in a short period of time. They want the products more innovative and with more features which can provide satisfaction to consumers. But there is difficulty face by Marks & Spencer company to make the continuous changes in its products. It enhances cost of cost of production as well as operations. Technological factors-It is main factors that impact on operations because technology changes rapidly and it is difficult for firm to adopt the new technology in business because it will be more expensive for firm. The obsolete technology develops impact on operations. Under this, there leaders and managers both plays a necessary role in company and work for attaining specific objectives. In addition to this, there is relationship among management and leadership in relation to: Culture-Under this, manager implement the change in culture at workplace. It inform all employees about the change that happen in Marks & Spencer. On the other hand, leader motivate and understand employees to adopt change and try to mange in it. It is beneficial for their working along with performance. Corporate social responsibilities-Under this, manager oversee creation as well as execution of social responsibilities of company. In context to this, manager of Marks & Spencer using the internal communication in order to reinforce policies related to social responsibility of business. On the other hand, leader implement the social responsibility policies at workplace. Sustainability-In this, manager develop the effective policies so that employees or other stakeholders can follow them on the other hand leaders should motive the team members to attain them so that it can work effectively and it will help in sustainability of business. In addition to this, along with sustainability of business, manager and leaders both focus on making positive relationship with stockholders and also fulfil their expectations. Ethics and values-It is important for leader and manager to ensure that all the activities can be dine in ethical manner. this will improve the performance level of the company. in 10
addition of this, manager is also responsible for managing workers values that help them in attaining set goals and objectives. Thus, it can be stated that values and ethical activities are major factor for leader to implement within their business activities to attain desirablegoals by maintaining positive work environment. Under this, stakeholders are those people which are involved or take interest in activities or functions of business. It is a responsibility of Marks & Spencerto take care the needs of stakeholders and fulfil their expectations. It will helpful in developing, encouraging and also sustaining entrepreneurship in an effective manner. 6) Large number of different elements in the business environment under which the firm operate and more impact on process of decision making of leaders and managers. Marks & Spencer is large size organisation and it conduct its business operations in many different countries. Before developing the strategies, it analyse those factors which impact on operation management with the help of using SWOT analysis and PESTLE. These both are helpful in analyse external and internal environment in an effective manner (Griffin, 2013). 7) From the above discussion it is concluded that Marks & Spencer use the different techniques and tools to make improvement in the quality of production as well as process. It is helpful in develop positive impact on mind of consumers. On the other hand, it has been recommended that firm should upgrade its technology with in short period of time so that productivity of Marks & Spencer can be improved in a better manner. It should provide training to employees about the new technology so that their skills can be improved and they will perform in a better manner (Kerzner, 2013). CONCLUSION It has been concluded from above mention report that operation management is helpful in control the designing and production process in an organisation. It is helpful in conducting the business activities in an effective manner. Under this mention report studied about the different roles of managers and leaders which they play in different situations. There has been discussion about the impact of external business environment and its impact operations management. 11
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REFERENCES Books & Journals Ageron, B., Gunasekaran, A. and Spalanzani, A., 2012. Sustainable supply management: An empirical study.International Journal of Production Economics. 140(1). pp.168-182. Childe, S.J., 2011. What are the hot topics in the management of operations?. Drake, D.F. and Spinler, S., 2013. OM Forum—Sustainable Operations Management: An EnduringStreamoraPassingFancy?.Manufacturing&ServiceOperations Management. 15(4). pp.689-700. Gimenez, C., Sierra, V. and Rodon, J., 2012. Sustainable operations: Their impact on the triple bottom line.International Journal of Production Economics. 140(1). pp.149-159. Griffin, R.W., 2013.Fundamentals of management. Cengage Learning. Ham, I., Hitomi, K. and Yoshida, T., 2012.Group technology: applications to production management. Springer Science & Business Media. Kerzner, H., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley & Sons. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Moutinho, L. ed., 2011.Strategic management in tourism. Cabi.Paryani, K., 2011. Product quality, service reliability and management of operations at Starbucks.International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology. 3(7). pp.1-14. Rosemann,M.andvomBrocke,J.,2015.Thesixcoreelementsofbusinessprocess management. InHandbook on business process management1 (pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Starr, M.K. and Van Wassenhove, L.N., 2014. Introduction to the special issue on humanitarian operations and crisis management.Production and Operations Management.23(6). pp.925-937. Tummala, R. and Schoenherr, T., 2018. Assessing and managing risks using the supply chain risk management process (SCRMP).Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 16(6). pp.474-483. Online PESTLE Analysis.2017. [Online]. Available through: <http://www.mbaskool.com/business- concepts/marketing-and-strategy-terms/7249-pestle-analysis.html>. 12