Management & Operation Project

This project analyzes the roles of leaders and managers in an organization, using Procter & Gamble (P&G) as a case study. It explores different leadership theories and models, examines internal and external factors that impact operational management and decision-making, and concludes with a summary of key findings.

Management & Operation

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK1.............................................................................................................................................3
P1.Compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager......................3
TASK2.............................................................................................................................................5
P2.Role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in different situational contexts....5
P3.Different theories and models of approach.......................................................................6
TASK3.............................................................................................................................................8
Covered in PPT.......................................................................................................................8
TASK4 ............................................................................................................................................8
P6.Factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management and
decision making by leaders and managers.............................................................................8
CONCLUSIONS..............................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10
.......................................................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Operation and management is the administration of business practices which are used to
create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organisation. It is related to converting
materials and labour into goods and services to maximise the profit of an organisation. It is an
area of management which use by the company for controlling the process of production and
redesigning business operation in the production of goods and services. This management
process is concerned with planning, organising and supervising the production services. This
assignment is based on Pocter & Gamble operation and management. It is an American
multinational consumer goods corporation which is founded by William Pocter and James
gamble in 1837. This company specializes in a wide range of personal health or consumer health
and personal care or hygiene products (Anghileri and et. al., 2012). These products are organised
in to several segments such as beauty products, grooming, health care, fabric, home care, baby
care products, feminine & family care products. P&G operates its business internationally. In this
report explained about manger and leaders their roles in an organization, importance or value of
operation management and business environment that impact on operational management.
TASK1
P1. Compare the different roles and characteristics of a leader and a manager
Definition of leader and manger
A leader is a person who that hold a dominant and superior position within an
organisation and able to exercise and control or influencer the function of a company. A leader
motivates the employees so that they can help the company to achieve its business goals.
A manger is person who in charge of a certain groups and tasks in a company, he set
goals and make strategies and policies to achieve these goals. He has the power of controlling
and administering an organisation or group of staff and a person regarded in terms of their skills.
Roles and characteristics of a leader and a manger
Roles of manger
A manger plays various managerial roles within an organisation to control and mange it.
The roles of a manger are as follows:
Interpersonal role- A manger plays role of figure head, leader and liaison, he perform a
number of routine duties of a legal and social nature (Banks and et. al., 2014). In his leader role,

a manger is responsible for the motivation and responsible for staffing, training and associated
duties and maintains self-developed network of outside informers and contracts who provide
information.
Informational role- In it, a manger plays a role of monitor and spoken person, he
transmit the information to outsiders on the organisation's plans, policies and functions (Burke,
2013). As a spoken person manger listen the employees problem and issues and provide them
necessary information.
Decisional role-In this role, a manger is responsible for the allocation of organisational
resources and able to taking decisions for the wellness of the company.
Characteristics of a manager-
Experience-A manger have experience in about its work about leading a team. Manger
have the experience of different fields, if he will not have experience, he will not control and
manage the functions of a company.
Knowledge-A manager has knowledge of various function and fields related
organisations. Knowledge can be related to education, leadership and knowledge of ethics or
others.
Roles of a leader
Analyser- In this role, a leader plays role as a decision maker, analyse the situation and
take decision for the benefit of the organisation. . He works according the future situations which
can be occur in P&G.
Structuralizer- In it, a leader plays role as a plan maker and straightforward and
conscious to put any plan which is helpful in the growth of P&G. A leader provide a framework
to the employees of the company so that they can work properly in a structure..
Socializer- A leader play role as a normal person and listen the employees needs and
problems and provide solution and help in building a good relationship between the employees
and employer or other people in the company (Carela-Español and et. al., 2015).
Characteristics of a Leader Inspirational power- A leader has a power of motivate and inspire
the employees. He use this power when the employees are demotivate then he motivate or inspire
them by told about idols and insp[ire them their past achievements .

Positive attitude- The leader has always positive attitude so that they can motivate the
employees when they are feeling demotivation. With their positive attitude they help in the
growth of the organisation when it is in loss (Drucker, 2012).
Comparison in a leader and a manger
Manger Leader
A manger is a person who manage the
organisation and responsible for planning,
directing and controlling.
Manger make plans for the company.
The aim of the manger is attainment of the
required results.
A leader is a person who influence the persons
for achieving their goals.
A leader sets direction for the company's goals.
The aim of the leader is the growth and
development of the organisation.
Leader and manger have similarity in some qualities and characteristics like both are
decision maker, motivate the employees and make interaction with the employees.
TASK2
P2.Role of a leader and the function of a manager apply in different situational contexts
There are three situation which can be arise in P&G and a leader and a manger of the
company plays an effective role in these situations. They are as following:
Stability- It is related to the business of theif the business of any company is stable the
leader and manager of that organisation think about the movement of the business. Stability is
not only related to the business; in P&G it can be related to any product. A manger makes
policies and strategies for run the business. For example, safeguard is a product of P&G and the
business of this product are stable, in other words the market demand of this product are stable
then the company use some other strategies for the sales of this product. It can make change in
the fragrance of the soap and can do market research for knowing the reason and use various
strategies. And a leader motivates the employees and workers to make follow that policies which
are made by the manger and motivate the employees for their work.
Moderation- In this situation, manger make policies and rules for providing the benefits
to employees for their good work. In P&G, manager make those kind of policies which are
beneficial for the employees and company because in moderation situation the polices are
launched by the manger once in a year (Eadie and et. al., 2013). And a leader helps the

employees to motivate them and if there are need of training and development, they provide
training classes or session so that the employees improve knowledge of themselves and take the
benefits of those polices which are made by the mangers (Kumar and Chandrakar, 2012).
Fast growing business- The business situation of the companies are change day by day
as the technology change, manger organise training classes or program, session and online
classes so that the employees are aware with the new technologies so that they can provide the
product that are demanded by the customers and market (Liang and Fung, 2015). For example,
Gillette razor, it is product of P&G, in past time the customer use two blades razor but change of
technology now the company provide a smooth and one blade razor. So a manger helps the
employees by providing training so that they can satisfy the present days customers. A leader
directing and motivating the employees so that they can get good knowledge and improve their
skills which are helpful in the growth of the company.
P3. Different theories and models of approach
Situational leadership theory
This model is given by Paul Hershey and Ken Blanchard and this model is based on the
relationship between leader and followers and provide a framework to analyse each situation
which occurs in the organisation. It is and problem solving model and there are four approaches
and four maturity levels. The strength of this model is that it provide a framework to the
employees and solve the problems which occurs at workplace but the weakness of this mode is
the emoployees need motivation for doing work.
Approaches of this model
Telling- In this approach, the leader of P&G take decision according the organisational
situation and tell the employees that what they do and how they perform well in any situation.
The leader motivates the employees to work positively in any situation.
Selling- In P&G in this style, the leader take decision about the selling strategies and
communicates or works to persuade the employees rather them simply directing them.
Participating- The leader of P&G work with the team and participate in decision making
with the employees.
Delegating- the leader of P&G assigns decision making responsibility to team members
but oversees their work.
Maturity levels of this model

M1- Lack of specific skills and knowledge, which is required for the job and work, in
employees.
M2- Employees are capable to perform a task but they have not will to do the work.
M3- Employees are able to do work but they are demotivated and unwilling to do the
task (Liu and et. al., 2014).
M4- Employees have abilities to do task and they are confident to perform it.
Systems leadership Theory
This theory is given by Rensis Likert and it enables that the leaders in an organisation
create the conditions where people at all levels can work productively to their potentials. There
are four approaches of this theory (Ming and et. al., 2013). The strength of this model is that the
manger are trustworthy towards their employees and the weakness is that in some cases the
employees have not freedom to discussion and participation.
Exploitative- In this style, if the manger of P&G has no confidence or trust in employees
and subordinates, they do not feel freedom and discuss things about the job with the seniors.
Benevolent- In it, the manger has trust on the employees, motivate them by rewards and
allows some delegation of decision making but close policy control.
Consultative-In this style, employees free and they discuss about the job matters and
manger has substantial but not complete confidence and trust on employees.
Participative-In this the employees feel completely free and the manger trust on them and
give right to participate in decision making.
Contingency Theory
This theory is given by Fred Edward Fielder in 1964 and it emphasizes the importance of
both personality of a leader and situation in which a leader operate. There are two leadership
style of this theory.
Task oriented- In this style, a leader focus on the task that performed by the employees
for achieving the business objectives and goals. A leader creates a framework so that they can
perform their task easily by removing hurdles.
People oriented- In this style the leader focus on the satisfaction, motivation of the team
members and they only not focus on the task they also focus on the workplace sob that
employees do their work easily. The strength of this model is that it focus on the task and povide

framework to employees so that they can do work in good way. But weakness is that they are not
relationship oriented in some places..
TASK3
Covered in PPT
TASK4
P6 Factors within the business environment that impact upon operational management and
decision making by leaders and managers
Business environment is related with the addition or sum total of all internal and external
factors which affect and create impact on the business of a company. In P&G, it is the
collection of individuals, entities an other factor which may or may not in the control of the
organisation but they can affect the performance, profitability and growth of the company.
Business environment classified in two factors which impact upon operational management and
decision making by leader and mangers (Wei and Xuwei, 2013).
Internal Factors
Internal factors are those factor which affect an organisation internally. There are some
elements which create impact on the environment of a company.
Vision & mission- every company set vision and make mission for the growth of the
company. P&G also make its vision, mission and objective so that it can achieve its business
growth at a given period of time. In this process manger make policies and strategies so that the
employees do the work in a framework by following rules and the leader of the company
understand these rules and policies and motivate them so that they can do the work in a proper
way (Wuergler and Vanhemelryck, 2012).
Corporate culture- In P&G it is related to the workplace, if the culture of the workplace
is good employees do their work with all their loyalty. For making good workplace culture,
manager of the company make interaction with employees and workers so that they can share
their problems and a leader resolve their conflicts and problems. The manger makes
participation of employees in the decision making.
External Factors
External function are the functions which affect a company externally. There is some

external function that creates impact on operational management and decision making.
Micro environment factors- Those factors which affect a business directly are micro
environmental factors like suppliers, customers, competitors, markets and intermediaries etc.
These all factors affect the policies and procedures which are made by the manger for the
business and marketing. For example, customers, if P&G do not provide them a product
according their needs then they impact the policies which are made by the manager of the
company and the decision making of him. And the leader also affected by these factors because
for this employees feel demotivation.
Macro environment factors- These are those factors that influences the functioning and
performance of business organisation. These factors are demographic, social culture, legal,
political and technological. These factors affect the organisation financially, technologically,
culturally and politically. The manager of the company use technologies and make policies for
the company if these technologies are not considered by the consumer and not satisfied him
then they impact on manger's skills, experience and knowledge and decision making capacity.
These factors also affect a leader when the technological factors and others can satisfied the
customers, these factors impacted the leader's skills and knowledge (Zhang, 2012).
CONCLUSIONS
The discussed report concluded about the manger and leaders their definition and their
differences. The roles and functions of a manager and leader is differentiated on the basis of their
characteristics and their roles are described in P&G according the situation which can arise in the
company. Various models and theories like situation, system and contingency theories are
defined in the report. Key approaches of operation management and roles of manger and leader
which they play in these approaches are briefly defined. Importance and value of operation
management and the factors which affect upon operational management and decision making by
leaders and mangers are described in this report.

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Online
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