Management and Operations: Roles of Leaders and Functions of Managers

This report discusses the roles and responsibilities of managers and leaders in Tesco Plc, analyzing their application in different organizational situations. It also evaluates the strength and weakness of different approaches to leadership and management, including situational, system, and contingency leadership models.

MARKETING AND
OPERATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section1............................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Comparison and Differences between the roles of leaders and functions of managers..............3
Analysis of roles of management and leadership in application to different organizational
situations.....................................................................................................................................5
Evaluation of the Strength and Weakness of different approaches to leadership and
management................................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
RECOMMENDATION...................................................................................................................7
Section2............................................................................................................................................8
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................8
Key operational functions ..........................................................................................................8
Key approaches to operation management...............................................................................10
Impact of external factors on decision-making.........................................................................11
Management and leadership approach......................................................................................12
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

Section1
INTRODUCTION
Management structure describes the management hierarchy of the organization with the
help of which company can manage the line of authority, communication, rights and duties
among the staffs (Tau and et.al., 2018). This report will discuss the management structure, roles
and responsibilities of the mangers and leaders of the Tesco Plc. Tesco Plc is a British
multinational retail organization which offer groceries and general mechanized products to its
local and international customer. The company currently have presence in more than 13
countries and is one of the third largest retailer in the world. Basically, Tesco company follow a
hierarchical organizational structure where positions and obligations are divided into many parts
in order to ensure smooth and efficient function of businesses. Lastly, the report will also discuss
the different situations and strength and weakness of different approaches to leadership.
Comparison and Differences between the roles of leaders and functions of managers
Basis of
comparison
Leaders Managers
Meaning A leader basically create vision and
then direct and control its team
member towards the attainment of
specific vision (Milner, McCarthy
and Milner, 2018).
While on the other side, manager
is a representative of the
organization which create
business goals and objectives.
Role The leader provide direction to the
employees about how to work by
creating vision and communicating it.
They also motivate the team members
and followers.
The managers formulate the
structure of the business and
divide and delegate the authority
and responsibility to employees.
Management The leaders of the companies perform But managers follow and perform

Function only direction function of
management.
all the five management functions
such as planning, organizing,
staffing, directing and controlling
(Milner, McCarthy and Milner,
2018).
Approach They follow proactive approach of
strategic planning.
On the other hand, managers
follow reactive approach of
strategic planning.
Qualities required Only leadership qualities are required
to became leader of company.
Both leadership and managerial
qualities are required to became
manager the company.
Authority The leaders possess informal
authority because of their personal
qualities.
While on the other hand, the
positional role of managers
defines formal authority.
Exists in The leadership exist in both formal
as-well-as informal structure.
The role of manager exist in only
formal structure.
Aims The main aim of leaders is to
motivate and inspire people towards
the set direction by following
intrinsic process (Billsberry and et.al.,
2018).
The main aim of managers is to
directing and controlling
employees towards planned
activities by following extrinsic
process.
Style The leaders follow transactional and
transformational leadership style in
order to align people.
But, managers follow
administrative theory in order to
arrange people.
Strives They strive for effectiveness in
employees work.
They strive for the efficiency in
businesses activities.
Characteristics The characteristics of leaders involve
confident, creativity, honesty,
communication and motivation.
The characteristics of managers
involve positive attitude,
empathy, responsibility,

accountability etc. (Billsberry and
et.al., 2018).
Analysis of roles of management and leadership in application to different organizational
situations
The various situation that leaders and managers of the Tesco company faces and how
they use the theories and concept of leadership and management to overcome that situation is as
follows:
Roles of Management:
The role of manager is to manage each of the employees and improving their working
efficiency to reduce resources wastage. For example, Tesco company's store managers faces
issues in managing and retaining the talented employees within the organization. It is
because the employees of the stores not able to interact with each other and upper caste
employees bully other employees on the basis of their caste, gender, skin colour etc. After
analysing this situation, store managers of the Tesco company uses human relation and
contingency theory of management to identify the issues and desires of each employee. This
theory helps the managers in satisfying the employees by arranging formal and informal parties
and get together (Barge, 2019). The contingency theory helps the managers in identifying the
factors which affect the strategy of the organization. This further help the Tesco store managers
to minimize the risk of changing environment and understand the demand of the customers in
clothing products criteria. The managers of the company can also use various theories such as
administrative, system, x and y theory etc.
Roles of Leadership:
The role of leaders of the Tesco company is that they need to lead the team along with
taking care and motivating their team members. For example, Leaders of the Tesco company
faces low productivity and low skills and abilities in their team members the impact of
which employees are not able to work as per set vision and directions. So, in order to
overcome this situation and improve the productivity of team members the team leaders has
applied Participative leadership theory. This theory helps the leaders in arranging fun activities
and engaging people in every event. The leaders of Tesco also uses transformational theory to

closely observed the skills of team members. After that they have provided various training and
development session to team members for their skills and abilities improvement. The impact of
which the production capabilities of employees get improve automatically (Pretorius, Steyn and
Bond-Barnard, 2018). Not only that, the leaders can also use the contingency and effective
leadership theory to improve the communication skills of employees. On the one side where
Tesco company store managers uses contingency theory to minimize market risk, this is also
used by leaders to help the team members to cope up with market condition and situations.
Evaluation of the Strength and Weakness of different approaches to leadership and management
The most common and important approaches to leadership and management include
situational, system and contingency leadership. The strength and weaknesses of the following
leadership and management approaches are as follows:
Situational Leadership Model: As per this model, the managers and leaders of Tesco company
can change the leadership style as per the existing work environment and needs of organization.
Strength:
 It helps the leaders and managers of the Tesco company in creating comfortable
environment for employees and staying more productive. The situational leaders able to boost the training routine in order to achieve short-term
needs (Alefari, Salonitis and Xu, 2017).
Weakness:
 But this model does not help the leaders and managers in attaining the long-term needs of
the organization.
 Sometime, it can be ineffective and does not provide enough information to the leaders.
System Leadership Model: This model helps the managers to find the area which are
interdependent and have inter-relation with each other in order to solve business issues.
Strength:
 Tesco company managers uses this theory to put their focus on both individual and
overall organizational goal attainment. It helps the managers to focus on multiple dimension of management (Muhammed and
Zaim, 2020).
Weaknesses:

 This style do not consider the contingencies and uncertain events.
 As this is not always practical, managers of Tesco sometime faces delay in decision-
making.
Contingency model: This model is uses by both management and leaders of Tesco in order to
identify effect of uncertain events such as COVID-19.
Strength:
 This model helps the leaders to identify the effect of different situations and their impact
over the team member performance. For example, during the lock-down helping the employees to know about their job roles
and responsibilities even at work from home.
Weaknesses:
 Contingency theory is not possible to use in the real world as leaders and managers are
not able to 100% predict the uncertain business environment.
 This theory fails to explain why the particular leadership is effective in particular
situation effectively (Alefari, Salonitis and Xu, 2017).
CONCLUSION
The report has concluded the various concepts and theories of management and
leadership along with its practical application in Tesco company. For this, the report has
analysed the different situations of the Tesco leaders and managers. The report has also
concluded the comparison and difference between the role and characteristics of managers and
leaders. At last, the report has concluded the different approaches of leadership and management
including their strength and weaknesses. This report has concluded how the store managers and
leaders of Tesco Plc uses these theories and models to manage and motivate its workforces.
RECOMMENDATION
On the basis of above report, it is recommended to the Tesco company's manager and
leaders that they have to use the situational and system leadership model for improving the work
and productivity of their employees. It is also advisable to the company that because of the
COVID-19 situation employees are not able to manage its work at home. So, with the help of

leadership and management model the company can provided online training sessions and tips to
improve time management skills (Muhammed and Zaim, 2020). The Tesco company basically
uses contingency theory but it is advisable to the company that they must adopt some strategy to
further improve their analytical skills to analyse situations. It is also advisable to the Tesco
company's manager and leaders to work in coordination because relationship between a leader
and manager affects the businesses internal environment. So, for smooth functioning of
businesses the managers and leaders need to work in coordination as per the business goals and
objectives.
Section2
INTRODUCTION
The key operations of organization are the functions that the company uses to perform on
daily basis. The main functions of the company involve strategies, human resources planning,
technology that company is current using, finance that is being used for the processes of the
company and equipment (Rawat and et. al., 2019). All the businesses uses to research the
following areas to determine its operation more effectively. An effective use of all of this
element of operation help the company to achieve its desired goal and also help to get
competitive advantage.
Key operational functions
Their are different types of operation function that are being used by Tesco to work
which will help to improve the productivity of goods and services produced by them. The
managers of operation in Tesco are ensuring the company can achieve its common goal at
minimum cost. The functions of the operation are:
Strategy: In operation function of the Tesco the managers of the company uses to create the
approached and strategies with respective vision and mission for the employees of the company
so that they remain focused to the main goal (Wang and et. al., 2017). This will assist the Tesco
to evaluate the market in which the company is operating. In this the company strength,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

Marketing: The marketing is one of the key function which assist in generating in revenue so in
this function the current customers of the Tesco are being identified. In this the products and
services are being designed as per the need of the current customers in the market.
Finance: The Tesco also need finance from outside the business according to which they can
forecast their budget of the company. In this the Tesco managers need realistic prediction of cash
flow yet this become more difficult for the company to pre determine the budget which is needed
by the company (Wessels, du Plessis and Slabbert, 2017).
Human resource: In this operation function the staffing and recruiting of more potential people
are being done. The operation include training and development of the people which are
recruited by the people. They organized different type of motivational programs so that
employees are willing to perform the activities of the company.
Technology and other equipment: in this the technology which the Tesco currently perform to
marketing and selling of their products in the market. The communication way of the company
will make use of to reach the target customer in the market.
Role and responsibilities of manager
The managers of operational management are assist and responsible for the contributing
the respective activities which are required in delivering the final goods as well as services
(Nardelli and Broumels, 2018). They key role is to over look all the activities related to
production of goods and services. They are involved in all the operational function they are
defining the process, embracing the design and plan, controlling and improving the performance
of the company. The main role of manager is to take the decision related to the overall process of
the company. The decided that the process of which the commodities are being produced. The
quality of the product and services in context of its quantity of goods and services. Further they
manage the human resource in Tesco and pre determine the amount of production. They are
deciding the marketing, finance, personnel and accounting. Operation managers responsibilities
include:
Human resource management: The manager of Tesco uses to employ the organization and
work to develop their products and services. In the company they also manage the people and
use the resource more optimally (Tran, Pittock and Tuan, 2019).

Cost management: The managers of Tesco have to manage the cost of production and the
resources they are making use of in the production process. They are using effective tools to
reduce the cost to gain competitive advantage in the market.
Key approaches to operation management
Six sigma: The six sigma is one of the quality methodology which is being developed to check
the mistakes and try to avoid them. The six sigma uses to emphasis on the cycle period
improvement and reduce the mistake and work faster as well.
Tesco can make use of the six sigma technique to reduce and cut its energy consumption
and take step towards green IT which will help to improve the efficiency.
Managers: They execute the process of sig sigma by communicating with the leaders, further
analysis the problems and resolve the issues and check all the activities (Anderson, 2017).
Leaders: they will motivate and inspire employees to avoid mistake and performing their task
with the best effectiveness.
Lean manufacturing: This is a production process supported with the ideology which will
maximizing the productivity and reduces the wastage in the process of manufacturing. This
principal uses to look all the waste that are not adding any kind of value to the customers and
customers are also not willing to pay for the same.
Tesco can use this approach in the operation function accomplish the task in effective
way which will promote the profitability and the resource of the company will be optimally
utilized with this.
Managers: The manager in this defined the products and services which is done on the basis of
the material putted into it (Kral, Valjaskova and Janoskova, 2019).
Leaders: The leaders will make priority standards for the employees to perform their work and
which will be more valuable for the customers.
Business process redesign: This is a process which overhaul the company by cutting and
avoiding the slack and excess, sharpening the management and reduce the cost. With this the
process of business get defined, analyses the processes, the improvement opportunities and
implement of those changes are being done.

Managers: Tesco manager will make the activities and data modelling and methods further
identify more effective practises so that process of production get improved.
Leaders: To motivate the employees and help them to resolve the issues and also assist to bring
some specific improvement in the Tesco's performance.
Impact of external factors on decision-making
The external factors of Tesco are influencing the leaders and managers of the company to
take the decisions accordingly to them. The external factors are as follows:
Stakeholders: This is the people who are internally and externally connected with the
organization and influence the business to involve them in the decisions of the company. They
use to invest money in the company so that the company can perform its manufacturing and
selling process (Balderas-Cañas, P.E. and Sánchez-Guerrero, 2020).
Managers: the decision related to the operation in the tesco are taken with them and when the
stakeholder will suggest them to some particular area to make the expansion then their decision
get influenced. The manager become bounded with them and take the decision accordingly
which will totally change the decision of the manager.
Leaders: they are can not take the inspiration decision according to them they have to follow on
the unknown characteristics of the external stakeholders.
CSR: This is the corporative social responsibilities are the social responsibilities which are done
by the organization to give back to the society in which business is performing its operational
activities.
Manager: Every decision regarding the activities are taken considering the social responsibilities
of the company towards the business (Malyar and et. al., 2020). They can not take decision only
to maximize the profitability of the company.
Leaders: The leaders have to work more ethically and keep all the social responsibilities in mind
while they are working in the company and inspire the work also to perform their duties
accordingly with the same.

Ethics and values: The ethics are the guidelines to conduct, which also address the inquiry about
moralities whereas values are the ideal and principal assist to make a judgement of what is more
important.
Managers: The decision of the managers for performing the day to day activities and the taking
the steps are considered the ethics and values which are totally made difference in the decision-
making in the company.
Leaders: Tesco leaders get influenced by ethics and values which are cause of a sound decision
to protect the organization for unethical behaviour.
Management and leadership approach
Transformational leadership: This type of leadership approach is being cause of change for an
particular individual and social system. The leader can make more positive change into their
follower using this approach and with this the employees can get the unexpected as well as
remarkable results.
Quantitative approach: This is a tool to measure the objective and statistical mathematical as
well as numerical analysis of data which is collected through questionnaires and survey (Tran,
Pittock and Tuan, 2019).
From the above leadership and management approach the operational efficiency can be
maximising through quantitative approach as this is help the manager to develop more suitable
objectives for the company.
CONCLUSION
This concludes that the operation management is helpful for the Tesco to perform all its
activities more effectively and more appropriately. There are number of functions of operation
that are used by Tesco, and they are helping to enhance the productivity. There are different
approach discussed like six sigma and lean management which are helping to improve the
productivity and reduce the wastage as well. Further it concludes that quantitative approach of
management are more likely to increase the efficiency of operation.

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