Manager vs. Leader Roles and Impact

This assignment delves into the distinctions between managerial and leadership roles, examining their unique responsibilities and influence within organizations. It draws upon various theories and models of leadership to illustrate these concepts and encourages critical thinking about the interplay between management and leadership in driving organizational effectiveness.

MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATION

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Differentiation between leader and manager's role and characteristics in M&S Ltd............1
P2 Role and function of managers and leaders in different situations........................................4
P3 Theories and models of approach in M&S Ltd......................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
P4 Key approaches of operation management and role of managers and leaders......................6
P5 Importance of operation management in achieving objectives of business in M&S Ltd......7
P6 Factors in business environment which affects operational management and decision-
making.........................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................11
.......................................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Management can be termed as the process which is required for controlling and dealing
with people or thing. It includes various activities for setting up strategies in an organisation.
Operations are defined as the daily activities which are carried out in a company in order to
achieve objectives and goals. This report is based on the topic of management and operations of
M&S Ltd, which is a multinational retail company based in London. Operation management is
the management area which is concerned with controlling and designing the way used for
redesigning and production of business operations in the process of services and goods (Tang
and Musa, 2011). In this report functions and role of manager and leader played in an enterprise,
different theories and models, management operation approaches, factors which are the part of
business environment and are affecting managers and leaders decision making process will be
analysed in this report for the better understanding of management and operations.
TASK 1
P1 Differentiation between leader and manager's role and characteristics in M&S Ltd.
Every organisation consist of managers and leaders who plays a main role in the
development and growth of an organisation. They are responsible for effective management of
business operation which are carried out in a company (Seddon, Calvert and Yang, 2010).
Leadership is termed as the ability of a person which is needed for influencing and motivating
employees in M&S Ltd. towards effectiveness and success of a company. On the other hand,
management is defined as directing and controlling of individual's group for coordination and
harmony among employees for achieving objectives and goals.
Role of Leader
 Leadership is required at each stage of management and administration, several policies
and plans are made with the help of it in order to interpret and execute plans. Leader represent various conferences, events and meetings which are carried out in M&S
Ltd.
Role of managers
 Information role
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1. Manager observe whole team of a company so as to attain wellness and productivity. He
communicates necessary information in order to achieve organisation's target (Choi and
Li, 2011).
 Decisional role
1. Managers are responsible to take several important decision in regards with funds,
resources etc.
 Interpersonal role
1. Managers transfer inspiration to his team and to leader. Transfer of information is done
by manager on behalf of company.
Difference among role of leaders and managers in M&S Ltd.
Leader Manager
 Personality of a leader is brilliant and
mercurial and contains excellent
charisma. Imagination level of leaders
are high and they are comfortable to
take risks.
 They are people oriented.
 Outcomes which are given by leaders
are termed as achievements.
 Styles of leadership are participative,
consultative and transformational
(Seddon, Calvert and Yang, 2010).
 They produce creative solutions for a
problem.
 Managers are termed as problem
solvers. Their main focus is on
available resources, structures,
personnel and goals (Burke, 2013).
 They are task oriented.
 Outcomes which are produced by
managers are termed as results.
 Different management styles are called
autocratic, dictatorial, transactional etc.
 Managers make several methods,
strategies and policies to solve different
problems in an organisation.
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(Source: Difference between manager and leader, 2017)
M1
There are several differences between role of managers and leaders that supports in the
success of an organisation. Leadership theories helps in differentiating leaders from managers.
Three functions are there in Action centred leadership theory which are like meeting individual's
need, task achievement and team maintenance. Situational theory of leadership makes inclusion
of maturity model for the functions of the team members. On the other hand, managers are
responsible for taking decisions and communicating information.
Leaders are the one who lead to their team and work with them and give example by
motivating all of the employees. They have to make sure that all employees are on same page or
not if not then they have to take them all at same page and also help them to accomplish the
respective goals and objectives of the company. While on the other hand, Managers do organise
and observe to entire team they have to make sure all the requirements and needs if the
employees needed. If they need to be update with the help of HR they arrange various training
and development programmes.
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Illustration 1: Difference between manager and leader, 2017

D1
According to Casolino and et.al., (2012), leadership growth should be collective and
contextual. Leadership is termed as the process or way performed by a person to minimize risk in
a company. Growth of leadership cannot be ignored in various situation where is the role of
leaders. As per Pless, Maak and Waldman (2012), styles of leadership are directive, participative
and supportive which assist in supporting employees. On the other hand Wu (2012), says that
various situations where there is the performance of tasks, it is important to make analysis of
leadership styles which will be helpful in achievement of goals for the success of an
organisation.
P2 Role and function of managers and leaders in different situations
Leaders and managers plays an important role in M&S Ltd., in order to solve various
problems that are there in organisation during operations and management. They assist in
providing solution of several problems which are related to operational activities. Effective
leadership and management helps in solving disputes and conflicts in a company that arise
between employees due to mismanagement of operations. Leadership helps to lead employees in
a company in order to achieve targets (Tang and Musa, 2011).
Leadership in an organisation
 Leaders are responsible for making clear mission and vision in a company. Sometimes
employees will not be able to understand their work, then leadership assist in influencing
employees so as to make them understand things which needs to be done by employees in
an organisation.
 In some situations, morales of employees decreases in M&S Ltd., leadership supports in
motivating employees. They assist in finding employees requirement which they wants
from company.
 Roles of employees must be defined clearly regarding work which should be performed
by them. Clear and specific roles are defined by leaders and provide them with
appropriate resources which increase performance and participation of employees.
Direction is also provided by leaders to their followers and helps in solving problems. Good relationship among employees and organisation are also created by leaders so as to
make effective organisational culture.
Managers role in an organisation
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 Managers are responsible for creating productive and effective workforce in M&S Ltd.,
different objectives and goals are set up, tasks are organised and development of
organisation are done by managers (Subramanian and Ramanathan, 2012).
 Effective and efficient workforce is being hired by managers whenever there is a need in
company.
 There are some situations where productivity and performance of employees are not up to
the mark, then manager is responsible for maintaining proper performance in a company.
 Managers define targets and jobs in order to give direction to employees.
 Resource management is also done by managers for improving quality and process.
All the functions in the organisation are as follows :-
Planning :- M & S consider this step is very important because in this step they make
strategies and plan of action for the upcoming events in order to meet the goals and objectives.
They are concern wit where they are now presently and where they want to reach and they make
all the strategies according to that.
Organising :- This function of organisation control all the structure of the M & S. The
structure of organisations is the foundation of the company, without this specific structure the
business will become more complicated and unsuccessful.
Staffing :- It is a function which is control by the management which controls the
recruitments and other personal needs of organisation. Their main objectives is to recruit the
right people for the deserving vacant job position . Through this helps in appraisal, improvement
and development of the Mark & Spencer .
Directing :- It is important for the company M & S through this the manager and other
leading one members they direct and provide the guidance to the other employees so the can do
the right thing in effective and efficient way in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the
company.
Controlling :- It is the function of the management of the M & S in which they make sure
that all the functions of the company are placing and operating successfully or not. It also
involves and enhance the standards of the performance and also monitor employes output and
their responsibility is to meet those of all the standards which is set by the authority of the
company.
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Chaos theory :- It is the mathematical branch in which they have to deal with the
dynamical systems that is extremely sensitive in he initial stage. It is very interdisciplinary
theory in which they go with the apparent randomness with chaotic complex system along with
underlying patterns, feedback loops, self similarity, repetition, self organised and many more at
their stating situations.
P3 Theories and models of approach in M&S Ltd.
Various leadership theories and models of approach are very important in M&S Ltd, as
vital role is being played by them in the growth and development of a company in an external
environment, which will support in gaining goodwill and competitive advantage (Slack, 2015).
Three kinds of leadership theories are there which are there in a company, for efficient and
effective operations management, which will support company in making leading market
position and will also helps to generate more revenue and profit. Different models and theories
which are implemented in a company are system leadership, contingency leadership and
situational leadership, which can be defined as follows: Situational Leadership: It is the most important form of leadership and plays a vital role
in M&S Ltd for the appropriate and effective administration of different activities and
operations. It is a kind of style which is generally used by leaders and managers in a
company, and they also make sure that the style which is being used is in coordination
with growth and development of team members and followers. In this kind of leadership
theory, leaders should make modification in their style as per the followers so as to have
desired results (Leadership Theories. 2016). Contingency Leadership: Every company needs growth and development in order to
make success and profit. This type of leadership theory is needed in an organisation for
necessary development of the company. It states that company cannot achieve efficiency
and effectiveness only with the leadership style but control is also needed on different
situations. It also defines that there must be effective relations among team members and
leaders and targets related to several tasks should be explained properly. System Leadership: M&S Ltd also make use of another type of leadership style which is
known as system leadership. This kind of leadership style make coordination and
collaboration with employees of different groups at different stages and at several places.
This thing helps in creation of various networks between employees and also involves
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employees in order to implement change in an organisation (Pless, Maak and Waldman,
2012). With the help of this theory, effective employee relations are also maintained in a
company. Leadership awareness is also increased among managers due to this theory and
also saves money involved in training of employees in an organisation. Time management quality :- It describe the approach of management for a long term
along with the success through satisfaction of the consumer. In the time quality
management's efforts all the members of the organisation they take participate by
improving the products, process, services and other work which is related to the work. It
is known as annual maintenance of the productivity which describe the management. Just in time :- It is a inventory strategy in which they employ to raise the efficiency to
decrease the wastage by getting good which is needed in the protection process it also
helps in reduction the cost of inventory. It also requires the demand of forecast
accurately. This generally re[presents the shift away within just in case category which
carry on with the large inventories and higher demand.
 Kaizen :- It is Japanese word which means continuous or regular improvement. As in
reference with the continuous improvements all of the functions which is involve by the
employees from the CEO which workers line. It implies with the process of purchasing
and other logistics that genuinely cross boundaries of the organisation into the chain of
supply. It improves all the process and programmes their main aim is to eliminate actual
waste.
M2
The different approaches which are applied in the mentioned company i.e. M&S Ltd
includes various weaknesses and strengths (Northouse, 2012). The situational type of leadership
style ensures that every follower is aware of his or her responsibilities and duties, but there are
some negative points which are associated with this style is that unnecessary advantage of
managers who are having low intervention can be taken by followers. Contingency theory does
not make inclusion of different leadership styles, but it supports in describing various leadership
attributes. System theory is not helpful for making proper analysis but it assist in efficient and
effective achievement of goals by employees of an enterprise.
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TASK 2
P4 Key approaches of operation management and role of managers and leaders
Operation management can be termed as the type of administration which involves
managing, controlling and designing process of production and also supports in redesigning
operations involved in production (Lencioni, 2010). Different key approaches are used by M&S
Ltd which helps to increase the process of production being used in an enterprise. These
approaches can be defined as follows:
 Just-in-time approach: In M&S Ltd., this kind of approach assist in explaining that
supervisors employ and guide employees in order to increase work efficiency and to
decrease resource wastage which will support in the process of production, this will also
decrease the cost involved in inventory. For this, leaders and managers play roles in
guiding employees for low wastage, which includes various steps:
1. Guidance can be given by leaders and managers for the production of desired goods.
2. Sometimes wastage is also there in terms of defects, which needs to be stopped.
3. When company keeps unnecessary stock then also it is termed as wastage, so guidance
should be given by managers and leaders for the appropriate production (Krajewski,
Ritzman and Malhotra, 2013).
 System approach: This kind of approach is part of companies who are having large
system which is related with economic and environment systems. It involves
communication among organisation and external environment. Role of leaders and
managers in this approach can be defined as follows:
1. Guidance should be provided to employees for the inputs which are gathered from
external environment like technologies, human resources etc. They should also be
responsible for coordination among policies and laws of organisation.
2. Leaders and managers are also responsible for effective communication among
employers and employees in a company (Hosking and Schriesheim, 2013).
 Strategic planning approach: This approach is useful in proper planning for various
strategies which are used in an organisation. It makes use of corporate approach related
with the strategic planning. Vital role is being played by leaders and managers in
strategic planning process, other roles may include:
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1. Portfolio of different activities should get proper administration through which finance
based methodologies can be compared.
2. Fair decisions should be taken by leaders and managers so as to cope up with dynamic
environment. Time quality management :- It known as productive maintenance which describe the
approach of Gethsemane in the long term to participate with satisfaction of the consumer.
Some principles of the time management quality are as follows -
1. Customer focused :- It determine the quality level in the organisations of the foster
quality improvement along with integrating quality process, training employees,
upgrading software and computers by buying manufacturing tools.
2. Total employee involvement :- All employees participate in the working goals and
commitments which obtain by the driven workplace then they empower and occurred in
the management provided by the appropriate environment.
3. Process centred :- It is a process of thinking and series of steps which take input from the
suppliers which transform then into the output that occurred in provided management.
4. Integrated System :- It organised into the vertically department structured and another
one is horizontal interconnecting these functions which is focus by the time quality
management.
5. Strategic and systematic approach :- It is significant part of the management of the
quality in systematic and strategic approaches through which achieve the organisational
vision, goal and mission.
6. Continual improvement :- It is majorly process of improvement which regularly drives
to organisation in both analytical and creative in their own ways which become more
competitive and effective stakeholders.
7. Fact based decision making :- It is an well organised structure of performing measures
by the data which is needed by analysing and improve decision making.
8. Communications :- The time of the organisational which is prepared by the day of
perorations and other effective communications which plays crucial parts in balancing
morale by ,motivating employees.
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P5 Importance of operation management in achieving objectives of business in M&S Ltd.
Operations are defined as the significant part of an organisation which makes inclusion of
wide amount of input transition into output with the help of proper management and by attaining
level of quality. Administration of various operations is helpful in the identification of customers
need and also assist in gathering feedbacks regarding different products and services (Heizer and
Barry, 2013). It includes two main objectives which are customer service and resource
utilisation. It has been ensured by operational management that customer needs are satisfied with
the help of proper utilisation of resources. It consists of designing, controlling and overseeing
process involved in production. It is very important in M&S Ltd for raw material acquisition,
equipment maintenance and for the product designing. It also assist in maintaining coordination
among various departments in order to have smooth working. Several roles regarding operation
management in a company can be described as follows:
 Operation management takes responsibility of efficient and effective management and
administration of operations of business which will give support in achievement of
several targets in a company (DeChurch and et.al., 2010).
 Operational management assist in decision-making process used for making different
strategies in an organisation, it supports senior level management in an organisation. In
decision-making process resources and current market situation is used for making
effective and efficient system. These decisions may involve advancement in technology
and mergers etc.
 For effective administration in a company, various tactics and strategies should be
applied which supports in administration of operations and includes tactical decisions in a
company. For this use of different tactics are being made needed for implementation of
policies and plans. It also supports administration and management for the effective use
of resources, and management of staff under regulations and different constraints.
 Various decisions related with the operations of M&S Ltd. Is taken with the help of
operational management. It is supportive for the management and administration to take
appropriate decisions related with controlling, monitoring and planning of operational
decisions. Such decisions are taken in order to control several organisational activities
(Understanding operations management. 2017).
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M3
Effectiveness and efficiency of operational management can be increased by leaders and
managers in M&S Ltd. They are responsible for driving mechanism of an organisation which
involves operations management, communication system's implementation and designing etc.
They also helps in managing inventory and quality of products. Managers and leaders are also
responsible for the administration of supply chain . Supply chain management is termed as the
process which includes proper finishing and starting point and also includes storage,
transportation, delivery and purchase. Effectiveness as well as efficiency of managers and
leaders assist in doing different operations of business in M&S Ltd.
D2
As per Seddon, Calvert and Yang (2010), operation management application includes
different other things which includes project management activities like workforce scheduling
and resource acquisition, it also supports in the analysis of necessary details used in the process
of manufacturing of product. Applications of operations management also involves inspection
and control of quality which is the significant part of production process. According to Barratt,
Choi and Li (2011), equipment maintaining and scheduling of product can be done by taking
help of management and operations. Environment of the business gets affected by internal and
external factors. Business culture, values and norms are the part of internal factors whereas
social, legal, political etc. are the part of external factors.
P6 Factors in business environment which affects operational management and decision-making
There are various major factors which effects the management of operations as well as
decision of managers and leaders. Perception issue: Perception can be defined as the specific manner in which
interpretation of work environment is made by individuals. Individual's perception have
effect on the process of decision-making in mentioned company i.e. M&S Ltd. For
instance: if a conflict is there in an organisation, then specific details in regards with a
particular problem is collected and then individual's perception will be supportive in
determining various outcomes from the information (Casolino and et.al., 2012)..
Perception of individual also get influenced by several situations, perceivers and objects.
Perceiver is termed as the person who is affected by the information. Object is termed as
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a person or event who affects the perception of perceiver, and situation includes location,
date, time and several situational factors which will influence perception of object. Environmental issues: These issues are concerned with the external factors which will
affect decision-making in an organisation (Burke, 2013). External factors makes
inclusion of various market areas in which several operations of an organisation is
performed, gross domestic level of economy, economic trends of an organisation etc.
 Organisational issues: In an enterprise there are different issues related to organisation
which are related with policies and procedures of a company, organisational hierarchy
and organisational politics.
1. Organisational policies and procedures can be termed as the rules and norms, which will
assist in solving different problems faced by company and it also supports in decision-
making process.
2. Organisational hierarchy is termed as the management structure, followed by the different
organisations. Each and every organisation follow distinct organisation hierarchy at
several level for practising responsibility and authority (Boddy, Ladyshewsky and
Galvin, 2010).
3. Organisational politics can be stated as behaviour of individual or group which affect
employees decision in an enterprise, it includes individual ideas and advancement of
interests.
 Corporate Social responsibility :- This aims to encourage companies to be stay more
aware regarding their business towards the other rest of the society including their own
company's stakeholders and the other environment. This CSR implied to the business
components and which is contributed by the sustainable development of economic, social
and environmental delivering. It is the definite concept of the definitions and other
practices which is implemented as well as greatly differ by the company and greatly. It is
actually a very broad concept in which they address several topics and other rights related
to the humans along with the corporate governance, safety and health and their working
conditions contribution to development.
M4
Distinct factors which are discussed like environmental issues, perception issues and
organisational issues affects the business environment in various ways. Perception of an
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individual affects the business operations and policies of an organisation which are responsible
for achieving targets in an organisation and environmental issues helps to identify opportunities
and competitors which are there in the external environment (Barratt, Choi and Li, 2011).
CONCLUSION
Form the above report it can be concluded that manager has to perform different task in
order to run business operations successfully. In different situation manager has to play different
role, because of which they have to learn different skills. Their are different theories which a
leader and manager can use for effective management of an organisation. Operation management
is related to designing and controlling production procedure, it also include planning, organising
and controlling business process. Their are various factors that made a huge impact on operation
of business, if they are effectively managed that they have potential to deliver surprising return.
REFERENCES
Books and Journals
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Trends, research outcomes, and future research implications. Journal of Operations
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Boddy, C.R., Ladyshewsky, R. and Galvin, P., 2010. Leaders without ethics in global business:
Corporate psychopaths. Journal of Public Affairs. 10(3). pp.121-138.
Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA.
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Casolino and et.al., 2012, September. Smart modeling and tools for distribution system
management and operation. In Energy Conference and Exhibition (ENERGYCON),
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DeChurch, L.A. And et.al., 2010. Leadership across levels: Levels of leaders and their levels of
impact. The Leadership Quarterly. 21(6). pp.1069-1085.
Heizer, R. and Barry, R., 2013. Operation Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain
management (Vol. 11). Pearson, UK.
Hunt, J.G., Hosking, D.M. and Schriesheim, C.A. eds., 2013. Leaders and managers:
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and supply chains (Vol. 1). New York: Pearson.
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Northouse, P.G., 2012. Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage.
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