Literature Review and References Analysis

The provided text appears to be a collection of references and research papers on various topics, including leadership, supply chain management, and operations management. The task seems to involve reviewing these references, analyzing their relevance, and perhaps identifying common themes or patterns. It may also require summarizing the key findings or insights from the literature review.

Management and Operations

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
P1 Different roles and characteristics of a manager and leader.............................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
P2 Application of role and functions of a leader and manager in different situation.............5
P3 Different theories and models of approach related to leadership......................................6
TASK 3 ...........................................................................................................................................7
P4 The key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play
................................................................................................................................................7
P5 Importance of operations management in achieving business objectives.........................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P6 Factors that impact upon operational management and decision-making........................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Operations management relates to activities concerning designing, executing and
controlling of operations which undertakes conversion of raw material into finished goods. It is
very important to emphasize on the operations management so that business strategy is
implemented upon the organisation (De Vries and Huijsman, 2011). The efforts in this domain
aims to create value which further is able to satisfy needs and wants of the consumers. The
efforts of managers and leaders directed to achieve competitive advantage in the operating
market. This assignment takes into consideration working of Marks and Spencer, one of largest
retailing company of United Kingdom. The roles and functions of leader and manager are
emphasized in this assignment and applied upon different business situations in operations
management. The relationship between management and leadership in an organisation will be
understood in this contemporary business environment.
TASK 1
P1 Different roles and characteristics of a manager and leader
Manager: An organisational manager is the individual who is work as in-charge of group
within the organisation. A manager often has the people staff who report to them entire activities
functioned within Marks and Spencer. They have crucial part in operating major functions within
the company such as planning, organising, controlling and directing the practices within a
company. They provide their support within various level of enterprise in the various divisions.
Leaders: These are paramount bodies within an organisation who support worker or
group of people through providing them target and purpose to direct. It have main role in the
motivation and directing people to meet their achievement level through influencing their
perception and morals. They encourage worker to meet enhance productivity and better work
within Marks and Spencer (De Roover, 2017).
Different between manager and leader:
Leader Manager
Leader are liable for determining the objectives
and influencing people toward their goals.
Manger execute and carry out the determined
objectives set by company leader among other
organisational bodies.
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They communicate with manager of
organisation, the terms and policies of
organisation along with its culture and
guidelines.
Manager convey the communicated message of
leader within the worker and organisation.
They direct whole company and its numerous
sub-groups.
Manager directs worker and teams.
Leader introduce and create innovate opinion
to staff or firm itself.
Manager has crucial role ideas implementation.
They focus over the activities and things. Manager aims over people and their work.
Main role is to design and control the strategies
for evolution.
Manager function the major activities designed
by leader within the organisation.
These are responsible for enterprise motivation
and stimulation.
Manager major role is stimulate personnel and
worker group.
Functions of manager and leader's role have mentioned here:
 Planning: It is the major manager function to plan and determine Marks and Spencer's
objectives that assure increment in the profitability and productivity of operated
operations. Manager prepare or plan the strategies which help in managing the
communication flow and constant development which is designed by leader. Thus,
leader play major role in designing the activities to attempt those manager plans
practices within the company.
 Organising: Manager of Marks and Spencer organise various operations and activities to
meet the certain goals and objectives (Chen, and et. al., 2011). Leader directs the
manager and stimulate the manager through conveying the performance and culture of
organisation according which the activities is being organised.
 Staffing: This is one of major function of manager to allocate the work and utilise the
abilities of Marks and Spencer in their best ways according which they manage the
members of staff. Leader whereas guide and leads the manager for managing the
activities according in that way.
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 Controlling: The implied or organised strategies by manager in needed to be control in
order to lead the outcome in determined way in Marks and Spencer. A leader whereas
document each task in proper manner and manage the work accordingly.
Hence, the manager and leader has different function, traits and role but they depend on
each other in order to meet the set objectives and meet success. Marks and Spencer is a large
organisation which organise the activities in systematic manner to meet desired goals with the
help in effective leader and manager (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2012).
TASK 2
P2 Application of role and functions of a leader and manager in different situation
The function of manager help in meeting the preset outcome or target of organisation
with the assistance of leader. A large organisation like Marks and Spencer need to execute
various strategies and opt different leadership styles for functioning the activities of business in
adequate manner. There are various issues that enterprise faces such as cost of manufacture etc.
In order to sustain in competitive industry and evolve, both of player support the functions of
organisation. Here are some of situation that is underlines along with manager and leader's skills
and abilities mentioned as below: Decision Making Procedure: The leader and manager has significant role in the process
of decision-making with the organisation. It has crucial role in business and only top-
management has the right to make the decision changes in Marks and Spencer. Leader
are the major body who make crucial decision linked with the company. Where on the
other side, manager make the judgements related to certain department, work or areas in
order to meet the outcome or objective set by leader. Worker Engagement: Employee are the major asset of an business companies that aid in
evolution along with the strategy execution. In order to encourage, motivate or stimulate
worker, manager and leader both aims over employee coordination within the
organisation (Castro and Tomàs, 2011). For this, both manager and leader organise
programs, activities and action that promote such sort of behaviour within the company.
Through coordinating department of HRM, enterprise manager their personnel and
employee relations.
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 Training & Development: Manager and leader are accountable to identify the need of
skills and abilities according which the training and development of new worker is being
organised. Leader are the spokesperson in training programs which organise and manage
the session of training sharing their needs and experience. It is one of paramount
activities controlled by both entities leader and manager which assist in meeting
enhanced level of performance of worker and productivity of Marks and Spencer.
As Marks and Spencer is a multinational retailing company that provide high quality
product and service for rendering consumer satisfaction. The company is working over the better
internal infrastructure and personnel management system for leading the management of
operation in more productive way.
P3 Different theories and models of approach related to leadership
Leadership can be referred as a procedure through which one can influence their
individual to meet the organisation goals and objectives. Effective leadership need to skills and
qualities to link with the requirements and people for situation of leadership. Organisation
productivity can be met through executing the best suitable theory or model with the help of
leader as they are behind the success and organisational achievement of a company. Several
professionals studied over the styles and approaches of leadership which is mentioned as below: Trait Leadership Style: This method of leadership aims over the effective leader's trait.
The major premise behind this concept was whether the leader are born or made. Thus,
this framework made over the 'Great Man Theory'. This claims on the framework of
working in which it has been stated that leaders are not made but born with the leadership
styles (Buch, Martinsen and Kuvaas, 2015). It is measured with the effective decision
along with behaviour, morals, attitude and language which impact over the leader's
judgements. Contingency Theory: Situational theory or contingency theory propose the leadership in
which aims over the effective behaviour or leader of an organisation. This claims that
outcome can be achieved in better way if the leader change their style of leading or
guiding according to different situations. This theory is also considered as the extension
of trait approach. This also highlights the point that leader are more attentive in the
situation when they are their own follower and are very responsive regarding the action
and decisions.
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 Systematic Theory of Leadership: This is crucial for resolving issues and conflicts from
an organisation. This is the duty of leader to resolve the conflicts from a company such as
Marks and Spencer to solve the issues and gain the revenues and benefits amount. These
leader are often concerned with effective problem solution for resolving issues in more
quick and significant manner (Gunasekaran, Irani and Papadopoulos, 2014). This is one
of the popular method which help in meeting the higher level of productivity within the
enterprise.
Marks and Spencer are adopting the situational leadership styles which aid solving and
managing different conditions and activities (Hammill and Tanner, 2011). The enterprise can
meet the effective way of working through rendering the performance innovation and
coordination of people at their working environment in better way.
TASK 3
P4 The key approaches to operations management and the role that leaders and managers play
Operation management is the administration process that maintain the whole product and
service production system such as energy, raw material, worker activities, outcome of operated
practices etc. This element is also associated to monitor of manufacture procedure where whole
resource can be used in their best way. Here are mentioned main approaching elements of
enterprise mentioned here: Just-in-time: This term focus over the organisation's production system aiming on the
time flow declines as well as providers from the time of response their merits are that the
organisation does not require to spend more financial resource as they purchase minimal
raw material amount to manufacture the service. Total Quality Management: The define the consumer satisfaction of consumer or clients
for what they are utilising a service and products (Blome and Schoenherr, 2011).
Manager, leader and other worker of the company make efforts for developing the
products and services which comes for long-term achievement. Continuous Development: It is a constant procedure which keep the service and products
developing the period of time. Where leaders and manager are developing activities for
the same productive and creative ideas that how the service and products are trading in
market.
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 Lean Production: This is one of the major techniques to minimise the manufacturing
waste minimisation without the productivity loss. It also refer to the extra product and
time within Marks and Spencer. Queueing: In each and every business organisation, this is essential to ensure products
and service queue in better manner. This is majorly utilised through manager that help in
increment in sales as well as this also boost the benefit of organisation.
Role of Manager and Leader in Operation Management
According to the procedure of management of operations, both leader and manager are
essential for maximisation of benefit of company (Helleno and et. al., 2015). Leader of
organisation who directs and maintain the finance and other resources of Marks and Spencer.
They have determined the goals for company betterment, educates, communicates and render the
session of training to worker so that employee can perform effectively in more efficient manner.
A leader of operation is the individual who carry out and execute policies or guidelines of
organisation for maximisation benefits with less risk probability in flow of demands.
P5 Importance of operations management in achieving business objectives
The management of operation can help in the achievement of determined activities of
business in more efficient manner along with hindering the barrier from distribution and
manufacture procedure from Marks and Spencer. Operational management is crucial to entire
business entities so as M&S at the manufacturing and production section of organisation
focusing over wastages reduce, increase the productivity and resource and time management for
make certain whether the cost of production if low. This is paramount for an organisation like
Marks and Spencer helping in meeting the aims and objectives in effective manner. Here are
mentioned some of points that can aid in considering this concept and its value in M&S:
Satisfaction among Consumer: The operation management is mainly focusing over the
process of manufacture which can assure the products quality manufactured and rendered by
Marks and Spencer. Whole process aid the organisation in dealing with wide share of market
along with supporting the quality of services. M&S can achieve high level of consumer
satisfaction through the assistance of this techniques in better manner.
Assist in Better Input: It is one of major cause of better functioning of Marks and
Spencer through transforming raw material of organisation into major products and services
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(Bhagat, Bolton and Subramanian, 2011). Often, the function of operation management assist an
individual in meeting the better influence of organisation and meeting the required resources.
Attract Large Consumer Base: One of the main feature of this concept is, this help in
producing procedure cost along with aiming the quality increment of manufactured service and
products. Whole company is able to meet the target consumer number along with expansion of
business of M&S in global market and developing nations.
Effective Use of Resource: The management operation concept assist the leader or
employer of Marks and Spencer in planning and developing the strategy to meet the expected
growth within the competitive business environment (Li, Li and Feng, 2014). It aid in meeting
the maximum outcome of incurred activities using the limited resources in better way.
Assist in Increasing Profit: It is one of the business company aim for which they have
set objectives and meet the plans of business. For increasing sales, organisation can use several
marketing and promotional activities. Management of operation can make sure that service and
product can meet effective quality of consumer to gain whole sales amount and increase in
revenues as well.
Hence, the management of operation aid in meeting the better outcome and goals of
organisation through functioning the business in better manner. Marks and Spencer coordinate a
different department for operation management in order to handle the activities operated in
whole organisation in worldwide.
TASK 4
P6 Factors that impact upon operational management and decision-making
There are two major elements which has influenced the management of operations and
these external and internal elements:
Internal Factor: Internal elements affects the business operation and its management in various
ways for which this is required for Marks and Spencer to manage the activities and
environmental factor in proper manner to meet the desired outcome. Consumer: Marks and Spencer prefer their consumer choice and interest to meet the
level of achievement within the organisation (Bahn, 2013). Organisation have achieved
better recognition of organisation and success with the help of proper satisfaction among
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consumer. The organisation their clients in the international market that are often aiming
to upper middle and middle class people. Worker: Employee are working as the organisation strengths, thus, Marks and Spencer is
aiming toward more diverged, creative and potential worker within their company in
order to meet the activities (SWOT Analysis, 2017). They are the major asset that aid in
meeting performance level and achieving mission of enterprise. Society: It has major role in smoothing running of M&S in market since past few
decades. Company provide good quality of commodities in cost effective prices in order
to attract consumer along with managing the relations with the company. Company
accumulate data and finding related to the new region in which they are expanding their
business in order to meet the society and their demand. Supplier: These are the individuals offering the organisation like Marks and Spencer raw
material that is being used for the manufacture cost or reduce it. Leader and manager of
firm should manage the relationship with their resource provider in more cheaper form.
These are liable to render better standard of quality at minimum cost.
External Factor: External elements helps in meeting the desired outcome through understanding
the elements of external factors which is mentioned as below: Political Elements: Free trade flow among themselves and other nation under the
regulation of foreign trade makes of organisation to import their services in more
convenient manner. Marks and Spencer took benefits of their higher structure of cost
their share of market as well. Economic Element: Marks and Spencer are expert in the consumer focus and market
niche that make the providing of proper consumer satisfaction. They prefer to products
import from cost saving from abroad which puts facts in M&S in disadvantages cost for
detected higher quality (Antonakis and House, 2013). Social Factor: Consumer concept has changes and people are inclining toward better and
higher service and products quality which is leading to increase in sales and products of
organisation. Moreover, due to sensitivity of price, decrease ca be observed in the
purchase of services.
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 Technological Factor: M&S is rendering online shopping or e-commerce facility to their
clients leading to expansion of business in those areas where the company is not available
as physical stores. Organisation can meet their determined outcome in better manner.
The organisation is rendering more altered and edifice technologies which can help in
meeting the demand of consumer. As organisation is meeting the similar mission within the
market, the organisation need to meet these criteria.
CONCLUSION
This can be stated from the above report that operations management relates to activities
concerning designing, executing and controlling of operations which undertakes conversion of
raw material into finished goods, manager and leader has different function, traits and role but
they depend on each other in order to meet the set objectives and meet success. A large
organisation need to execute various strategies and opt different leadership styles for functioning
the activities of business in adequate manner. Leadership can be referred as a procedure through
which one can influence their individual to meet the organisation goals. Leader of organisation
who directs and maintain the finance and other resources. The management of operation can help
in the achievement of determined activities of business in more efficient way.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Antonakis, J. and House, R. J., 2013. The full-range leadership theory: The way forward. In
Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary
Edition. (pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Bahn, S., 2013. Workplace hazard identification and management: The case of an underground
mining operation.Safety science. 57. pp.129-137.
Bhagat, S., Bolton, B. and Subramanian, A., 2011. Manager characteristics and capital structure:
Theory and evidence.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis. 46(6). pp.1581-
1627.
Blome, C. and Schoenherr, T., 2011. Supply chain risk management in financial crises—A
multiple case-study approach. International journal of production economics. 134(1).
pp.43-57.
Buch, R., Martinsen, Ø. L. and Kuvaas, B., 2015. The destructiveness of laissez-faire leadership
behavior: The mediating role of economic leader–member exchange
relationships.Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies.22(1). pp.115-124.
Castro, D. and Tomàs, M., 2011. Development of Manager‐Academics at Institutions of Higher
Education in Catalonia.Higher Education Quarterly.65(3). pp.290-307.
Chen, C. and et. al., 2011. Smart energy management system for optimal microgrid economic
operation. IET renewable power generation. 5(3). pp.258-267.
De Roover, R., 2017. The Medici bank: its organization, management, operations, and decline.
Pickle Partners Publishing.
De Vries, J. and Huijsman, R., 2011. Supply chain management in health services: an overview.
Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 16(3). pp.159-165.
Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E. W., 2012. The future of operations management: an outlook and
analysis. International Journal of Production Economics. 135(2). pp.687-701.
Gunasekaran, A., Irani, Z. and Papadopoulos, T., 2014. Modelling and analysis of sustainable
operations management: certain investigations for research and applications. Journal of
the Operational Research Society. 65(6). pp.806-823.
Hammill, A. and Tanner, T., 2011. Harmonising climate risk management: Adaptation screening
and assessment tools for development co-operation. (No. 36). OECD Publishing.
Helleno, A.L. and et. al., 2015. Integrating value stream mapping and discrete events simulation
as decision making tools in operation management. The International Journal of
Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 80(5-8). pp.1059-1066.
Li, C. B., Li, P. and Feng, X., 2014. Analysis of wind power generation operation management
risk in China. Renewable Energy. 64. pp.266-275.
Online
SWOT Analysis. 2017. [Online]. Available through: <http://www.business-to-you.com/swot-
analysis/>.
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