Exploring Employee Engagement and Motivation

This assignment requires a comprehensive analysis of scholarly articles focusing on employee engagement and motivation within organizations. The exploration should encompass various factors influencing these constructs, including organizational culture, human resource management (HRM) practices, justice perceptions, trust, and innovative work behavior. The aim is to synthesize the findings from these studies and understand the complex interplay between these elements in fostering a positive and productive work environment.

Organisation And
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Comparison between different organisational structure or cultures.....................................4
1.2 How relationship between organisation structure and cultures impact the performance of
the business.................................................................................................................................5
1.3 Factors that influence the individual behaviour at work.......................................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Comparing the different types of leadership style................................................................6
2.2 Organisation theories that underpins the practise of management.......................................7
2.3 Different approaches to management used by organisation.................................................8
3.1 Impact of different leadership style on employees motivation.............................................8
3.2 Application of different motivational theories with in City Group Plc................................9
3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory...................................................................11
4.1 Nature of groups and group behaviour with in City Group Plc.........................................11
4.2 factors that motivates or prevents effective team work in City Group Plc........................12
4.3 Impact of technology on team functioning with in City Group Plc....................................12
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
The concept of organisation behaviour is concerned with the behaviour of the people who
are related to the organisation. It is helpful in knowing the behaviour of the
employees ,stakeholders ,structure of the organisation etc. Human nature is changeable but
company have to analyse it for accomplishing the desired result. In other terms it can say that it
is the study to know how people are interacting with each other in the organisation. It is a
scientific approach that are used for managing the workers (Wickramasinghe and Perera, 2014).
This project is based on City Group Plc which is private owned college and Enterprise rent- a -
car which is largest purchaser of car in the world or provides car on rent. This report explains
that different different organisation structures and factors that affects the individual works and
different types of leadership style or learning theories that are used for managing the people in
the organisation etc.
TASK 1
1.1 Comparison between different organisational structure or cultures
Every organisation have different different structures and cultures as well City Group Plc
and Enterprise rent -a- car have also different different structures and cultures which are as
follows-
Organisation structures – There are different types of structures which are as follows -
 Flat structure – In this,there is proper communication between manager and employees
because small level of hierarchy . This structure is used by small companies and in this
decision making is closed to the work place and span of control is narrow that's why
manager can maintain good relationship with employees (Sandman and et.al., 2012)
 Tall structure – In this a manger handles five to eight subordinates under his control.
There is lack of proper communication because of too much hierarchy. It is used by big
companies. In this mostly decision is taken by top level management. May be in this
type of structure ,employees will no be motivated.
 Centralization or decentralization- In centralization system ,decision is taken by only
one. Employer doesn't involve the employees in this. And in decentralization ,employer
involves the employees while taking the decision which is related to them.

 Matrix structure – It is the combination of functional department and product
customers. This organisation is based on project (Nafz and et.al., 2011).
Organisation cultures- It is the set of values ,rules and norms that tell the employees that how
to work in the organisation. There are different types of cultures which are as follows -
 Task culture – It is a team based approach that motivates the employees for completing
the task with team work. It is used by that company that is established for completing the
particular task. In this employees are more motivated because they are involved in
decision making.
 Power cultures - It is like a centralization system where employer are not involving
anyone while taking the important decision . Employer thinks that he is always right and
it's result is high employees turnover.
1.2 How relationship between organisation structure and cultures impact the performance of the
business
Organisation structure and culture both are co-related with each other and effects the
performance of the business as well as of the employees. Above are explained the different types
of structures and cultures that company can use. Company use the structures and cultures
according their requirement like City Group Plc which is a college so there is no need to follow
any tall structure (Ashby, 2013). Organisation structure determines the
behaviour ,cultures ,ethics etc. in an organisation. Organisation structure are as follows -
1. Centralization or decentralization – If company is using centralisation system then it
demotivated the employees and they will not do work properly and company will not
achieve it's specific objective. And if it uses decentralization system then employees will
be motivated and will do work efficiently and effectively.
2. Tall or flat structures- If company will follow tall structures then manager can easily
manage the subordinates and as this result will be that every one will give their best for
achieving the organisation's objective.
In nutshell,it can be say that company should not follow strict, one authority for decision
making and so on because if company will follow these structure then employees will be
demotivated and will not work efficiently and effectiveness that may result loss to the company
(Solomon, Russell-Bennett and Previte, 2012). Employer should delicate the power of attorney
and decision making power so that employees will feel themselves as a part of the organisation.

1.3 Factors that influence the individual behaviour at work
In an organisation ,there are no. of people who are working and who are from different
different perspective towards the organisation. There are many factors that influences the
individual behaviour which are as follows-
1. Demographic factors- These factors includes education ,sex ,nationality ,race , family
background etc. Company always demand that person who have good communication
skills ,good education background etc. Studying the demographic factors is most
important because it helps the employer for selecting the best candidate who is able to
perform the specific task (Farndale, Hope-Hailey and Kelliher, 2011).
2. Leadership – Manager or leader plays an important role in affecting the behaviour or
attitude of an individual. If manager is communicating properly and guiding him then
individual will be motivated and vice- versa. Leader has the responsibility to guide the
individual so that they can work properly and can acquire the skills and knowledge that
are required for performing the job.
3. Work culture – If employer wants that employees will do work properly that are
required ,he should maintain the proper culture at the working place so that employees
feel comfortable and stay positive and happy. At the work place ,employer should not do
differentiation among the employees .if manager does then employees demotivate and
feel negativity. It mostly affects the individual behaviour.
4. Attitude – It is like a behaviour hoe individual is giving response to a certain
situation ,idea or other person that can positive response or negative response.
TASK 2
2.1 Comparing the different types of leadership style
Leadership is a activity that guides ,motivates and encourage the other people for doing
right things (Punjaisri and Wilson, 2011). It establishes the objectives and share to everyone
who are the part of the organisation and ask to follow it and provides information or knowledge
to everyone so that they can contribute in it. In an organisation there are different types of
leadership style but City Group Plc and Enterprise Rent- A- Car follows the following styles
which are as follows -

1. Autocratic style – In this type of style, leader does not involve to the person while taking
decision related to them. It follows the rule that “Boss is always right”. Mostly this
model is used in “military” and it is also known as commanding leadership style. In
this ,employees demotivate and feel negativity. In this employees turnover increases.
2. Participative or democratic style – In this type, leader involves the employees while
taking the decision which is related to them. This style is best for City Group Plc and
Enterprise Rent -A- Car because it motivates the employees for working with
effectiveness and efficient manner (A. Agarwal, 2014). He invites the employees for
giving ideas and suggestion for a specific problems. In this style ,employees assumes
themselves as a part of the organisation or work properly.
3. Free rein style- In this style ,leader assign the task to everyone and ask for completing
the task with in the specific time period. In this leaders don't take any decision and leave
this function on the employees. In this ,employees works that activities and in such
manner what they want to do. It de-motivates the employees and creates confusion
between team members.
2.2 Organisation theories that underpins the practise of management
Organisation theories is helpful in the study of organisation structure and design,
relationship with external environment and behaviour of manager or leader. It also helps in
identifying the way by which organisation can adopt the changes easily. City Group Plc and
Enterprise Rent-A-Car uses the following types of theories that are helpful in achieving the
desired outcome which are as follows -
1. Classical organisation theory – In this theory ,everyone see the organisation as a
machine or human being. This theory is helpful in increasing the efficiency and
effectiveness of the organisation for accomplishing the best outcome (Suppiah and Singh
Sandhu, 2011).
2. Neo -classical organisation theory - This theory gives main attention on physiological
and mechanical variable that are helpful in the functioning of the organisation and in this
organisation situation is seen in social ,economic and technical terms. This theory
assumes that formal or informal both are important for the society.

3. Contingency theory – This theory suggests or designs the best structure are suitable for
each unit of it. It also suggests the need ,requirement and situation of a particular concern
should be consider while designing the organisation structure.
2.3 Different approaches to management used by organisation
These approach is used by the company for evaluating the entire process or function of
the organisation and measures that Functioning are done according to the standards or not (Alfes
and et.al., 2013). There are many approaches ,some of them are as follows that use by City
Group Plc-
1. Decision theory approach – This approach focus on the decision making ability of the
person. For every activities of an organization ,there is requirement of taking the decision
because it is helpful in carrying out the roles ,responsibilities and activities that helps the
organisation in achieving the desired outcome.
2. System approach – This system treats that organisation is a open system that includes
inter-related or interdependencies elements that are working for achieving the same
objective. This approach is helpful in integrating itself with the external or internal
environment and easily adopts the changes.
3. Socio technical system approach –This approach assumes that organisation is mostly
affected by social system and focus on production and operation. It mainly gives attention
that how people are managing with technology and focus on the function of operational
level in comparison to higher level (Einarsen and et.al., 2011).
4. Human relation approach – this approach helps the manger to deal with the employees
because employees are self motivated or participative style of management.
3.1 Impact of different leadership style on employees motivation
Leadership style plays an important role in motivating the employees. Success of
employees or organisation is depend on how leader is working or guiding the employees for
working according to the standards.
Autocratic leadership style demotivate the employees because in the decision making
there is no involvement of employees and it's result is that there are high employees turnover and
will not do work according to the standards.
In employees oriented leadership style, it focus on the interpersonal relationship with the
employees by taking personal interest in the requirement of the employees. It invites the

employees while taking any decision which is related to them. This style motivates or
encourages the employees for working in effective and efficient manner so that company can
achieve it's desired result (Watson and Korczynski, 2011).
In free rein style ,it focus on the completing of the task that should be completed with in
the specific time period and not focus on the feeling of employees. This can demotivate the
employees and decrease the morale of employees for working in proper way and can affects the
personal life of employees because they end up with low self esteem.
In City Group Plc ,it is getting success because of good management and leadership style
[participative style] with proper communication with employees. While Enterprise Rent-A-Car
have not convincing leadership style and no proper communication. It has task oriented
leadership style narrow span of control with low level of risk that's why it lost it's market share.
3.2 Application of different motivational theories with in City Group Plc
For getting the success ,employer have to motivate the employees so that they can work
according to the standards (Barnard, 2012). There are many types of motivational theories that
can motivate the employees which are as follows-
 Maslow's hierarchy of needs -
According the Maslow ,basic need is the priority for an individual. Firstly ,individual want to
satisfy their basic need like food ,shelter etc. then other things and all person have desire to move
on towards self -actualization need. This theory motivate the employees for achieving the certain

needs. By applying this ,City Group Plc want to satisfy all employees needs and wants
(McLusky and Berry, 2013).
 Herzberg 's motivation theory -
Herzberg motivation theory divides the needs in two parts one is hygiene factors or other one is
motivator factors. Herzberg believe that there are no. of factors that motivate the employees
which are as follows -
 Work hours or working flexibility
 responsibility
 personal growth etc.
City Group Plc implement this theory for motivating the employees. It creates a challenging
environment in the organisation so that employees will feel responsible for working hours or
working condition. And in this their personal growth will be that tend to their self actualization
needs (Baldassarre, Caligiore and Mannella, 2013).
 Equity theory- It is given by John Stacey Adams. In this it explains that employer
should not do differentiation among employees. If company does not do so then
employees will feel motivated and satisfied.
 Expectancy theory of motivation – This theory is used for to bring together all elements
of previous theory. It combines the perpetual aspect of equity theory or behavioural
aspects of other theories.

3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory
Motivational theory is very useful for the managers because through this manager can
learn that what are the factors that motivates or demotivate the employees. Motivation is very
important because it increases the productivity of the employees that contributes in achieving the
desired outcome (Mills, Dube and Zulch, 2013).
In City Group Plc , all employees are working towards the achievement or organisation
goals and are committed towards the company. This result will be that all employees will be high
motivated and high morale.
Taylor believes that all employees can be motivated by giving them money. If company
will give rewards and incentives in exchange of work then employees 'productivity will be
increased.
According to the Herzberg ,employees can be motivated by other factors like working
environment ,responsibility ,personal growth etc. If company is providing all things then
employees will be motivated. According to the Maslow 's theory , company should satisfied the
basic needs first after that move on towards the self actualization need. If company is providing
all things then it will achieve the desired outcome from the employees.
So Manager of City Group Plc should provide all motivational factors according to the
requirements of employees.
4.1 Nature of groups and group behaviour with in City Group Plc
In a group there are many no. of people who are working for achieving the specific
objective. If company want to achieve desired result ,then work should be done with team work.
When all individual of a group will use skills and knowledge then task will be completed
efficiently and effectively (Teslya and et.al., 2014).
In a group ,every individual have different different nature and behaviour. It may be
happen that a group is formed with that people who have same characteristics or nature or
behaviour. A group will get success when all people is committed towards the objective and
contributing equally, everyone knows about their roles and responsibilities ,proper
communication and good personal relationship with each other.
The group behaviour in City Group Plc comes from the contribution of each member in
achievement of objectives. In this company, group are attracted towards each other and
motivated for working properly and encourage them for stay in the company give their best. If

there are proper communication among the members of the group then all members will have
proper or important information that result will be that it will increase the quality of decision
making.
So group behaviour is most important for the organisation because if group member will
do work in proper manner than it helps in achievement organisation's goals and objectives
(Ashby, 2013).
4.2 factors that motivates or prevents effective team work in City Group Plc
In a group ,there may be some members that have no knowledge and no ability for
performing the specific task. There are many factors that motivates or prevents effective
teamwork. In City Group Plc ,there are many factors that are affecting the performance of
employees which are as follows-
 Communication – If in an organisation ,there are proper communication between
employer or employees ,employees and employees or between team member then it
motivates the employees for for working in an efficient manner and vice – versa then it
prevents the employees for proper working .So there should be proper communication.
 Training- if team member is receiving proper training then it will motivate the
employees because training is helpful in increasing the skills and knowledge of the
members.
 Compensation – It is the biggest tool for motivating the employees . If company is
paying proper compensation in exchange of work then it will the workers. And if
company is not providing adequate compensation to the employees then they will not
work properly and demotivate the employees.
 Focusing on goals - Objective should be clear to every members of the group so that
they can work effectively and efficiently (Nafz and et.al., 2011).
◦ Team members of City Group Plc are committed towards the organisation are
following the rules and regulation of the company.
4.3 Impact of technology on team functioning with in City Group Plc
Today time is a changing time and every company have to adopt the changes for
achieving the desired result. At this time ,there are technology up gradation like that City Group
Plc is adopting personal device assistance ,tablet, etc.. It sure that there are impact of this

technology on the functioning of team members, this impact can be positive or negative both.
Following are the impact that affects the functioning of the team members which are as follows-
1. It can affect the employees negatively and can decrease their morale for working.
2. It can increase the productivity of employees by using new technology like computer
that helps the employees in carrying out various activities together and can communicate
easily with the other person who are not available in the office (Solomon, Russell-
Bennett and Previte, 2012).
3. Through this ,employees can do their work from every where.
4. In City Group Plc ,it's employees can provide knowledge or skills to the student through
the computer that saves the time and cost of the employees.
5. It helps the company to find out the best countries or target market where it can deliver
their services (Sandman and et.al., 2012).
6. It saves the cost and time of the company because if there is no computer or other
technology then company have to hire people that can do work properly but with the
existence of technology ,It will be able to handle the various task at one time.
Conclusion
Organisation behaviour is very important because it is helpful in managing the business
activities successfully. From the above project it is concluded that organisation should adopt that
structure or cultures that are suitable to the employees means it should not follow strict structure
because if company will do so then it can't get success and it will lead to high employees
turnover. There are many types of leadership styles and organisation theory like
autocratic ,democratic leadership style that motivate or demotivate the employees and have also
some motivational theory that should be consider by the manger of City Group Plc for
motivating the employees so that they can contribute in the achievement of desired result. City
Group Plc should adopt Democratic leadership style and flat structure that will helpful in
achieving the result.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
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management: The roles of justice and trust. Personnel Review. 40(1). pp.5-23.
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Teslya and et.al., 2014, September. Ontology for resource self-organisation in cyber-physical-
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