Workplace Harassment: Theories and Practices

This assignment delves into the complex issue of workplace harassment. It requires a critical analysis of existing theories, research findings, and practical approaches to addressing this problem. The focus is on understanding the multifaceted nature of workplace harassment, its impact on individuals and organizations, and effective strategies for prevention and intervention.

ORGANISATION AND
BEHAVIOUR

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3
LO 1..............................................................................................................................................................3
1.1Compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture..............................................3
1.2Explain how the relationship between an organisation’s structure and culture can impact on the
performance of a business.......................................................................................................................4
1.3Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work.....................................................5
LO 2..............................................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations.........................6
2.2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management.....................................7
2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations........................8
LO 3..............................................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in
periods of change....................................................................................................................................9
3.2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace...........................9
3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers.........................................................10
LO 4............................................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations........................................11
4.2 Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in
organisations.........................................................................................................................................11
4.3 Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation. ...................12
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Organisation and behaviour is like activities of business which is generally concerned
with the behaviour of an individual. It also means how an organisation can understand about
their activities, how they make prediction and control the behaviour of the organisation or
company. It is generally based on applied theory. In organisational behaviour there is
investigation of the behaviour of an individual (Wickramasinghe and Perera, 2014). Behaviour of an
individual can affect the organisational activities either positively or negatively. It also means
how an individual interact with the other people in the organisation. If employer want that their
employees work hard, effectively and efficiently then it is necessary to motivate them. If people
work in teams then they will achieve better and effective result rather than work individually.
Tesco also use leadership style for their business so that employee can do their work quickly and
attain the desired goals and objectives of an organisation (Mendes and Stander, 2011).
LO 1
1.1 Compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture
Every company and organisation follows their own environment and culture according to
their activities of business; environment can be of internal and external both. Structure of the
business or organisation can be formal or informal also. Tesco do their work according to the
hierarchy of their business and they have their own layouts which they follow. If Tesco follow
the available hierarchy then they can easily control on their activities and also give command to
their employees or work which they have to follow. In Tesco there is leader or manager, so that
employee can provide them report for their work. In Tesco there is lots of department such as
financial, production, selling and distribution etc. they all are depend according to their size
(Wong, Wong and Ngo, 2012).
Every people or an individual has their own culture, values, beliefs etc. similar to that in
Tesco there are various types of people who work over there and these people have their own

attitude, values, culture, beliefs etc. which can affect the activities of the Tesco. Internal
environmental culture can affect the development and success of the Tesco. Tesco’s
organisational culture is very strong and employees of Tesco are very hardworking and co –
operative with each other and also with their customers. They provide fully satisfaction to their
customers and also fulfil their needs and wants timely (Farndale, Hope-Hailey and Kelliher, 2011).
Tesco provides excellence experience and services to their customers. Tesco is an international
organisation and they have their own rules and regulations, every employee of Tesco need to
follow them. These are described as follows:
 If Tesco want to retain their customers and also if they want to approach to the new
customers, for this purpose Tesco need to update customers about their products and
services timely.
 For achievement of more profits, they have to maintain the standards of their
products and services.
 Tesco also need to maintain the quality of their products and services.
 They also fulfil the customer demands by providing them goods and services
according to their wants (Agarwal, 2014).
There are several kinds of organisational structure, which is described as below:
Functional structure: According to this, individuals who are doing same kind of
work possess similar knowledge and talent. Fundamental benefit of this framework is that
manager can take quick judgement because every staff member will communicate with
each other appropriately. Along with this, employees can learn from each other also.
Divisional structure: As indicated by this, departments of organisation can make
coordination with each other; therefore, they can accomplish needs and wants of their
clients in an effective way. For example: geographical, in nation there are people who has
their own culture; thus, it is necessary for firm to produce items as per their choice so that
they can easily fulfill wants of all individuals.

Matrix structure: It is vary complex in nature because in this an employer
creates team in distinctive ways. Such as, through function and goods. Employees will
expect from their manager to provide more duties to them regarding work. As a result, it
enhances productivity, innovation and quick decisions will take.
1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organisation’s structure and culture can
impact on the performance of a business
Organisation follows their structure and culture according to the want and need of their
activities. So that Tesco also has their own culture and structure; they both play an important in
the success of the Tesco. Structure of the Tesco and culture both are much related to each other.
They have an impact on Tesco’s success. There are some key points which shows the
relationship of the structure and culture, there are described as below:
People’s behave are largely dependent on organizational structure: Nature of the
employee is also depend on the organisational structure. If the structure of an organisation is less
effective than the performance of their employees or workers is also less effective. So
performances of the Tesco’s employees are largely depends on the effectiveness of their
structure (Mohammad, Habib and Alias, 2011). Tesco’s organisational structure is very effective so
that they can easily achieve the desired objectives.
Employee empowerment and organizational performance: Employees of the Tesco is
very hard working and also co – operative with each other, this nature help them in their work
and they will do their work more effectively and efficiently. If employees do their work in
effective manner then it will help them in cost reduction and increase productivity.
Structural impact and organizational performance: Tesco provide their customer full
satisfaction and also take feedback from them so that it will help them for their development and
success. If there is an open communication in the Tesco they employee or worker easily
communicate with their leader and manager. Employees and workers also give their suggestions
to their employer, manager or leader (Alfes, and et. al., 2013).
1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work
Employees of the Tesco do work for the organisation and they get pay or benefits as
consideration form employer or manager. In the company there are large number of

employee who does their work with proper motivation, effectiveness and efficiency. Pay and
benefits of the employee is depending on their skills and knowledge. It may also vary
according to their ages, designation and experience. There are some factors which are
mentioned below, can affect the work of an individual:
Job environment: Environment can affect the job of an individual because a good
environment can easily retain the employees in the Tesco. If the environment is affecting and
comfortable then individual or employees also want to work there and don’t want to left the job.
It is also work as a motivation for them and enhances their performance (Einarsen and et. al.,
2011).
Rates of pay: Every organisation’s employees always want good pay which can satisfy
or fulfil their demand so similar to the Tesco’s employees they also want better pay from their
employer or manager. A good pay provides motivation and also it will increase the performance
of the employees.
Respect: Employee of the Tesco wants respect also from their employer or manager.
Only a good pay is not provide motivation to the employees, respect also provide motivation to
the employees. Every employer need self – respect and gratitude from their managers or
employers. If they don’t get respect then it also can affect their performance (Venieris, Naoum and
Vlismas, 2015).
LO 2
2.1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations
There are various types of Leadership style, Tesco also follows leadership style according to
their business. Tesco and ASDA both use different type of leadership style for their businesses.
Leader of the Tesco do their work very uniquely. They always provide better services to the
customers. For the success of the Tesco leaders play an important role and they also provide best
atmosphere for their work. A good leader always focuses on each everything in the company so
that business can be done by more effectively and positively. If leader do that or can say if leader
focus on everything in the organisation then it will help to achieve the desired goals and

objectives and also helps to increase the profit of the Tesco. Tesco focus on some things which
are described as below:
 Tesco provides equal opportunity to their employees because they want development and
success of all their employees. They are similar for their every employee and it will help
them to achieve the success (Fernández-Muñiz, Montes-Peón and Vázquez-Ordá, 2012).
 Leader or manager of the Tesco is very co – operative with their employees. They also do
care for them; it will enhance their performance and provide appreciation to them. They
respect each and every employees at all the levels.
 There is an open communication in the Tesco so that they always support the decision
and suggestion of their employees it will provide them appreciation.
If leader convert the idea into reality then he or she will be a good leader and always help on
success and development of the organisation. It will also help in trust building between the leader
or manager and employees. It also helps in development of the communication and develop the
leader skills in their employees (Willits and Nowacki, 2014).
ASDA’s style of leadership is very opposite or different from the Tesco, it is described as
follows:
 They always think for the success of their own organisation; they never do take care of
the interest of their employees. They always focus on the organisational golas only.
 The priority of the ASDA is to achieve the goals and objective of their company.
There are many kinds of leadership styles, which are stated as beneath:
Autocratic leadership: As per this sort of leadership, entire duties as well as
responsibilities are hold by leader only. They take judgements according to them, without
any discussion with their staff members. Then they communicate about it to them which
they need to implement as soon as possible. With assistance of this, leader will maintain
discipline in organisation.

Democratic leadership: It is also known as participative leadership style. It is basically
used by many firms, as it assists to motivate employees. Staff members of company can
take part in decision making procedure. As a result, issues will resolve quickly and
effectively.
Laissez-faire leadership style: It caters authority to labors of enterprise. Along with this,
employees will do their work more appropriately without any type of interference of their
managers. Thus, it is not much adequate and least associations are using it.
Therefore, it has been concluded that, company is utilizing Democratic leadership style
into their business; thus, they can take decision for their firm more quickly as well as
appropriately.
2.2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management
There are various types of theories which is related to the organisation and each theory can
described according to the organisational structure. It is generally depend on the organisation
formation. There are different types of theory which is followed by the organisation according to
their structure. These theories include the following:
 Scientific approach to management
 Weber’s bureaucratic approach
 Administrative approach
Tesco follow the administrative theory for their organisation. This theory is primarily
introduced by Henry Fayol. The theory includes following:
 Planning
 Organizing
 Leading
 Controlling

Manager of the organisation use this theory for the stages of the organisation. For the success
of the organisation it is very typical to stay at on only one theory. Theory of the organisation
gives positive effect to the work so that it can be done with more effectively and efficiently by
the employees. The theory of the administration provides direction to the leader and will help to
achieve the desired objectives and goals. It is like a blueprint which guide employees to do the
work. Top level management can alter or make changes if there is any need for the alteration in
the theory (Robinson, 2014).
2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisations
Organisation do their activities or work according to the need and want of them. There
are various approaches related to management are mentioned as below:
 Active listening approach
 Capacity building approach
 High control level approach
The management of the Tesco is participative in nature and they follow fix rule for their
working. The organisational structure of Tesco is very flexible so that if there is any need for
change then they will make change. Every employee has to report for their work to the respective
employee. If employees have proper skills and knowledge then they will do their work more
effectively and efficiently. They need to do their best for achieving the desired goals. The
capacity approach includes the following:
 It is very necessary to find customers for the products and services.
 If there is any problem regarding anything then must be resolved (Nijman and Nekaris,
2012).
 If work is done collectively then it will be more effective and efficient.
Approach which is related to high control level is very specific and also used by many
organisations. It is very necessary that rules and regulations must be followed. There are some
various points which are ASDA are as followed:

 They made planning very clear for their business and procedure of ASDA is also very
clear.
 There are much focused for the development and success.
 Project of ASDA is properly evaluated and reported (D'Cruz and Noronha, 2011).
LO 3
3.1 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in
periods of change
Changes are very necessary for the survival and growth of an organisation or company.
Re – engineering is the process which is followed by Tesco. For the growth of the company it is
very necessary that they have to implement new technologies or procedures time to time so that
they can satisfy the customers and also fulfil their needs and wants very effectively and
efficiently.
The term management and leadership both are opposite to each other. Meaning of
management describes that there are various activities of the business and they do them by using
the resources. And leadership describes that how they can lead people or employees of the
organisation to achieve the goals and objectives (Green sand Peloza, 2014). If leader motivate and
inspire of the employees of the Tesco then he or she will be a good leader.
There are different approaches for the leader of Tesco’s company which are mentioned as
below:
 According to the Authorization approach if any alternation is made in an organisation and
decisions are taken by the leaders and they give instructions to their employees and they
need to follow it.
 According to Consultative approach if alteration is done in the future in the organisation
then it is necessary for the leader to be consulted by the employees. It can also help
employees to inspire and motivate them.

If workers or employee do their work in team then
it will help to encourage the employees and also provide some responsibilities related to the
project (Kollmannsberger and et. al., 2011). Leader is always passionate towards their work and
also encourage to employees. They make objectives clear so that employees can achieve it.
3.2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace
Employees are like the asset for an organisation and they are also very important part of
it. Employees always need motivation for their work and motivation can be in two form i.e.
monetary term and non – monetary term. Employer or leader can motivate the employees by
using theories of motivation. Tesco is also use theory of motivation that is perfectly suit to the
organisation.
McGregor says that people can be divided into two categories such as X and Y. X types
of employees always need monitoring by their employers or leader and also they want strict
management. They are very lazy regarding their work and sometimes they do not like their work
also. But Y types of employees are motivated, very responsible and active. According to the
theory of McGregor, Tesco need to motivate their employees who are cover under the type X
(Baldassarre, Caligiore and Mannella, 2013).
According to the theory of hierarchy of Maslow, it starts with the employee’s basic need
and end with their self – actualization or self – fulfillment. This theory also describes that if the
employees of the esc go to the hierarchy’s next level then they have to progress in their
performance. Employee performance is also depending on the need but there is one theory also
which is named as Vroom’s theory. According to this theory it is depend on the employee’s
experience and skills.
Employee of the Tesco also needs to do their work with more effectiveness and
efficiency so that they will get rewarded by the manager or employer. The performance of the
employee and reward is always need to each other, the manager need to understand this fact
(Mills, Dube and Zulch, 2013).
3.3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers
The theory of motivation is very essential for the Tesco Company because it always help
to motivate the employees so that they can help the organisation to attain the goals and

objectives. It also helps to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the worker or employee. If
employees get motivated then it will help to increase the productivity of the Tesco and by this
cost is also reduced. If Tesco wants to motivate their employees then they can use theories of
motivation.
Theory of motivation also encourages the employees of the Tesco to enhance their
performance. Tesco also give incentives to their employees to motivate them. If employee gets
motivated then obviously they do their work with extra efforts and timely. If employees also get
respect from their employees then it will also help to motivate them and they will do their work
with full effectiveness and efficiency (Wickramasinghe and Perera, 2014). If employees of the
Tesco are satisfied from the organisation then also they will do challenging work. There are also
some factors which can also provide motivation to the employee or an individual such as job
environment, pay skills etc.
LO 4
4.1 Explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organisations
If employees of the organisation do their work in the groups then also they can achieve
the desired goals with more effectiveness and efficiency. If people do their work in groups then
also they can complete it within the given time frame. People of the group do work which is
assign to them. People are also depends on each other for their work. There are various types of
groups which are available in the Tesco which are as given below:
Formal Group: This type of groups is already prepared according to the need of Tesco. It is
made so that company can achieve the goals and objectives which they
want to achieve. Rules and regulations of the formal groups are already
fixed and every people or employees of the Tesco need to follow it
(Mendes and Stander, 2011). It is also include some type of group such as
command group, task group etc.
Informal group: Informal groups are created by the people or employees of the
organisation. There are different types of group such as interest group,
friendship group etc. No people or employee can bound any of the
employee or people to be in the group, they can leave or join the group
according to their choice or want.

4.2 Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in
organisations
If employees or managers of the Tesco do their task in team then it will be more efficient
or effective because if people do their work in team them they never focus on single person in
fact they do focus on the whole team. It is very typical to do work in team because every person
has their own attitude or behaviour to do any work (Wong, Wong and Ngo, 2012). If people work
in the teams then also there will be many problems which can arise.
There are some factors that can promote the development of effective team work in the
organisation, which are described as below:
Communication: It is very necessary that if people do work in the team then there will
be proper communication between all the people. In Tesco there is an open communication. So
that people or employee can easily share information to their employer and if there any problem
arise then employee can give their suggestions also.
Trust: If people do work or task in the team then trust on each other is very necessary.
Because if there is proper trust between every member then they can also share information
about the work willing fully.
Positive attitude: It is very necessary for an employee or employer to be positive
towards their work or task. It is fact that when people work in the team then they can also face
many problems; if people do not make efforts for their team work then problems cannot be solve
and Tesco cannot get success. If employer or manager can also provide training program to their
employees then it can also help to build positive attitude among them (Farndale, Hope-Hailey and
Kelliher, 2011).
4.3 Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation.
Technology is very important for an organisation to survive and growth in the
marketplace. Now days no organisation do their work by manually and they also do their work
with the machinery. If Tesco use new technology in their business then they can do their work
also with more effective and efficient manner. People also do their or complete their work within
time. By use new technology work can be more simple and easy. New technology also give
positive impact to the Tesco. Now days all work is done in the organisation by using new

technology. It helps to reduce distance and employees also do their work or task with more
actively and suitability.
Tesco also provide training to their employees so that they can easily use the new
technology. Tesco has their own culture so that they can use the technology which can suitable
for their business. Use and impact of the technology also depend according to the nature of the
task or project.
If employees of the Tesco do their work in teams or group then also they can achieve the
desired goals and objective with more effectiveness and efficiency. There is also many problems
arise when they work in teams so it is very necessary to solve them (Nijman and Nekaris, 2012).
Teams work is always help people to increase the profit of the Tesco. It also provides more
specialization to the tesco and help to increase the morale of the employees.
CONCLUSION
As per the above mentioned report it is concluded that organisation and behaviour is
different according to the business or organisation. Structure of every organisation is also very
different from the other organisation. If there is need of any changes in the organisation then it
can be altered with the help of top level management. It is very necessary to understand the
structure or culture of the Tesco because every organisation has their own way of working to do
their task or for attainment of goals and objectives. Structure and culture of the company are
interrelated to each other. It is described in the report that there are various factors in the Tesco
which can influence the performance of the employee. There are various leadership styles and
every organisation can choose it according to their suitability. Every organisation has their own
management and which is differs from the leadership style. Leadership style also help to
motivate the employees. Also there are many theories which is related to motivation and that can
also help to employees for attain the goals and objectives of the Tesco. When people do their
work in groups and teams then also they can achieve the desired goals and objectives effectively
and efficiently. Technology also can affect the working of an organisation.

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