Exploring Management Approaches and Theories

This assignment delves into the world of management by examining diverse management approaches and their theoretical underpinnings. It analyzes how these theories impact employee motivation and overall organizational behavior. Key concepts covered include social identity processes in organizations, psychological capital, motivation to care, servant leadership, and conflict management styles. The assignment also highlights the significance of organizational socialization and its role in shaping positive organizational behavior.

ORGANIZATION
BEHAVIOUR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Different organizational structures and culture of City College and Enterprise ..................1
1.2 Relationship between organizational structure and culture and their effect on
organizational performance.........................................................................................................2
1.3 Factors influence individuals to behave at work ..................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 Effectiveness of different leadership styles and each style impacting different
organizations ..............................................................................................................................4
2.2 Organizational theories linked with different style of management ....................................5
2.3 Evaluating different approaches used by two organizations ................................................5
3.1 Impact of different leadership style on behaviour of staff in two organization ...................6
3.2 Application of the different motivational theories ...............................................................6
3.3 Benefits of different motivational theories and practices ....................................................8
4.1 Nature of group and group behaviour within the workforce in two organizations ..............8
4.2 Factors that makes a team effective and factors that threaten success .................................8
4.3 Impact of technology in the success of two ventures ...........................................................9
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Organization behaviour is treated as a study of both individual and group performance
within business organization. This study also analyses the human behaviour in the organization
and examines its impact on the performance, job structure and motivational level of employees
(Huczynski and Buchanan, 2009). By taking the above topic into consideration, this present
report has been prepared on City college and Enterprise. As the case study states, City college is
a private college in the North West London and is a part of City plc. Organization has unique
structure and it is divided into different departments. On the contrary side, Enterprise is a Rent-
A-Car company which is one of the largest car hire company in the world. Further, this report
will focus on comparing different organization structures followed by different ventures and also
emphasize on factors which influence the individual behaviour at work.
TASK 1
1.1 Different organizational structures and culture of City College and Enterprise
Business ventures are generally identified of their responsibilities and relationship which
they build up with different stakeholders including internal and external. Further, organizational
structure plays an important role in the development of both the City college and Enterprise. It
consists of the arrangement of different types of activities which include allocation of tasks and
supervision of employees so that goals and objectives of the venture can be efficiently achieved.
City College being a private college in London, has a hierarchical organization structure. This
shows that it only consists of one layer or two layer apart from the top management (Fischer and
Harb, 2005). This is also indeed true as Mr. Wakefield who is the owner of City College has split
their operations into three departments namely teaching, human resource and administration.
On the contrary side, Enterprise Rent-A-Car (Enterprise) follows flat structure where
managers divide the work to superiors and superior gives work to subordinates who are working
under them. This structure has a fix authority as well as responsibility criteria and no employee is
over burdened with the work.
Each and every organization has their own culture and it differs from one business
enterprise to the other. They have their values, policies and guidelines that makes them different
and venture opts these in order to have a competitive edge over its rivals. As per the Charles
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Handy’s model, there are four types of culture namely power, task, person, role which City
College and Enterprise have to take into consideration: Power: City College opts this culture in which main power remains in the hand of Mr.
Wakefield and he is the only one who can take major decisions for College development
and success (Saks and Gruman, 2011). Further, he also delegates responsibilities to
different departments and each department has to accomplish the set objectives.
 Person: Person culture is opted by Enterprise as for it, their employees are the key people
who will increase their revenue and profits. Apart from taking the back seat, Enterprise
walks together with employees and satisfies their needs as well as demands in an efficient
and effective manner.
Further, from the view point of Edgar Schein model of organization culture, employees in
the company have to understand the external environment and solve problems accordingly. The
elements of this model are: Artifacts: It shows the characteristics of business organization which are viewed, heard
and felt easily by the individuals. City College uses this element as they have a proper
dress code for the employee who are giving their productive service in the different
departments and also have better facilities in the college for students.
 Values: It shows the value of employees at workplace. Values of employees who are
working in the Enterprise play a crucial role in deciding the organization culture (Luthans
and Li, 2005). Further, Enterprise also has several dedicated employees who focus on
achieving their individual and organization goals as well as objectives.
1.2 Relationship between organizational structure and culture and their effect on organizational
performance
Organization structure and culture have a mutualist relationship with one another and
management structure creates work culture in the business venture. As discussed above, city
college has a hierarchical structure where decision making is centralized at the top level. Further,
their culture will genuinely affect due to lack of freedom and autonomy at down levels which
result into bad functioning as well. However, if the organization structure is decentralized as of
the Enterprise venture, then cultural atmosphere will be more independent and employees will be
able to work with the best of their efforts (Hogg and Terry, 2014).
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Apart from it, City College also follows Line and staff culture where top level controls all
the functions and superiors of each department have to give report to Mr. Wakefield at the end of
particular time period. Performance of both the mentioned organizations gets affected due to
unhealthy structure and culture. Further, if there exists unhealthy environment, then it will be
difficult for both City College as well as Enterprise to reach to their set goals and objectives and
due to this, they will also not be able to survive in the environment.
1.3 Factors influence individuals to behave at work
Some prior factors which affect individuals at work are their perception, personality
attitude, skills and others. People have their own style and way to perform their work and it
differs from one person to another. Further, it also depends upon the qualities of employees who
are working in City College and enterprise. Some of the factors have been discussed below as: Skills: Skills are the abilities of a person to perform a task within business organization.
Person behaviour in the venture is generally influenced by their ability and skills. At the
time of recruitment, managers of both the firm focus on selecting the most desirable
candidates who are multi-skilled and also multi-talented (Chapman, Johnson and Kilner,
2014). Moreover, a person only able to give their best of the output only if their ability
and skill meets with the job description of the business organizations. Demographic: Demographic factors are generally related socio-economic background
which includes nationality, race, education and other different components. Further,
organization nowadays also focuses on selecting young professionals because they have
uniqueness in them and they are able to face challenges and problems which exist in the
business.
 Perception of workers: Each and every individual having their own perception to perform
a particular task or duty. There are different factors which genuinely affect the perception
of employees. It is necessary for both City College and enterprise to provide employees a
suitable working environment so that they can feel good in performing their duties and
achieving the goals of organization in a desired manner.
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TASK 2
2.1 Effectiveness of different leadership styles and each style impacting different organizations
Leaders are the persons who possess certain traits of motivates employees within
business organization. Further, there exists different types of leadership styles which influence
the working of an individual within the venture. These are: Autocratic style- An autocratic leader centralize major power and decision from itself and
their exists no interference of employee's. Leader takes the full authority and
responsibility and frames plans and policies according to their own mentality. Further, no
challenge is also made by employees because they know if this happened then their job
will be on stake (Adeniyi, 2007). In today's era, this style is not followed by any business
organization including the City college and Enterprise because employees will feel
dishearten and they will not be able to work with best of their efficiency and capabilities. Democratic style- Democratic leadership style also knows as participate style where
managers of the business ventures consider the suggestion of their employees before
taking any crucial decision. Further, managers make the final decision by evaluating all
the valuable inputs given by their workforce. Moreover, this style motivates the employee
because their valuable suggestion got the preference and they work with best of their
dedication to achieve the organization goals. City college and enterprise both persuade
this style because it gives moral satisfaction to their employees in order to achieve their
individual goals as well.
 Laiseez- Faire style- Under Laissez-faire, all the rights and power to make decision is
given to the workers and employees have complete freedom to take decision regarding
their own work. This style is only possible when managers have full trust on their
employees and employee's to have guts to take decision for the betterment of the business
ventures.
By understanding all the styles, it has been concluded that owner of City college is the
leader and he prefers democratic leadership style. This is because institution have three different
departments and Mr. Wakefield takes the valuable suggestion from their potentially talented
employees. This will significantly result in proper functioning of the educational institution.
On the other side, Andy Taylor who is the CEO of Enterprise focuses on all the three
mentioned styles and implements them as per the situation occurs. Timely decisions are taken by
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him and when planning some policies, he takes the suggestion of employees (Zhang, Lin and
Foo, 2012). Moreover, at times freedom is also given to the employees in their working because
they have innovative mind to solve a problem which exists in the venture.
2.2 Organizational theories linked with different style of management
Organizational theories are nothing but just the analysis of the organization structure.
These theories generally explains about the different understanding and appreciation for
criticizing or promoting other segments of the business world. Further, mangers use different
organizational and management theory in the working of the business ventures. City college
follows human relation theory and administrative theory. Human relation theory emphasize on
different human factors and its focus on leadership and motivation. Further, the main motto of
this theory is to improve the superior-subordinate relationship (Saeed and et.al., 2014).
Administrative theory is found by Henry Fayol and this focuses on developing a unique culture
in mentioned institution. Further, City college also adopts bureaucratic management theory
because their work is divided among different department.
On the other side, Enterprise gives chance to their each and every worker and the
organization main aim is to give best of the services to their customer's and they become a loyal
customer's for the business establishment. Enterprise adopts organizational theory where each
and every employee gets chance to get involved in the decision making of the company and they
can express their valuable suggestion along with their important views and gratitudes so that
decisions are taken efficiently and effectively (Pham, 2015).
2.3 Evaluating different approaches used by two organizations
There are different types of approaches available for both City college and Enterprise and
few of them has been discussed down under: Contingency theory approach: Contingency theory approach is just a part of management
theory and it focuses on motivating workers in the organization so that they can achieve
their individual as well as organizational goals and objectives. This approach is
implemented by the Enterprise because they have large number of employees working
who and giving their productive services. Andy Taylor, who is the CEO also have to give
the best environment to the employees in order to have the proper functioning of their
workers (Define Management Approach. 2009).
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 Decision making approach- This is the approach which is generally used by City college
and Enterprise at the time of making effective policies and decisions (Adeniyi, 2007).
Employees are the valuable assets for the organization and Mr. Wakefield have to
consider their valuable suggestions at the time of making proper and effective decisions.
Further, problems do exists in the departments and this approach plays a significant role
in solving the problem within a small span of time.
 System approach- This theory is on generalization point where each and every
department is inter-related and inter- dependent (Dulewicz and Higgs, 2005). Further, it
is a combination of various hierarchies of sub-systems within business firms.
3.1 Impact of different leadership style on behaviour of staff in two organization
Leadership is generally goes beyond the management and they play a significant role in
motivating the employees so that they work with best of their efficiency and ability to achieve
their desired goals and objectives. Some leadership styles are: Autocratic: This leadership style is beneficial for those employees who requires close
supervisions so that they can enhance their productivity. Moreover, the aspect of being
motivated cannot be earned with the implementation of this sort of style. Democratic: When City college and enterprise make changes in their organization
policies and structure, this leadership style helps their employees to accept all the changes
which have been made in a significant manner because they were involved in the decision
making. This certainly boosts up their morale as well.
 Laissez-faire: In the Laissez-faire style, managers shifts all responsibilities and decision
making on subordinates. Furthermore, intervention of the top managers is nearly zero and
employees functions their tasks without any guidance and involvement. Managers do not
implement power but still they remain in contact of employees and they take necessary
feedbacks from them. This sort of leadership style is followed by Enterprise because they
have given autonomy to their employees to take decision in their own tasks and duties.
3.2 Application of the different motivational theories
Motivation means desire to do something. Every and every individual need a motivating
factor to builds its calibre and morale (Robert Ankli and Palliam, 2012). Furthermore, motivation
can be in form of rewards or promotion. There are different motivational theories which are
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identified and adopted by City College and Enterprise so that they can enhance the productive of
their talented employees. The different motivational theories that can be applied to work place
are:
Maslow's need hierarchy theory- This theory focuses on identifying the different needs
of employees who are working within the business venture. This theory is opted by the owner of
City college because he has to satisfy the needs and demands of employees who are giving their
service in the different department of the business venture (Moody and Pesut, 2006). This theory
is divided on different elements and these are:
 The physiological needs are the basic requirement for the survival and organization have
to satisfy this immensely. However, it is already satisfied because employees having job
and getting basic salary which is sufficient.
 At this level person can be given safety against the job so that they can give best of their
output to the organization growth. This includes personal, financial, health security and
different others.
 Once he has met the lower level needs, employee will focus on satisfying their social
needs that generally involves friends or belonging from the office people. Good and
friendly environment will motivate them to perform good.
 These are the needs which involves self respect, achievement, recognition and reputation.
Esteem needs generally have high priorities and managers have to praise the work of
employees so that they get higher opportunity in the future (Zhang and Foo, 2012). At last self-actualization need are of truth, justice meaning and wisdom within City
college. Mr. Wakefield can focus on training program which can lead into advancement,
growth and creativity among employees.
Herzberg theory of motivation- As per this theory, there are two motivational factors namely
hygiene factor and motivator factor. Enterprise uses this theory in order to motivate their
employees so that set targets can be achieved.
 Hygiene factor are those which causes dissatisfaction among employees and it involves
components like job security, salary and Fringe benefits, etc. Employees will be
demotivated if they are absent.
 Motivator renders positive satisfaction such as challenging work, recognition,
opportunity, etc.
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3.3 Benefits of different motivational theories and practices
As stated above, City college implies Maslow's need hierarchical theory and with the
implementation of this Mr. Wakefield creates a friendly environment among employees. This
will generally reduce the employees turnover and give them satisfaction as organization cares for
their needs and demands (Densten, 2005). Further, this type of culture generally encourage
employees and they will be able to work with best of their efficiency as well as capabilities to
achieve their individual and organizational goals and objectives. Some advantages are:
 Innovative solution for each and every problem
 Evolution of team environment within City college
Enterprise implements Herzberg theory of motivation where two major factors leads
towards employee's motivation. With implementation, certain advantages has arrived and these
are:
 Employees gets motivated and leads to reduction in miscommunication and conflicts
 Strengths and weakness has been accessed and according to this appraisal is given to
employees.
4.1 Nature of group and group behaviour within the workforce in two organizations
Group is usually developed within each and every business venture and every group has
some prior objectives. Further, all individuals are directed towards the achievement of such set
goals (Luthans and Li, 2008). For developing an impelling relationship between top management
and workers, City college focuses on their tag line of “know yourself, know your people”. As per
this, working of employees in the institution can be analysed. On the contrary side, performance
management also impact the behaviour of the group which is opted by the Enterprise.
Further, a group with enforced membership, is type of assigned individuals in a class who
must complete a project together in order to be more variable. Different sort of activities
facilitates bonding and therefore ventures uses different ice-breaking exercises. Thus, through
such an activity it generally impacts the operation of Enterprise because reward links with that.
4.2 Factors that makes a team effective and factors that threaten success
The mos popular factor for boosting teamwork success is inter-group competition i.e.
competition within the different groups in the company. Some of the factors are discussed down
under:
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 Workplace diversity: Both City college and Enterprise having employee's who are from
different geographical and demographic background. Both the ventures have to change
their policies constantly in order to remove disputes and conflicts within the business
venture (Van Dick and Wieseke, 2006).
 Better communication: Both the organization having an “open door policy” where
ventures welcomes all the grievances and the problems which they are facing in the
organizational operations. By taking suggestions they assure them to resolve that within a
specific time period.
 Leader: Leaders are their managers and these leaders in both City college and Enterprise
developing skilled leaders for the future. These leaders motivate employees and focuses
on achieving their individuals and organizational goals and objectives.
4.3 Impact of technology in the success of two ventures
With the acceptance of new technologies, both City college and Enterprise can increase
their revenue and productivity. Some are stated down under: Website- Mr. Wakefield can focus on developing an area on website where both superiors
and subordinate value their suggestions in order to make organization a better place. E-mails- E-mails are considered as the best platform for getting connected (Coghlan, D.
and Brannick, 2014). Further, with accepting this, City college and Enterprise can
respond quickly to certain problems and needs of their clients.
 Software- City college and enterprise can make efficient managing of their employees
with the use of software's like customer relationship management software, performance
appraisal etc.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it is inferred that City college and Enterprise implements different
types of leadership styles in order to motivate their employees. Further, this report also showcase
the use of different motivational theories which helps organization to reduce elements like labour
turnover. Moreover, this report also emphasize on different factors which influence the
individual working and City college and enterprise have to take necesssary steps in order to
overcome that.
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REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Adeniyi, A. M., 2007. Effective Leadership Management: An Integration of Styles, Skills &
Character for Today's CEOs. AuthorHouse.
Chapman, L. A., Johnson, D. and Kilner, K., 2014. Leadership styles used by senior medical
leaders: Patterns, influences and implications for leadership development. Leadership in
Health Services. 27(4) pp. 283 – 298.
Coghlan, D. and Brannick, T., 2014. Doing action research in your own organization. Sage.
Densten, L. I., 2005. Clarifying inspirational motivation and its relationship to extra effort.
Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 23(1). pp. 40 – 44.
Dulewicz and Higgs, 2005 Assessing leadership styles and organisational context. Journal of
Managerial Psychology. 20(2). pp.105 – 123.
Fischer, R. and Harb, C., 2005. Organizational behaviour across cultures theoretical and
methodological issues for developing multi-level frameworks involving culture.
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management. 5(1). pp.27-48.
Hogg, M.A. and Terry, D.J., 2014. Social identity processes in organizational contexts.
Psychology Press.
Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D.A., 2009. Organizational behaviour. Financial Times Prentice
Hall.
Luthans, F. and Li, W., 2005. The psychological capital of Chinese workers: Exploring the
relationship with performance. Management and Organization Review. 1(2). pp.249-271.
Luthans, F. and Li, W., 2008. More evidence on the value of Chinese workers' psychological
capital: A potentially unlimited competitive resource?. The International Journal of
Human Resource Management. 19(5). pp.818-827.
Moody, C. R. and Pesut, J. D., 2006. The motivation to care: Application and extension of
motivation theory to professional nursing work. Journal of Health Organization and
Management. 20(1). pp.15 – 48.
Robert Ankli, E. R. and Palliam, R., 2012. Enabling a motivated workforce: exploring the
sources of motivation. Development and Learning in Organizations: An International
Journal. 26(2). pp.7 – 10.

Saeed, T. and et.al., 2014. Leadership styles: relationship with conflict management styles.
International Journal of Conflict Management. 25(3). pp. 214 – 225.
Saks, A.M. and Gruman, J.A., 2011. Organizational socialization and positive organizational
behaviour: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Canadian Journal of
Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration. 28(1).
pp.14-26.
Van Dick, R. and Wieseke, J., 2006. Identity and the extra mile: Relationships between
organizational identification and organizational citizenship behaviour. British Journal of
Management. 17(4). pp. 283-301.
Zhang, Lin. and Foo., 2012. Servant leadership: a preferred style of school leadership in
Singapore. Chinese Management Studies. 6(2). pp.369 – 383.
Online
Define Management Approach. 2009. [Online]. Available through <http://xx-
pmspec.wikidot.com/define-management-approach>. [Accessed on 16th February 2016].
Pham, B. L., 2015. What Are Organizational Theories? [Online]. Available through
<http://www.ehow.com/info_8120176_organizational-theories.html>. [Accessed on 16th
February 2016].
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