Organizational Behavior and Motivation Theories

The provided document is a solved assignment that delves into various organizational behavior and motivation theories. It includes references to academic articles and books, such as 'The Routledge Companion to Organizational Change', 'Journal of Business Ethics', and 'Human Resource Management'. The assignment also touches on the importance of accountability, trust, and commitment in organizations, and how these factors can influence employee deviant behaviors. Additionally, it discusses the strength of accountability in relation to teachers' organizational citizenship behavior.

Organisational Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Evaluation of organisation's culture, politics and power on individual, team behaviour and
performance............................................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2 Various theories of motivation..........................................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
P3 An effective team as opposed to an ineffective team........................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
P4 Concepts and philosophy of organisational behaviour.....................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviour is considered as the study which supports the organisation to
understand the behaviour of employees and there several ways through which they interact with
the other employees. It helps the human resource manager of every organisation in creating
positive working environment for the employees that motivates them to perform their work in
effective manner. This report is based on A.M (Holdings) Limited, which supplies confectionery
foil and laminated carton board in UK. Present assignment will emphasize on the influence of
culture, politics and power on employees performance and productivity (West and
Lyubovnikova, 2013). Apart from this, various theories will describe motivation which helps the
organisation to motivate its manpower and improve their productivity level. In addition to this,
concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisation on the basis of
different situation at work place will going to be discuss in this assignment.
TASK 1
P1 Evaluation of organisation's culture, politics and power on individual, team behaviour and
performance.
Organisational behaviour refers to the way through which employees interact with each
other at work place. This study is done with the motive of understanding human behaviour to
find out possible outcomes which can be opted by the organisation in order to enhance its
performance. It is the responsibility of HR manager of every organisation to allocate roles and
responsivity to the employees according to their designation and capability (Avey, Palanski and
Walumbwa, 2011). Apart from this, it is required by HR team to maintain positive and conflict
free environment at work place. A.M (Holdings) Limited is supplier of confectionery foils and
laminated boards It has been evaluated that organisational culture, politics and power influences
the performance level of the individual as well as team behaviour. These terms are evaluated as
below:
Culture: Culture refers to the combination of the values, assumptions, belief of organisation
which influences the behaviour of individual as well as organisation. In context to A.M
(Holdings) Limited, its HR manager is always making efforts to create positive culture at
workplace. Effective working environment influences the performance of individual as well as
team. This also motivates the employees that directly reduces the employee turnover of this
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organisation. Thereat re several types of culture which affects the employees. Some of these are
described as below:
Role culture: This culture refers to the functional structure of the organisation. In this
manager of an organisation assigns the job to the subordinate on the basis of its capability and
skills. In context to A.M (Holdings) Limited, it is the responsibility of the manager to assign the
task to the employees according to their specialisation. This will influence the employee to
perform its business operations in effective manner which will help the organisation to achieve
the goals and objectives (Boje, Burnes and Hassard, 2011).
Task culture: In this culture various teams are formulated in order to resolve particular
problem at workplace. In relation with the A.M (Holdings) Limited, manager of this enterprise
concentrates on making the team of the employees on the basis of issues. In addition to this,
members of team are expertise in resolving the issue in the given time frame. It will directly
impact the productivity in positive manner and also built interpersonal relation among the
employees.
Person culture: This type of organisational culture majorly emphasize on employees of
company. In relation to the A.M (Holdings) Limited, this firm can conduct various training and
development session for its employees in order to develop their skills and knowledge. Employee
with higher skills will perform its job responsibilities in effective manner within the given time
frame. As a result this will enhance the business growth of this organisation.
Politics: This term refers to the interaction of the human being at work place which involves
powers and authority. Politics is considered as the negativity which creates unnecessary issues
within the organisation and affects the performance of the individual as well as team. In every
organisation employees usually becoming the part of politics for the motive of achieving higher
power and authority (Wagner and et. al., 2012). In context to A.M (Holdings) Limited, politics is
affecting its employees in negative manner and these are describe below:
Decline in productivity: Internal politics of A.M (Holdings) Limited is affecting the
productivity level of the employees as they are distracted with the disputes and conflicts. As a
result individuals are not able to concentrate on their performance and reduces the quality of
work.
Enhances the stress level: Politics affects the working environment of an organisation. In
this, employees have jealousy feeling with each other that increases the stress level of the
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employee. For example: If the an individual is the part of the team, stress level of that individual
will also affect the performance of whole team. Because of stress environment at work place goal
of team will not be achieved in the given time period.
Power: It is considered as the capability of an individual that persuades other person with their
activity in the organisation. In context to the A.M (Holdings) Limited, top management of this
enterprise have the maximum power which gives them authority to influence employee to
perform according their vision and thoughts. Power has its own positive as well as negative
impact which affects the performance of the employees. In context to A.M (Holdings) Limited,
different types of power used by its top management are evaluated as below:
Reward power: In this, organisation increases the performance of the employee by
proving them rewards on the basis of their productivity level (Laforet, 2011). This type of power
is used by maximum organisations as it improves the performance of the individual as well as
team in effective manner. Monetary benefits influences the employees to accomplish their given
task in best possible way with quality. It is considered as the positive form of power.
Coercive power: This type of power states that the top management of the organisation
formulates rules and regulation which are compulsory for the employees to follow. In context to
A.M (Holdings) Limited, top management of this organisation have created various targets for
the packaging team. In case if this team is not able to achieve their daily target, member of team
have compensate it from their salary. Coercive power is the negative form of power as it
involves punishment. As a result, this power demotivate employees which decreases their quality
of performance
From the above mentioned organisational culture, power and politics, it has been
analysed that all factors affects the performance of individual as well as team. In order to
improve effectiveness in employees performance, it is responsibility of HR manager of the A.M
(Holdings) Limited to create positive working environment and develop formal communication
between the employees. This reduce the politics and conflicts at work place.
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TASK 2
P2 Various theories of motivation
Each organisation majorly emphasizes on improving the performance and productivity of
the employees in order to achieve predetermined goals and objectives. It is the responsibility of
the HR manager of every enterprise to understand the needs and requirement of its employee
which affects their performance. In context to A.M (Holdings) Limited, its HR manager is
expertise in handling manpower of the organisation and motivates them on continuous basis.
Motivation encourages individual to perform their work in effective manner. It also increases the
work efficiency of the employees at team level too (Evaluation and Explanation of Theories on
Motivation, 2018). HR manager of this organisation using various types of motivation theories in
order to improve the work performance of the employees. Motivation theories are classified into
two types content theory and process theory. These theories are evaluated as below:
Content theory: This type of theory is based on human behaviour and its preferences to satisfy
their needs (Jansen and Samuel, 2014). In addition to this, it also provides particular framework
which satisfies their needs of the individual and motivates them to perform in effective manner.
Herzberg's two factor theory:
Herzberg Theory states that in every organisation there are certain factors which
motivates the employees to perform well. These factors are termed as motivating factors. Apart
from this, there are some others factor which may dissatisfy the needs of employee and affect
their performance in negative manner. These factors are known as hygiene factors. Both the
motivating and hygiene factors are elaborated as below:
(Source: Herzberg's two factor theory of motivation, 2018)
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Illustration 1: Herzberg's two factor theory of motivation

Hygiene factors: These factors involve physiological needs of the individual which are required
to be fulfil by the organisation in order to motivate them towards the work. In context to A.M
(Holdings) Limited, it HR manager is motivating the worker by satisfying there needs in order to
improve their performance for the business growth. These physiological needs of individual are
evaluated as below:
Pay: It is required by the HR manager of A.M (Holdings) Limited to provide appropriate
salaries to its employees which can easily fulfil its sociological needs. Apart from this, pay scale
of every employee of similar designation must be equivalent (Huhtala and et. al., 2013). It will
motivate the employee to perform their assigned duties in effective manner.
Working environment: HR manager of A.M (Holdings) Limited is majorly focusing on
providing appropriate working environment to the employees such safe, clean and hygienic basic
facilities etc. In addition to this, HR also focuses on availing latest tools and technology to the
employees in order to ease their work. This increases the satisfaction level of the employees.
Interpersonal relation: In an organisation its essential for its employees to work in
effective manner that can give monetary benefit to the enterprise. In context to A.M (Holdings)
Limited, its HR manager is conducting various team building activities in the organisation that
improves the interpersonal skills of the employees. It will improve the mutual understanding
between the employee and also influence their work performance.
Motivational factors:
Motivational factors are the one which encourages employees to perform its work in
effective manner with positive and valuable outcome. In relation with A.M (Holdings) Limited,
Human resource team of this organisation is using these factors to motivate the employees.
These factors are described below:
Responsibility: HR manager of A.M (Holdings) Limited delegates the duties and
responsibilities of the work among the employees. Employees perform with more proficiency
when they owns the responsibility (Glendon, Clarke and McKenna, 2016). It motivates the
individual as well as team to perform their task in effective manner.
Rewards and recognition: In this, HR manager monitors the performance of the
employee on regular basis and provide them rewards for their hard work. Monetary rewards
provides opportunity to individual to earn extra money apart from the salary. This motivates the
employees to perform their work in effective manner.
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Process theory: This theory emphasize on the ideas of how an organisation changes and
develops.
Vroom's expectancy theory: This theory emphasis both on process and content of motivation
by integrating needs, reinforcement and equity (Fagbohungbe, Akinbode and Ayodeji, 2012). It
was profound by Victor Vroom in 1964 that assists managers to motivate employees by
determining three major factors of appraisals viz. Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence. On
these three factors, HR managers of David determine performance level of employees and
recognise them by giving different appraisals.
(Source: Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation, 2017) Expectancy- This part entails that to obtain better result of business, a person has to work
more hard in business. Through this technique, managers of A M (Holdings) Limited can
encourage staff members to perform well by providing rewards and incentives to best
performers. Instrumentality- This process assists general opinion of people that they think to perform
well, will aid in getting better reward at business. Under this process, top management of
A M (Holdings) must ensure that promises of rewards can be fulfilled as well as create an
awareness among employees too.
 Valence- It describes the degree at which value of people at workplace can be rewarded
that results to gain high success (Elstad, Christophersen and Turmo, 2012). Thus, it is
necessary for employers of A M (Holdings) Ltd., to give promotion to employees as per
performance of them by discovering their value.
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Illustration 2: Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation

This theory of motivation aids managers of A M (Holdings) Limited, for encouraging
workers to work well. It also helps in recognising performance of employees as well as giving
them rewards in perfect manner.
Strengths and weakness of process and content theories
Strengths: Process theory is beneficial for A.M holding as it motivates its employees to
employees to achieve targeted goals and objectives of company. On the other hand major
strength of content theory is that it develops internal capabilities of employees in order to
achieve targeted goals of organisation.
Weakness: Main weak factor of Content theory for AM holding is that, motivation is
not common for all as for one individual if motivation might be mean is job satisfaction whereas
for another individual it might be considered as monetary benefits. Therefore the company can
not rely on single motivation theory. On the other hand weakness for process theory is that if
employees do not value to the offered motivation then it might not work as a motivational factor
for organisation too.
TASK 3
P3 An effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
Team is a group of people in which all the members comes together for achieving a
common goal (Demir, 2011). In a business organization, it is important to build a team in order
to perform business activities and task in effective manner. By this company can easily attain set
goals and objectives without any kind of issues. Mainly, team play important role in performing
allotted duties and responsibilities with the purpose of making overall performance of the
company is competitive. Along with this, team includes person who have specific role towards
the job. As all the team members perform task accordingly. With the help of this company can
easily improve their performance level. In context of A M (Holdings) Limited, they also
formulate teams for improving their entire activities and task. It helps in increasing productivity
of the workers and company as well. All the teams and its advantages are understood by
following points:
Functional team: This type of team is a group of people which is set by the A M
(Holdings) Limited for performing specific plan and task. In this, manager of the company also
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provide roles and responsibilities to every team members (Colquitt and et. al., 2011). By this
they easily perform their task and at the same time also attain allotted target in effective manner.
 Importance: The main advantage of building functional team is to save time and cost of
the company by using optimum resources.
Problem solving team: These type of team are built with the purpose of of solving issues
that arise at workplace. In this all the team members are having specific skills and knowledge by
which they can easily resolve issues and make positive work environment (Choi, 2011). For
resolving issues, all the members are formulating plan which contribute in managing issue and
reduce the negative impact.
 Importance: The main importance of this type of team is to determine issues as per daily
basis which may lead in providing solution for resolve issues. This will help in improving
performance level of the company.
Virtual team: This type of team is known as geographically in which all the workers are
perform activities together from different geographic locations (Carpenter, Berry and Houston,
2014). In this they communicate by technology like, Fax, email, voice conferencing.
 Importance: The main advantage of this team is to operate their activities from different
countries which help in improving performance level of the A M (Holdings) Limited.
Project team: This type of team are build for performing specific project of the
company. In this all the team members are selected as per entire project requirement. With the
help of this, company can easily enhance their productivity level.
 Importance: Main advantage of this type of team is to complete big project in appropriate
time frame in order to attain competitive advantage.
Effective team: Functional team of AM holding is considered as an effective team as it
helps organisation in achieving their targeted goals and objectives by performing each and every
activity of organisation effectively.
Ineffective team: Problem solving team of this company is considered as ineffective
team team as AM holding is not a big organisation. Therefore, it does not require any special
team who can resolve its problems.
Belbin's Theory:
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This model is appropriate which was developed by Dr Meredith Belbin. It define
propensity of team members and their behaviour as well. It directly affect the relation with all the
team members. In this context, there are some effective components which help management to
build team. All these are as follows:
Plant: It it important for management to implement effective tools and techniques to
effectively conduct operations effectively. As A M (Holdings Limited) which supplies
confectionery foil and laminated carton board. In this company needs to maintain better
connection with their customers to provide them effective services.
Resource allocator: Under this, management needs fund, material and manpower to
perform task. Thus, it is important for manager to provide resources to workers so that that
execute business activities appropriately.
Co-ordinator: It is also an effective component in which management provide
information to workers towards the objectives and task as well. With the help of this all the
business activities are effectively conducted. In this leader of the company also provide guidance
to team members so that they easily perform their task.
Shaper: It defines duties and task which provide to team members for performing all the
function effectively. By this manager of the team can easily check employees in a team.
Monitor evaluator: In this management undertake monitor process to evaluate the overall
performance of the workers. With the help of this, company easily determine the subordinate
efficiency for making better decisions.
Teamwork: Under this, employees are work in a team which help in executing
operational activities in effective way by utilising optimum resources.
Implementer: Company use effective and different management theories and models to
make effective functions and system as well.
Complete: In this, team help all the members to implement as well as execute activities in
effective manner and at the same time also deliver quality services to end customers.
All these are important team for A M (Holdings) Limited to implement their entire task in
systematic manner. All these are contributing in improving overall performance of the company
and at the same time also reduce any kind of issues at workplace.
Difference between effective and ineffective team are described as below:
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Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Decision making In every team member is getting equal
opportunities to share their view and
thoughts in decision making process.
This contributes the team in taking
effective and worthy decision which is
beneficial for the organisational
growth in monetary terms.
In this team members are sharing
their al the thoughts in decisions
making process which creates
issues and conflicts at the
workplace. This issues distracts
the employee from performing
their work in effective manner.
Working
Environment
Effective team shares positive working
environment with its team members
(Bolino and et. al., 2013). It also
emphasize on improving the skills and
knowledge of the team mates
Ineffective team share stressful
working environment at workplace
as the team have not accomplished
its task in given time period.
Conflict resolution Effective team performs their all the
task in effective manner and also
shares positive relation with the team
member that avoids the issues at work
place and directly reduces the conflicts
between the team mate.
In this, employees do not share
positive relation with other
employees which results in
misunderstanding related to the
work and creates conflicts at
workplace.
TASK 4
P4 Concepts and philosophy of organisational behaviour
In every organisation motivation has its own importance as it encourages the employees
to perform their work in effective manner. In relation to this, human resource manager of every
organisations is using several types of theories to motivate its employees on the basis different
situations (Boje, Burnes and Hassard, 2011). These theories are beneficial for the organisation as
it improves the performance level of the employees that leads to the growth of the organisation.
In context to A M (Holdings) Limited, its HR manager is monitoring behaviour and
performance of the employees that helps superior to understand the behaviour of employees. It
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also creates perception of employees work and performance on the senior authority. In order to
create positive environment at workplace HR manager of A M (Holdings) Limited uses
leadership theory to improve the performance of the employees. Leadership theory is evaluated
as below:
Concept of OB
Relationship Building: Relationship building helps organisation in performing its
business activities in order to achieve targeted goals and objectives. For this, AM holding can
adapt certain employee engagement activities for improving its relationship with the employees.
Goal setting Benefits: Management team of organisation can preset some monetary
benefits which will help them in attaining their targeted main objective.
Managing a diverse workforce: Managing workforce at organisation can be considered
as effective practice as it helps company in achieving its target able goals and objective so that
they can be achieved in the preset time frame. This also helps organisation in completion of
specific target of special team.
Path goal theory:
Path goal theory is a leadership theory given by Robert house. This theory states that
behaviour of the leader is contingent towards motivation, satisfaction and performance of the
follower or subordinate. This theory is based on Vrooms's expectancy theory in which an
individual's motivation is depends upon its expectations. Every employee can be motivated with
the attractive outcome of its performance (Avey, Palanski and Walumbwa, 2011). This theory is
beneficial for A M (Holdings) Limited as it guides the HR manager to select the behaviour that
is suitable with maximum number of employee's needs and the working environment at
workplace. Further human resource manager guides the employees to perform their regular base
work in effective manner. Path goal theory is finds the achievement on four different styles
which are elaborated as below:
Directive: In this leadership style, leaders guides the employee about his roles and
responsibilities. Employees are directed by the leader in terms of ways through which task must
be executed. This style positively impacts upon the employee and motivates them to perform
their work in effective manner.
Participative: This leadership style focuses on involving employees in decision making
procedure and take suggestion from them to improve the growth structure of the organisation.
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This develops the interest of employees in their work and impacts in positive manner (Ates and
Bititci, 2011).
Supportive: In this, leader shows concern for employees which builds positive relation
between them. It reduces the stress of the employees make him feel comfortable with the leader
to share their issues and obstacles with the leader.
Achievement: This leadership style more emphasize on showing trust on employees and
expect that they will perform at their higher level.
Different situations: There are several different situations in the organisation which may affect
the performance as well as growth of the employee. These situations are elaborated as below:
Multitasking: Multitasking is considered as the capability of the individual to perform
more than one task in single time. In context to the A M (Holdings) Limited, employees often
tries to perform several number of work at single time as it directly decreases the quality of their
work (Ashkanasy and Humphrey, 2011). In relation to the production team of multitasking is
considered as the biggest obstacle for the organisation as the manufactured products are not
satisfactory for the customers and affects the name of the company.
Unclear goal: It is the responsibility of top management to clear goal and objectives with
employees. This will help the employee to understand the growth structure and realise them that
they are important in the organisation. It is the major concern of top management as if the goals
are not clear with the employees they will not be able to perform in the right direction. It may
affect the performance of employees in negative manner.
Poor communication: Communication is the way of transferring views and ideas with
one another. In context to A M (Holdings) Limited, its HR manager focuses on developing
proper communication at work place in order to avoid conflicts among the employees.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it has been concluded that organisational behaviour is
essential part of every enterprise as it provides better working environment to the employees and
motivate them to perform their job responsibility in effective manner. Apart from this, every
business organisation has its own culture which is created by the employees as well as HR
manager. It has been evaluated that motivation is essential for the growth of every organisation.
In addition to this, importance of different types motivational theories have been elaborated on
the basis of its importance in the organization.
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REFERENCES
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Online
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