Influence of Organizational Culture, Power, and Politics on Behavior and Performance

This study examines the influence of organizational culture, power, and politics on team and individual behavior and performance. It also explores motivational theories and techniques to improve staff performance in achieving organizational aims. The analysis is based on the case of John Lewis partnership, a popular department store in the UK.

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................3
LO 1..............................................................................................................................................................3
Organizational power, politics and culture influence team and Individual behavior & performance......3
Analyze organizational culture, power and politics influence on behavior in workplace........................6
Conclusion...............................................................................................................................................7
LO 2..............................................................................................................................................................7
Process and content theories of motivation and motivational technique...............................................7
Examine influence of motivational theories and methods on staff behavior in company.......................9
Conclude suggestions in context of organization to improve staff performance to meet aims.............10
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................10
LO 3............................................................................................................................................................11
Team development theory and its effectiveness...................................................................................11
Skills and factors that assist or hinder effective teamwork....................................................................13
Benefits of working in a team................................................................................................................14
Benefits of working in group as leader and members...........................................................................14
Effectiveness of team work in achieving aims........................................................................................15
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................17
LO 4............................................................................................................................................................17
Concepts and philosophies of organizational behavior within company...............................................17
CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................20

INTRODUCTION
Organizational behavior is defined as application and study of knowledge about human
behavior related to other components of a company such as technology, structure and social
programmes. It also refers to subset of management actions concerned with comprehending,
influencing and predicting individual nature in organizational setting.
The current study is based on John Lewis partnership which is one of the most popular
department outlets in UK. This report explains influence of organizational culture, power and
politics on team as well as individual behavior and performance. It examines motivational
theories and techniques enable effective achievement of organization aims. This assignment also
analyzes influence of organizational culture, power and politics on group and worker activities.
Furthermore, this study will evaluate motivational theories and concepts influence on
other behavior, explain benefits of working in a team, effectiveness of team work in achieving
aims and clarify effectiveness of team work to gain aims in workplace.
LO 1
Organizational power, politics and culture influence team and Individual behavior &
performance
Power culture-
Organization with this type of culture influence performance and behavior of worker &
team positively when decision taken by few people in favor of others (Nguyen, 2018). According
to this culture few people are accountable for taking decision in context of task allocation within
John Lewis company, it impact on team performance as well as individual when manager decide
to divide work based on skill and abilities of people that enhance their practices rather than
before. It can be said that managers in such kind of culture sometimes can be partial to someone
to main unrest among others that impact negatively.
Role culture-

Accordant to this culture worker is delegated accountabilities and roles according to their
educational qualification, skills and interest to extract the best out of them (Gharpurea and et.al.,
2018). It impact on team performance within John Lewis company as well as their behavior
positively because people decided what best they will do. Everyone in workplace is responsible
for something and has to take ownership of work assigned to them. It create positive work
environment around workplace and boost up the morale of team members which make them able
to perform effectively.
Figure 1Handy Model of Organizational Culture
(Source: Charles Handy Model of Organization Culture, 2020)
Task culture-
Firm with task culture influence individual and group behavior & performance level
effectively (Plester and Hutchison, 2016). Teams are formed in workplace to achieve specific
task or target which in return increases productivity of John Lewis firm more than past few
years. Individuals with same interests come together to build a group who is able to achieve set
aims and objectives by working together. By contributing equally and collaborating with each
other individual can perform in team and reach at target market in effective manner.
Person culture-

This culture impact on team and individual behavior as well as performance negatively
because according to person culture an individual feel that they are more essential than its
company (Al-Jenaibi, 2017). There are many firms where workers feel the same these companies
follow a culture known as person culture. Person only think about their own work and less
interested in other activities, they are not interested to support its co-workers. This type of
culture influences negatively on individual performance and behavior and team of John Lewis
company. They feel demotivated and deny working with self oriented person.
Coercive power-
It is not much effective but most in use kind of power in corporate world. According to
this type of power, manager in John Lewis partnership firm can force individual to perform task
against their abilities that put negative impact on its motivational level and worker decided to not
perform effectively (Baines and Van Den Broek, 2017). It also influences on team behavior and
performance in same manner which is inappropriate for business growth and workplace
environment.
Reward power-
Another power used in most companies is reward authority which directly affects staff
behavior and performance in workplace (Mirzaei and et.al., 2019). When manager or leader
gives rewards to its workers either team or individual based on their contribution without making
any differences it enhance performance level of both effectively. It change behavior of people
towards management positively and make them able to always ready for work in any kind to
situation.
Legitimate power-
It is power of role or specific position within company, it typically control and command
structure that is used by many firms (Wellman and et.al., 2016). It acts as formalized method of
assuring that there is someone to make good or bad decision and that someone is accountable.
When the decision taken by top authority regarding appraisal is in favorable of all the staff
members it enhance behavior of individual and team positively. Furthermore, this type of power

also increases performance level of all the workers because they feel that management is concern
about their staff needs.
Expert power-
It closely connected to informational power, this type of authority reflect when an
individual possesses in depth info, expertise or knowledge in area in which they are accountable
for. It is one of the most effective forms of power which influence single employees and team
member’s performance (Savolainen, 2020). By going job in specialized are worker can do much
better than other and feel really very great. On the other hand, when positive behavior labor work
in team they also influence other productivity.
Organizational politics-
It consider as self serving behavior that workers utilize to increase probability of getting
outcomes in John Lewis partnership department store (Zhijie and et.al., 2019). It analyzed that
when manager use their power and position in negative way it affects negatively individual and
team performance and decrease organization productivity rather than past few months. On the
other hand, good political behavior attempt by manager influence staff performance positively
and allow them to feel comfortable while working in workplace with other members.
It can be said that organizational politics put negative effect on team performance as well
as behavior when it used in unethically, but when it use positively then it influence in good
manner. It is self serving behavior that workers use to enhance probability of getting positive
outcomes in John Lewis.
Analyze organizational culture, power and politics influence on behavior in workplace
It analyzed that organizational politics influence on behavior of staff in workplace
positively when manager and leader treat their workers equally without any favoritism in their
behavior towards people (Landells and Albrecht, 2017). As it directly impact on abilities and
work activities of people negatively.
Along with this factor, organizational culture also influence employees behavior in work
area when it used by senior in positive and ethical manner. While using their power in effective

way and provide fair employment opportunities to staff leader also work towards enhancing
individual behavior.
Decision taken by manager regarding appraisal and reward for their workers need to be
fair, they do not play politics in workplace and take favor of specific person. Negative politics
lowers output of a worker and eventually impact productivity of John Lewis partnership.
Conclusion
From above analysis is has been concluded that power and politics put negative impact
on organization when it use against staff. For example, when the power is used only for the
promotion of the people of their choice, then it directly falls on the other working people around
workplace. Organization have positive culture that workplace that impact on organizational
behavior effectively, it enhance productivity level of staff.
LO 2
Process and content theories of motivation and motivational technique
Content theory of motivation-
Alderfer-ERG theory-
Existence needs-
When manager identify the needs of their staff for home, food, accommodation and other
and cater accordingly it enhances motivational level of workers rather than before. It make
individual able to perform individually or in team with full contribution to achieve set aims and
objectives of John Leiws firm. In simple words, when organization management fulfill physical
safety and physiological needs of workers by offer facilities related to that it create positive
working environment (Xingyang and Lingli, 2018).
Relatedness needs-
This is the second step of needs fulfilled and considered by management within John
Lewis firm to motivate their existing as well as new applicants. Every worker while performing
in big companies seeks to obtain friendly environment around workplace because it motivate

them in effective manner (Inguglia and et.al., 2018). By analyzing that senior is more concern
about their staff and providing appropriate guidance without any differences employees feel
highly motivated that directly impact on their performance. As it are always ready to perform
with high competitive environment to gain competitive advantages for John Lewis partnership
store.
Growth needs-
It includes need for personal growth, self development and advancement. When HRM
identify progress needs of existing and new candidates and provide training to all of them it
enhance their productivity as well as performance level in positive manner that is beneficial for
John Lewis firm as well (Poulou and Norwich, 2019).
Process theory of motivation-
Vroom expectancy theory-
Expectancy-
Employees while working in John Lewis feel that more attempts will outcome in success.
When manager provide resources to its staff appropriately that individual can use to work
effectively which in return enhance their performance level. It is idea that maximize amount of
attempt will enhance productivity, this is influence by having right abilities to do job (Lloyd and
Mertens, 2018).
Instrumentality-
It is an idea that when staff performs better then desired result will be gained. It will
affected by clear comprehend of connections between outcomes and performance (Kim and Kim,
2018). When worker perform effectively and achieve set aims manager must reward them
because it enhances motivational level. After obtaining rewards by seniors people feel more
comfortable and enjoy their work that is beneficial for John Lewis partnership department store.
Valence-

The third factors of Victor Vroom expectancy theory is Valence, it describe extent to
which a individual value appraise and outcome of success. When employees in John Lewis firm
mainly motivated and inspired by money, they might not value offer of additional efforts. On the
other hand when staff motivates by love and belongingness they value offer of more time off
(Furlich, 2016).
Motivational methods-
There are varied types of motivational techniques available in corporate world used by
many firms to motivate their staff and enhance their performance level (Böheim and et.al., 2020).
Here, some approaches are utilized in context of John Lewis partnership in UK.
Provide pleasant workplace-
Manager within company motivate their existing and new hire applicants by providing
pleasant working environment to all of them. It is quite beneficial for workers and management
as well. Everyone seeks to work in office atmospheres that is clean, positive and stimulating and
that makes individual feel good instead of bad (Huss, Jhileek and Butler, 2017). Leader and
manager both are not require spending a lot of money to make a workplace more pleasant, they
just need to inspire them by communication and collaborative work practices. Another thing
management can do is offering flexible work hours it also drive towards building pleasant work
area where employees feel highly motivated and inspired.
Employee’s participation in decision making-
To motivate staff rather than before and enhance their performance manager with top
authority approval inspire their workers to participate in decision making procedure that is quite
effective for John Lewis company to grow and gain competitive advantages. With senior
motivation staff shares their point of view and provide innovative ideas in context of marketing,
production and consumer services.
Examine influence of motivational theories and methods on staff behavior in company
In context of John Lewis partnership, Vroom’s expectancy theory and Alderfer ERG
theory can be use by manager or leader to motivate their staff behavior and increase productivity
extent rather than its competitor’s workforce (Park, 2019). By following the principles of above

theories management build a strong team who are able to contribute in achieving set business
aims and also help in gaining competitive advantages. With Expectancy concept administration
boosted their workers productivity by providing incentives and rewards as outcome of their hard
work. When this theory applies in workplace or organizational structure people happily and
willingly participates in work tasks.
In regards to Alderfer ERG motivation theory, staff also feels motivated and positive
when management gives their support. It takes strong points of pervious content concepts but
this theory is less limiting and restrictive as compare to others.
Conclude suggestions in context of organization to improve staff performance to meet aims
John Lewis partnership is successful and leading department store in UK which caters
their products or services to millions of consumers in effective manner. With hundred workers
company performing appropriately within retail market which in return increase profit margin
and productivity. But still they face many issues due to intense competitive advantage in sector
that affects productivity of firm rather than before. It create negative environment in workplace
and influence team behavior. To motivate staff management had to follow some
recommendations effectively.
 To enables organization and team to succeed and enhance their performance
administration must implement and adopt effective techniques. For example, manager
take feedback from their workers about organizational culture and working environment,
they make people feel precious and motivated (Dove, 2019). After taking reviews
manager create list and then provide all the things according to staff needs which
motivate individual.
 Leader must use their power for creating positive organizational culture that inspire
individual and make them able to feel free for sharing opinion within any one regarding
products or services.
Conclusion
From above discussion, it has been summarized that by following the principles of
Alderfer ERG theory and Vroom expectancy theory leaders and managers motivate their

team and build strong workforce in effective manner. Furthermore, by applying different
methods to motivate staff organization can enhance performance level.
LO 3
Team development theory and its effectiveness
Introduction-
Team is unit of people or individuals working together to achieve and reach at common
aims of a business. It normally have members with complementary abilities and sills and
generate
Tuckman’s team development theory-
Forming-
It is the first stage of this theory that directly affect productivity and profitability of
company, by developing effective team who are able to contribute in achieving set objective of
business. According to this stage workers are highly dependence on their leader direction and
guidance which make them able to perform effectively. By providing appropriate guidance
leader prepare to team with high skills (O'Brien, 2019).
Storming-
After passing above phase, team is able to work and address task with right guidance. It
can be said that use of Tuckman theory in context of John Lewis partnership is quite useful and
beneficial (Zhen, 2017). Group members start sharing their innovative ideas and effective
opinion which may create conflict environment when not handle carefully as workers want to
establish themselves. Leaders always drive team focus on achieving aims and make them able to
avoid distracted things.
Norming-
It is third stage of team development theory where team moves out of above stage they
will enter into thirst stage. It tends to be switch towards harmonious performing activities with
groups agreeing on values as well as terms by which they operate. In context of John Lewis

partnership, consensus can be developed in teams by leaders and they are ready to work
according to rules in workplace. At this stage, group members trust themselves and take
accountabilities for accomplishing task in effective manner with better outcomes. In simple
words, when team is ready to perform individually without any directions from leader or other
members, seniors takes one step back because they has faith of its groups.
Figure 2 Bruce Tuckman Team Development Concept
(Source: Forming - Storming - Norming – Performing, 2020)
Performance-
This is the last and final stage of this theory, where group members are aware and
understand what is needed to be done and how to accomplish tasks. They are capable enough to
handles varies situations and perform within it without taking a lot of pressure because it impact
on productivity and motivational level negatively (Hildebrandt and Marr, 2020).
From above discussion, it can be said that Bruce Tuckman team development theory is
very effective and useful it caters simple way leaders in John Lewis can use to build effective
team opposite to ineffective team. It recognizes that group develops through varied stages from

forming to performing. It help to increase the productivity level of business and improve their
organization practices rather than before. It cater useful knowledge of varied team requirement
and needs at several phases, there are a number of questions that are not specifically well
answered by models. By following all the stages of this theory leader in workplace formed a
effective team who are able to gain competitive benefits in intense competitive environment
within retail industry between existing players. It is one of the best and most appropriate theories
used to understand behavior of team members with dynamic characteristics.
Skills and factors that assist or hinder effective teamwork
Factors-
Positive work environment around workplace is considered as most important factors that
help team to become effective and perform much better than ineffective team. While working in
good atmosphere with support of leaders and manager people feel more comfortable and enjoy
their all activities. It boosts up morale and performance of staff more than before and allows
them to achieve set aims.
Along with above factor, advanced technology is another element that assists effective
team work in workplace (Sisodia and Agarwal, 2017). With better technology workers can
perform effectively as it increase operational efficiency which in return also increases
profitability of John Lewis partnership firm. It allows people to better facilitate communication
among team members and reduces time associated with group work that is beneficial for both
company and staff.
Skills-
Problems solving skill-
This type of ability among team assist effective group to achieve business objectives and
aims in systematic manner. With this skill people are able to solve any problem and work
without taking too much stress. By solving issues such as misunderstanding among team
member’s individual can perform appropriately and productively.
Collaborative skill-

It is type of behaviors that aid effective team work together effectively such as
committing to collaboration, sharing ideas and opinions appropriately and negotiating to come to
an agreement without any issues. Collaborative work practices allow effective team to work
together for achieving same aims.
Benefits of working in a team
While performing in team people gain many benefits which are not possible while
working in effective team. It allow individual to become more creative that is beneficial for John
Lewis partnership as it increase productivity more than it organization competitors. It analyzed
that creativity thrives when worker work together on group. Brainstorming thoughts as a team
prevents stale opinions that often come out of performing single. What people have learned from
their individual experience is wholly different from co-workers.
In order fulfill varied functions in John Lewis, effective team must have appropriate
knowledge, abilities and experience that is essential for team. Group need to have knowledge
regarding digital technologies which make them able to keep up to date with latest updates in
market. As discussed above, problems solving skills, collaboration and communication skills are
important for team to achieve company aims and fulfill marketing and production functions.
With communication skill team is able to communicate with manager and guide each members
how to perform towards gaining better results.
Team working experience is necessary for a group to fulfill management requirements in
context of different functions within John Lewis partnership. Experience of handling situations
and performing under pressure with taking one set back. With this kind of experiences team is
able to perform even changes occur in workplace that may be not appropriate for them but still
they work really very hard no matter the situations is in favor or not.
So it can be said that by working in team people can learn so many things which is
beneficial for further career.
Benefits of working in group as leader and members
While working in team as member towards particular aims and dealing with high work
pressure to develop role during team assignment individual gain a lot of benefits (Wohlers and
Hertel, 2017). As it makes group members capable to be creative even the situation is not in their

favor. During assignments or task members learn who to divide roles according to the abilities of
each person without making any differences based on age, race, gender and other characteristics
features. It also analyzed while performing in team as member person can also understand how
to become productive and use existing abilities to perform better than before. It helps to build
trust and boost up morale because team mates give fair change to each other for sharing ideas
and encourage sharing their point of view regarding team assignments.
Furthermore, as leader when person work in team they again benefit as build strong bong
with workers and gain their trust as well that is really very important for building effective team
as opposite to ineffective. Leader while working in group understand the needs of their staff and
also identify abilities which make them able to allocate work accordingly to accomplish
assignment given in team. Another benefit of working in group as leader seniors can gain that is
learning and understanding team building skills and conflict managing abilities. Conflicts
inevitably occur when people put together a team of different individual. Workers come from
several backgrounds and have many work styles and habits. While these unique viewpoints
develop most successful work, they also create resentment that effectively turns into conflict.
Effectiveness of team work in achieving aims
Teamwork is beneficial for John Lewis partnership firm as it help to achieve aims and
objectives of business. It has dramatic attempt on organizational performance an effective team
aid company achieve incredible outcomes. Once individual accomplish assessment, management
direct them towards team techniques that will assist people to improve and develop essential
skills. Because group work together through a challenge to meet their aims, collaboration and
cooperation become essential. Team work is important and beneficial for company as it help to
strengthen brand image within marketplace, by working together workers increase productivity
level and deliver products or services on timely manner. It also examine that team work in
workplace cater improved productivity and efficiency to accomplish given tasks. Ultimately,
when team of people work together compared to ineffective one they promote more effective
work results.
Ineffective team as compare to effective groups is unable to achieve set aims and goals
on timely manner because they are less interested for doing so. This type of group made up of
individuals who are not able to mix well and who do not have important skills to work different

of task at hand that can be done by effective team who is able to perform in group. Effective
team has too many members with same abilities and confidence while ineffective team suffers
from a lack of confidence level and appropriate training. Lack of defined aims, fear of failure,
lack of leadership and teammate’s weakness make an ineffective team that impact on member’s
performance and productivity negatively.
Belbin team roles theory-
Implementer-
Within organization people plays different types of roles that is quite beneficial for
business growth. According to this role, implementer is a person who gets things done; they are
able to turn team’s concepts and innovative ideas into particle plans.
Completer finisher-
Applicant accordant to this role sees that projects are finished thoroughly; they assure
that there have been no mistakes in business activities (Jovancevic and Markovic, 2018).
Resource investigator-
Manager by playing this role act as innovator, they explore accessible options and
negotiate for assets on behalf of group.
Plant-
It is creative innovator who comes up with new and innovative methods and idea that
cater many benefits to firm in term of increasing their sales, profitability and consumer
satisfaction.
Monitor-Evaluator-
Evaluators are the best at evaluating and analyzing concepts that other individual come
up with.
Specialist-

Manager is a specialist who have specialized skills and knowledge that is required to
obtain job done.
Shaper-
Leader within company play this role, they challenge team to improve performance and
activities rather than before in John Lewis Ltd.
Coordinator-
Person who take on traditional team leader role in company and have also been referred
to as owner.
Team worker-
Team mates are playing this role effectively; they are able to cater support and make
assure that all individual within group are working appropriately.
Conclusion
From above discussion, it has been summarized that by using team development models
as Belbin and following its principles applicants can build strong team who can work effectively.
Employer and employees gaining several benefits due to development of effective team instead
of ineffective at workplace
LO 4
Concepts and philosophies of organizational behavior within company
Organizational behaviour is the study of applicants behaviour in organizational setting,
interface between a company and human behaviour. There are different types of theories
available that can use within firm.
Path goal theory-
Directive-
According to this type of behavior leader guide workers what is expected of them and
direct them way of working assignment (Farhan, 2018).

Supportive-
Leaders within John Lewis are more concerned about staff, they efforts to make
workplace environment pleasant for workers by creating friendly and supporting atmosphere.
Participative-
Leader with this behavior in company can motivate and boost up their employees for
performing much better than past few months because it help to make firm more productive
rather than its competitors.
Achievement-
It refers to specific situation where leader within company sets challenging aims for the
staff and expects them to do their best & showcase their capabilities to meet the expectation from
top authority. It is effective in technical as well as marketing job work environment.
It is one of the best theories firm can use to achieve greater success and gain competitive
advantages.
Contingency theory of leadership-
This theory states that leader’s effectiveness is depended upon the varied situational,
conflict environment at workplace or contingencies like certainty or uncertainty about the task
This concept is based on four elements that are Leaders power and influence, workers
expectation, difficulty of company and certainty or uncertainty of project.
Based on above conversation, leadership style that can appropriate for John Lewis, based
on the path goal theory is the situational leadership style. It is based on the four leadership styles
like telling, selling, participating and delegating. This style will aid leader in firm comprehending
difficulties that is occur in team in context of accomplishing task and achieving aims.
 It can be said that organization culture affect on organizational behavior effectively, as it
enhance performance of applicants and create inclusive work culture.
 Motivation also impact on OB, it allow people to work efficiently at workplace.

 Effective team also influence on organizational behavior, candidates know how to
perform at work area and accomplish tasks on timely manner. It encourage other as well
in effective manner.
CONCLUSION
From above analysis it has been concluded that organizational culture, politics and power
influence on team and individual positively when these elements are used appropriately. It’s
impact on behaviour of John Lewis which directly affect performance and productivity. For that
different models such as Charles Handy model of culture, Tuckman theory and other model is
used which has helped firm to get detailed understanding. The different motivational theories and
methods that have been used to motivate the employees of company and its benefits like Vroom
expectation theory. The complete analysis of Tuckman theory is carried out to understand the
group development process and its benefits to the organization in building an effective team.

REFERENCES
Book and Journals
Al-Jenaibi, B., 2017. The scope and impact of workplace diversity in the United Arab Emirates–
A preliminary study. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 8(1).
Baines, D. and Van Den Broek, D., 2017. Coercive care: Control and coercion in the restructured
care workplace. The British Journal of Social Work. 47(1). pp.125-142.
Böheim, R and et.al., 2020. Exploring student hand-raising across two school subjects using
mixed methods: An investigation of an everyday classroom behavior from a motivational
perspective. Learning and Instruction. 65. p.101250.
Dove, R., 2019. Overcoming the Male Leadership Culture. INSIGHT. 22(3). pp.34-38.
Farhan, B. Y., 2018. Application Of Path-Goal Leadership Theory And Learning Theory In A
Learning Organization. Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR). 34(1). pp.13-22.
Furlich, S.A., 2016. Understanding employee motivation through managerial communication
using expectancy-valence theory. Journal of Integrated Social Sciences, 6(1), pp.17-37.
Gharpurea, S and et.al., 2018. Role of cultural dimensions in safety performance of global oil
and gas industry. Recent Advances in Petrochemical Science. 5(1). p.555653.
Hildebrandt, A. and Marr, J., 2020. NICK SABAN–A CASE STUDY FOR RECRUITMENT
METHODS AND APPLICATION OF TUCKMAN’S MODEL OF TEAM
DEVELOPMENT. MANAGERIAL PERCEPTIONS OF STEM WORKFORCE SUPPLY
AND DEMAND. p.57.
Huss, R., Jhileek, T. and Butler, J., 2017. Mock Interviews in the Workplace: Giving Interns the
Skills They Need for Success. Journal of Effective Teaching. 17(3). pp.23-37.
Inguglia, C and et.al., 2018. Satisfaction and frustration of autonomy and relatedness needs:
Associations with parenting dimensions and psychological functioning. Motivation and
Emotion. 42(5). pp.691-705.
Jovancevic, A. and Markovic, Z., 2018. RELATION BETWEEN EGO STATES AND TEAM ROLES ON
TEACHER’S SAMPLE: CAN DOMINANT EGO STATE PREDICT PREFERED TEAM
ROLE?. Knowledge International Journal, 22(6), pp.1761-1765.
Kim, M.R. and Kim, S., 2018. Explaining the Role of Motivation in Opposition to Nuclear
Power Energy-Focusing on EIV (Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence) in
Expectancy Theory. 한한한한한한한한. 14(11). pp.73-89.
Landells, E.M. and Albrecht, S.L., 2017. The positives and negatives of organizational politics:
A qualitative study. Journal of business and psychology. 32(1), pp.41-58.
Lloyd, R.A. and Mertens, D., 2018. Expecting more out of Expectancy Theory: History urges
inclusion of the social context. International Management Review. 14(1). pp.28-43.

Mirzaei, A and et.al., 2019. The Impact of Workload-related Factors on the Effort-Reward
Imbalance in Various Working Groups at a Gas refinery Complex. Journal of Human,
Environment, and Health Promotion. 5(4). pp.165-171.
Nguyen, M., 2018. The impact of power hierarchy on fostering innovation and creativity among
employees in Vietnam: A study based on East Asian Culture.
O'Brien, J., 2019. Forming powerful MBA teams using Lego architecture. Journal of Applied
Learning and Teaching, 2(1).
Park, Y., 2019. Multiplicity of Synchronous Online Class Discussion Activity: A Conceptual
Exploration. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society. 10(3). pp.149-155.
Plester, B. and Hutchison, A., 2016. Fun times: The relationship between fun and workplace
engagement. Employee Relations.
Poulou, M.S. and Norwich, B., 2019. Adolescent students’ psychological needs: Development of
an existence, relatedness, and growth needs scale. International Journal of School &
Educational Psychology, 7(sup1). pp.75-83.
Savolainen, R., 2020. Manifestations of expert power in gatekeeping: a conceptual
study. Journal of Documentation.
Sisodia, S. and Agarwal, N., 2017. Employability skills essential for healthcare
industry. Procedia computer science. 122. pp.431-438.
Wellman, N and et.al., 2016. When are do-gooders treated badly? Legitimate power, role
expectations, and reactions to moral objection in organizations. Journal of Applied
Psychology. 101(6). p.793.
Wohlers, C. and Hertel, G., 2017. Choosing where to work at work–towards a theoretical model
of benefits and risks of activity-based flexible offices. Ergonomics. 60(4). pp.467-486.
Xingyang, D. and Lingli, L., 2018. Empirical Research on Local Government Job Satisfaction
Based on ERG Theory——Taking the Satisfaction of J City Government. Journal of
Gansu Administration Institute. (6). p.3.
Zhen, J., 2017, September. Application of Tuckman's Model in the Community Folk Team
Management in Community Education. In 3rd Annual International Conference on
Social Science and Contemporary Humanity Development (SSCHD 2017). Atlantis Press.
Zhijie, S and et.al., 2019. Perceived organizational politics impact on organizational citizenship
behavior: Job stress in the teachers. BioCell. 43(6).
Online
Charles Handy Model of Organization Culture, 2020. [Online]. Available through: <
https://www.managementstudyguide.com/charles-handy-model.htm>
Forming - Storming - Norming – Performing, 2020. [Online]. Available through: <
https://www.teambuilding.co.uk/theory/Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing.html>

The Six Types of Power for Leaders. 2016. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/six-types-power-leaders-john-prescott>