Organizational Behavior and Management Theories

The provided document is a compilation of references related to organizational behavior and management. It includes various research articles, books, and online resources that discuss topics such as technostress, human resource management, social identity at work, presenteeism, emotional intelligence, and leadership in education. The references are from academic journals, psychology press, and online platforms, providing a comprehensive overview of organizational behavior theories and concepts.

Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................3
Analysing the influence of culture, politics and power on behaviour of others in an
organisational context.............................................................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
The relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation that enables 4Com Plc to
overcome the barriers.............................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
Analysing relevant team and group development in context to 4Com Plc, for dynamic
cooperation.............................................................................................................................9
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisational
context and a given business situation..................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Organisation behaviour is a management approach that determines, an individual's
understanding, act and prediction towards numerous things within an organisation. It provide
direction to observe the nature as well as activities of an individual who are working in the firm.
It also examines the human behaviour in a working environment as well as the impact of job
structure, performance, motivation, leadership skills etc..The organisation which is taken in this
report is 4Com plc that is telecommunication organiastion. One of the largest national
broadcasting network in the world, headquartered in United kingdom. This report is going to
analysis the culture, politics, power and behaviour of employees in the past as well as current
current scenario. As well as using several organisational culture theory (Ali, 2010).
TASK 1
Analysing the influence of culture, politics and power on behaviour of others in an organisational
context
Organisation culture consist of norms and values, assumption, beliefs, attitudes that
comprise togetherness in an organisation. Every organisation develop and maintain unique
culture in which employees can interact with each other at their workplace. The past organisation
culture of 4Com Plc has undergone with the significant changes such as communication gap,
lack of management involvement, employees were suffering from bullying and harassment .This
lead to serious fall in the 4Com Plc culture.
Now the Human Resource division has appointed director general to re-organise the
organisational culture. To over come the barriers, 4Com Plc has adopted Handy's topology of
organisational culture. It is one of the leading model to determine culture among group and
individual within organisation.
 Power culture: In an organisation the power lies within the hand of few individual's or
group of people, influence or spread throughout the organisation. It usually build a strong
culture. 4Com Plc can adopt power culture as a consequence in quick decision making
process, even if the decision are not best for organisation in context of long term interest.
Because earlier the power was decentralised .

 Role Culture: Role culture are based on rules and regulation, which are highly
controlled with everyone in organisation knowing their roles and responsibilities. It also
determine a person's position in the organisation. In 4Com Plc, employee understand
their roles and responsibilities properly that assist them in implementing organisational
norms properly in their working practices. These kind of activities aid in creating positive
working environment in the firm.
 Task Culture: In organisation, task culture plays a very significant role. In which teams
are formed according to the division of work or assigned projects. The most important
part is that the power of team depend on the mix of team members. By implementing
task culture, BCC determine a dynamic team, with right mix of skills, leadership,
personalities etc.. of employees result out in productive and effective for organisation.
 Person culture: In organisation person culture is mostly avoided, as in this culture
individual see themselves as unique as well as superior in organisation. BCC believes in
togetherness, they carry out their work in teams to remain competitive in the market.
Role culture is followed within an organisation. This will help to finish the work within
stipulated period of time with perfection.
Hofstead's cultural dimension
It is a cultural dimension theory framework to analysis cross culture communication gap.
As an organisation is accompanied with different culture of individual's. Such as nation,
religions, ethics,regions across or within nation, genders,organisation or occupation. 4Com Plc
has implemented this tool to over come the barriers of different cultural dimension among the
employees (Al-Zu’bi, 2010).
 Power Distance: In organisation power distance stands for inequality. It effect the
relationship between employees as powers are distributed unevenly according to the
authority or hierarchy. 4Com Plc believes in equality and togetherness as to bring peace
and harmony by providing good working environment.
 Uncertainty avoidance: It express the dimension in which the employees feels
uncomfortable with uncertainty and ambiguity. 4Com Plc provides a good working
culture with ease of comfort zone. This leads to high motivation to employees and carry
out their work in an effective manner.

Powers of Mangers in 4Com Plc
French and Ravens approach: In organisation, it is determine to observe and extent
the power as well as abilities depending on the structural condition of organisation. BCC has
implemented this approaches to analysis the ability, skill and knowledge of employees.
 Coercive Power: Coercive power is based upon the idea of coercion. It means
sometimes employees are forced to work against their will. This have both positive and
negative impact as well as leads to unhealthy behaviour of employees and dissatisfaction
from their work. If staff members are not satisfied then it will give wide impact of
operational activity and profit maximisation, most important the employee turn over ratio
also increases. Thus it will have negative impact on the employees of BCC.
 Referent Power: This form of power is about management based on the ability to
determine the sense of personal acceptance. A person in this power see himself/herself as
a role model. The leaders of 4Com Plc are often appreciated on their work performance
and tends to influence positive attitude towards their subordinates.
 Expert Power: This power is based on the depth of knowledge, information, or a person
is expert in a particular field. Employees are highly motivated and trust their power to
fulfil the roles and responsibilities of organisation. 4Com Plc enables its employees to
combine their knowledge and skills in an effective manner and reward them in the right
mode.
 Legitimate Power: Legitimate power determine to link the abilities, obligation or
notion of responsibilities to management of organisation. Both reward and punishment
of employees are part of it. It help the employees of 4Com Plc to overcome as soon as
possible if they are loosing their position or title. As this power help in motivating the
employees as well as rewarding them in the right mode of action (Ayyagari, Grover,
and Purvis, 2011).
Chanlat's Characteristics of political behaviour
Political Behaviour: In organisation politics refers to varieties of activities that are
associated to influence the tactics to improve personal as well as organisational interest. It also
effects the working environment of organisation due to high involvement on politics and leads
to pay less attention to their work.

Chantat's has introduce some of the important and use full characteristics that are
beneficial for organisation to overcome with the politics that prevail in organisation. 4Com Plc
has adopted Chanlat's characteristics to over come the barriers of political behaviour of
managers
 Positive environment: With positive working environment in organisation,
dissatisfaction level of work reduces as well as negatively decrease. 4Com Plc comes
with positive working environment to increase the satisfaction level of employees.
 Divisiveness: It arises between individual within office working environment, result in
lack of harmony cooperation in the workplace. 4Com Plc reduces divisiveness by
creating peace and harmony in the organisation culture.
Earlier the organisation culture has undergone with the significant changes such as
communication gap, lack of management involvement, employees were suffering from bullying
and harassment. With the adoption of various organisational culture models they have
overcome with issues that they were facing earlier. By implementing task culture, creating a
dynamic team according to the skills and leadership of similar employees to carry out the
assigned work or projects in effective manner. And also the characteristics of Chanlat's to over
the political behaviour of mangers. Thus, it help the organisation in shaping their employees in
their working culture as well as motivating and encouraging them to work effectively in order to
meet organisational goals (Baum, Frese and Baron, 2014).
TASK 2
The relationship between culture, politics, power and motivation that enables 4Com Plc to
overcome the barriers
In an organisation, motivation plays a key role in driving employees as well as team
towards achieving their and organisational goals. Motivational theories influences the outcomes
of employees job satisfaction. It also incorporate equality among employees, reward and
encourage them to carry out their work in effective manner. Content theories focuses on how
human behaviour is motivated. Work culture having greatest impact on management practices.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs, is a theory in psychology proposed in order for motivation to occur

at the next stage and each level must be satisfied by the individual themselves. A pyramid is
drawn to describe the levels of needs in 4Com Plc, such as follows:
Process theory: A process theory is a system of ideas that explains how an entity changes and
develops. It defines the psychological and behavioural processes that motivate a person to act in
a particular way. These theories needs to affect his behaviour in order to achieve a goal related to
those needs.
MASLOW THEORY:
 Physiological needs: Physiological needs are basic need that an individual required to
survive. 4Com Plc is providing comfortable working conditions, reasonable work hours
as well as necessary time breaks etc.. Therefore the employees feel comfortable and
carry out their mode of work at ease. This need benefit both individual and organisation
to achieve their gaol respectively.
 Safety needs: 4Com Plc provides various services to their employees that aid in
satisfying safety needs of them such as job assurance, secure compensation as well as
safe working conditions. These requirements refers to a person's desire for safety and
protection. Through these satisfying services, employees of 4Com Plc feel secure and
motivated as it results, they perform better individually as well as in a team too. It will
increase the profitability of organisation to meet their gaols in an accurate manner.
 Belongingness and love: 4Com Plc provides a sense of belongingness to their
employees. Ensuring every employee interact with each other in positive manner
because it results in creating friendly environment within organisation. As well as
encouraging themselves in cooperative team work, being accessible and kind to their
subordinates and superior. Thus, both employees and organization is benefited by
creating more productivity working environment to achieve organisational gaols.
 Esteem needs: 4Com Plc continuously evaluate the performance of employees on
regular basis. According to their performance 4Com Plc appreciate, praise employees on
their excellent performance carried out in a team as well as individually. Also by
offering promotions, incentives, additional responsibility that reflects their personality
and value them in appropriate manner (Coccia and Rolfo, 2013).
 Self-actualization needs: 4Com Plc provides a platform to employees with various
opportunities,choosing his/her versions, challenging task or position. This reflects an

individual's desire to grow and develop their own potential at fullest level. Also
motivating and encouraging them to participate in decision making as well as providing
flexibility or autonomy to their jobs.
In context to organisation, 4Com Plc has implemented reinforcement theory as it help in
shaping behaviour of an individual or controlling the consequence of behaviour in organisation.
It over looks the internal state of an individual. This content theory is defined as follows-
 Positive reinforcement: 4Com Plc implies positive response on the work performance
of an individual as well as in team work. It help in increasing the profitability and
outstanding behaviour of an individual and stimulates positive occurrence towards their
work. For e.g. immediately praising employees on their excellent work performance.
 Negative reinforcement: 4Com Plc implies out in rewarding employees to overcome
the negative or undesirable consequences. In order to meet their needs as well as
organisation goal. 4Com Plc evaluate both positive and negative reinforcement for
increasing a desirable behaviour in employee. Such as promoting positive action, but can
also lead to establishment of positive working environment.
 Punishment: Sometimes 4Com Plc, implement punishment for employees as to
overcome with the undesirable consequences as seen in behaviour of individual.
Punishment are equalised positively in order to overcome with negative consequence.
 Extinction: 4Com Plc ensure that employee are rewarded according to their work
performance on regular basis. So that they feel motivated as well as their efforts are
generating fruitful for an organisation (DeChurch and Mesmer-Magnus, 2010).
From the implementation of motivation theory, 4Com Plc has improve their productivity
between work of individual as well as team effectiveness. By shaping their employees in a
proper working environment to over come with barriers that where they were lacking behind.
Both Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Reinforcement theory is fruitful both for the individual as
well as organisation to achieve their goals respectively.

TASK 3
Analysing relevant team and group development in context to 4Com Plc, for dynamic
cooperation.
Team is group of individual working together in order to achieve goals and objectives. It
is very important for organisation to formulate team in order to increase performance level and
high profits. There are different type of team formed in 4Com according to similar taste, interest,
liking and attitude. These teams main objective is to achieve result for business. In 4Com Plc,
each team have it own roles and responsibilities that help in achieving the goal of organisation.
Team work is important in an organisation as it provides various opportunities to employees.
Such as bond with one other, improves relationship among employees as well as increase the
accountability in workplace. There are some of the barriers which faced by 4Com are as follows:
Conflict- When team is formed conflict may arise which leads to decrease in quality and
productivity. This is the barriers which entity has to face while forming team.
Training- If employee or member of team are not provided with effective training and
development then problem may arise.
In order to overcome such barriers, Tuckman model can be used which is given below.
Explain what makes an effective team in 4Com Plc with the help of appropriate model
4Com Plc has adopted Tuckman's theory model to evaluate the performance of an
effective team. It focus, on the way in which team tackles a task from the initial formation stage
till the completion of the project. Further, it is distinguished into five stages of effective team
development. They are describe below:
 Forming: In 4Com Plc, at forming stage new team members establish their interpersonal
relationship with the existing employees. Main objective of this term is to become
familiar with the working environment, rules and responsibility, assigned duties and task
etc.. of an organisation.
 Storming: At this stage, 4Com Plc creates a time for intra group to over come the
conflict raised due to lack of unity among the employees. As to bring union among the
members to carry out their work in team. Rather than performing individually.
 Norming: In norming stage, 4Com Plc characterised by identifying an emergency group
in which employees can openly express their ideas and views on a particular topic. This
lead reduce conflicts among the members, and preserve harmony in an organisation.

 Performing: At this stage, 4Com Plc has build consensus and cooperation among the
members to demonstrate support for each other. It also assume the roles of employees
that enhance the task and activities of their performance. They also construct continuous
attempts to resolve the issues related to the completion of the task (Haslam and et.al.,
2014).
 Adjourning: At this stage, the gaols of team has been accomplished. 4Com Plc
appreciate the team members for their outstanding performance. Further, it leads to create
a dynamic team by reducing conflicts among the employees as well as creating positive
environment to full the objectives of an organisation.
Difference between effective and ineffective team
Effective team Ineffective team
Power is equally disbursed among the member
and their equal contribution is ascertain while
they are performing their functions. The
positive results can be ascertained in the form
of completion of work within given time
frame.
Power is not equally disbursed and employees
are not allowed to share their views which
results in demotivation of them at workplace.
Effective leadership prevails with effective
team as this will to attain support of all
employees and work as a team.
The aspect of leadership is not much strong
which impacts the morale of employees in
negative way that will reduce the performance
ability of employees.
The different types of team are described below:
Team work- Teams are pervasive in organisation, and rightfully need to achieve goals of
an organisation. In context to 4Com Plc, team work is the collaboration of different individual
within organisation. To achieve a common gaol or complete a task in the most effective and
efficient manner. Where employees are working together to fulfil organisation gaols. 4Com Plc
has divided their employees in different category of team. These are determined below:
Functional team: Functional team is composed of members that belong to same
functional area. In context to 4Com Plc, this team have several subordinates and members, have

the authority to manage internal operation as well as external relationship of organisation. The
team members usually have different roles and responsibilities, but all work together to perform
same function of department.
Problem solving team: Problem solving team are usually temporary by its nature which
is focusing on solving specific issues of organisation. In 4Com Plc, a group of people from
different departments come up together with a permanent solution to a specific problem. They
basically pay maximum attention towards identifying the issues, listing out the problems,
evaluating alternative option as well as monitoring circumstances (DeChurch and Mesmer-
Magnus, 2010).
Project team: Project team is an organised group of people who are involved in
performing together to achieve a common gaol. In 4Com Plc, a dynamic team is created with
right mix of leadership, skills, knowledge etc.. of an individual to achieve the assigned project.
To accomplished the goals and objectives of an organisation.
Virtual team: In context to 4Com Plc, virtual team refers to a group of individual's who
carries out their work from different geographic location and communication technology.
Belbin's team role theory belies that each of the individual possesses a pattern of
behaviour that characterises one person's behaviour in relationship to another in facilitating the
process of a team. Understanding behaviour of an individual and their relationship helps in
making a strong team that possess effective communication. As behaviour of each individual in
the team is identified with other team member that helps in identifying availability of required
skills needed to perform a team work in most effective manner.
TASK 4
P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisational context
and a given business situation
It is very important for organisation tos et philosophy before running their business and
work accordingly. Such are called core value of any entity which are made very properly and
effectively. The philosophy of 4Com are focusing on employee, customer, shareholder which
includes delivering high quality product, fulfils need and demand of customer, to earn maximum
share and to provide all relevant facilities to working staff.

Path goal theory: In 4 Com Plc path goal theory is used by the managers in order
to operate all the business activities in appropriate manner. All the aspects of it are described
below:
This theory is based upon the role of leader which they plays in an organisation and
provide support to employees. This will provides an opportunity to the employees as they
perform good within an organisation to effectively proceed towards set goals. There is huge
contribution of this theory in the process of creating and improving organisational behaviour.
The different perspectives of this theory along with their role within an organisation is defined
below:
Leaders behaviour: This will includes about an ability of a leader to adjust their styles
according to the characteristics of employees. The different type of behaviours regarding which
they are required to adjust their styles are mentioned below:
Directive: This will includes about adoption of such styles that will in effective
completion of work.
Supportive: This will includes about providence of support to employees while they face
any kind of difficult situations.
Participative: This will includes about consideration of the views of employees in the
decision making process.
Achievement: This will includes about providence of challenging roles to achieve the
highest level of performance (Hershcovis, 2011).
From all the above described leadership styles the leaders of 4 Com Plc participative
leadership style is followed as they allow employees to provide their views on the organisational
processes. It is beneficial for the business entity as it helps to motivate workers and enhance their
work quality and productivity which results in increased profitability of the company.
Apart from this, there are different types of leadership theories which are described
below:
Contingency Theories- Such theory focus on specified variable related with
environment which determine particular style to be suited according to situation. According to
such theory, no leadership style is suited in all situations as it differ according to time. 4Com
should think about style and adopt according to scenario.

Situational Theories- According to situation, leader chose best leadership style for
different variables. Various style is appropriate for making proper decision making. The manager
of 4Com should think about situation and according adopt leadership style.
Behavioural Theories- It means theories based upon belief which leaders are made and
focusing on actions of leaders not qualities and attributes. 4Com can adopt such style for making
their people learn to become leader with help of observation and teaching.
Participative Theories- In this style, leader motivate and encourage each and every
member to participate and contribute in decision making process. They can retain right for
allowing input of others.
After analysing each and every theories, it is recommended to 4Com to follow situational
theories as situation keeps on changing in organisation. The various problems may arise in
business which need to be solved which can be done with help of situational.
The safety need, performing and problem solving team helps organisation effectively as
safety factors provide safety and security to employees to work in better manner and loyalty and
goodwill creates for business. Similarly, in performing stage, they perform task by using their
knowledge and skill and learn a lot from each others. In problem solving team they can easily
solve problems and issues which arise in 4Com for better decision making. This show
philosophy of organisation at market.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from the report that there is huge impact of culture, power and
politics upon the organisational activities in positive and negative manner. Effective team plays
an significant role in the process of effective completion of work within given time frame. There
are many points which are required to build an effective team such as effective leadership, better
communication etc. There are many theories which help to build effective culture and leadership
environment within an organisation such as Path goal theory.

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