Organisational Theory and Practice - Desklib

This report is based on Marks & Spencer that is multinational British retailing company offer variety of product range such as food, clothing, financial services etc. since 1884. It covers topics like Management Style, Leadership Style, Motivation Strategies, Power, Influence and Conflicts at chosen organisation.

ORGANISATION
THEORY AND
PRACTICE

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1 (A)......................................................................................................................................1
(A) Managerial style of CEO using managerial model...............................................................1
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................3
(B) Analyse several steps taken by CEO to bring changes in organisation structure in order to
attain high performance and also examine organisation culture adopted by CEO to influence
on employees...............................................................................................................................3
TASK 3 ...........................................................................................................................................4
(C) Leadership style of CEO to enhance organisational effectiveness.......................................4
TASK 4 ..........................................................................................................................................6
(D) Examine effect of power, influence and conflicts at chosen organisation...........................6
TASK 5............................................................................................................................................7
(E) Explain several types of motivation strategies used by organisation....................................7
TASK 6............................................................................................................................................8
(F) Use appropriate corporate examples.....................................................................................8
TASK 7............................................................................................................................................9
(G) Recommendations that is used to increased organisational performance............................9
CONCLUSION ...............................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
`Organisation refers to a type of entity where group of member are come together to
perform the common task in order to reach the organisational objectives within set period of
time. In a business enterprise where individuals are working in a team affects overall firm
performance that expressed the organisational theories (Csak, 2018). This particular report is
based on Marks & Spencer that is multinational British retailing company offer variety of
product range such as food, clothing, financial services etc. since 1884. Marks and Spencer is
fully handled by Steve Rowe, CEO of company who emphasis on attaining targets on time and
utilises the resources promptly. By taken into consideration the Marks and Spencer this report
express management style of Steve Rowe by using Fayol model and functions of management.
Further it demonstrate culture that is used to influence employees for excepting change. It also
present the leadership style that CEO of Marks and Spencer used to maintain organisational
effectiveness and influence staff members to attain the goals on time. This also express effect of
conflict, power and influence on company along with different type of motivational strategies
that are used to initiate staff members towards goals achievement. At the end recommendations
are provided to enhance efficiency of business so that performance would be maintained
properly.
Present problem face by Marks and Spencer- The main issue that Marks and Spencer
face is that they does not appeal to any generation. In this retailer accused of selling cloths which
are conservative and boring. It is done so because M&S deals on global market and it is very
necessary to fulfil global customers demands not only particular customers (M&S: Five reasons
the retailer is struggling, 2021).
TASK 1 (A)
(A) Managerial style of CEO using managerial model
Management style
It define as a particular way that manager adopts to reach the goals on time. Management
style encompasses the manner of making decisions, how they plan and organise work, in what
manner they exercise authority. Therefore, it is a style by organisation, level of management.
Management style is of several types such as participative, autocratic, bureaucratic etc. Manager
of organisation select style as per their skills and attributes so they they achieve the company
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targets on time. In context of Marks and Spencer, CEO adopts participative style of management
because it encourage and satisfy workers to work so that they frame positive relation with
customers on behalf of company so that organisation fulfil demands and requirements of
customers on global basis (Klein and Morreo, 2019). Hence it is used to encouraged staff
members and develop positive working atmosphere at workplace due to which company would
sustain on international market for longer period of time.
Principles of management
Principle of management is proposed by Henry Fayol for giving the new perception to
concept of management. It is prominent framework that support company CEO in organize, plan,
control, direct the group of individuals and all other resources of organisation in appropriate
manner that give profitable results. In terms of Marks and Spencer, few principles of
management are demonstrated below:
 Remuneration- It is one of essential principle that CEO of Marks and Spencer follow
because it encourage workers towards targets accomplishment. Hence it provides in terms
of monetary or non-monetary basis and as per the individual employee efforts that they
made at workplace.
 Division of work- this principle belived that segregating the activities among number of
employees develop the quality of work. Hence it also improves efficiency of workers,
productivity, accuracy, speed of accuracy etc. This principle is adopted by Marks and
Spencer principle where they involve every employee in decision marking so that task are
divide properly as per individual ability and capabilities so that profitable outcome would
be received.
Functions of management
There are number of function of management. In terms of Marks and Spencer some are
presented below:
 Planning- It is very crucial function of management used by CEO of Marks and Spencer.
It is essential to take decisions properly for attaining the targets on time (Gilal and et. al.,
2020). CEO develop proper planning due to which resources are utilised optimally and
issues related to offer trendy products is resolved.
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 Organising- It is necessary function where CEO of Marks and Spencer perform task in
systematic manner by segregating the work into number of employees so that goals are
accomplished in an organised manner.
 Directing- In this CEO of Marks and Spencer direct the workers by communicating
guidelines and policies to employees as per their suggestions received at the time of
decision making time. This help to satisfy workers and attain targets properly.
TASK 2
(B) Analyse several steps taken by CEO to bring changes in organisation structure in order to
attain high performance and also examine organisation culture adopted by CEO to
influence on employees
Organisation structure define as a method by which work flows within the organisation
from different level of business. It is an activities that frame several activities to accomplished
the targets in specified period of time. This considered regulation, rule and responsibilities that
are used to manage flow of work at workplace (Kahn, 2018). There are number of organisation
structure that are used by manager to manage culture of enterprise effectively and efficiently. In
terms of Marks and Spencer, Flat structure is adopted where only few layers of management are
included. In this structure management have high level of control with more employees and
there is short chain of command is presented. It is a type of self-managed organisation where the
responsibilities of employees are increased and it removes excess layers of management.
Flat organisational structure- It is a type of organisational structure where only few
layers of management are involved. In this type of structure manager have wide span of control
and beneficial for those who emphasis on adopting more modern approach to management. Flat
structure delegates the task among number of employees according to their power of handle
responsibility so that more profitable outcomes are enjoyed. In terms of Marks and Spencer,
company use this organisational structure to encourage employees in more decision making
process.
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Illustration 1: Marks and Spencer, organisational structure
Organisational change refers to actions where organisation modify major components of
organisation. These components involves underlying technologies, infrastructure or internal
processes. To manage and organise market position of business within marketplace company
properly accept the changes to fulfil demands of customers by offering trendy apparel to them.
Within this business enterprise need to adopt appropriate organisational culture so that they
enjoy sustainability and growth at marketplace (Keller, Hornidge and Schünemann, 2018). In
context of Marks and Spencer, manager follow flat organisation structure where number of levels
are limited and employees are highly responsible due to which their efficiency of completing
activities are developed. Therefore by accepting change within an organisation, manager need to
assess employee performance and deliver learning sessions so that objectives are reached on
time.
TASK 3
(C) Leadership style of CEO to enhance organisational effectiveness
Leadership style reflects as a leader's methods of providing direction, implementing plans
and motivating people. This mainly includes various types of leadership style such as
transactional. Transformational, autocratic, participative leadership style etc. these style of
leadership used by leaders of an organisation to attain goals and targets on time efficiently and
effectively. Some leadership styles are demonstrated below that CEO of Marks and Spencer
adopts to maximise the efficiency.
 Democratic style of leadership is also termed as participative leadership style where
members who are worked within organisation take participative in decision making
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process. It is very useful to develop staff member in attaining goals and generate more
profitable results. In terms of Marks and Spencer, CEO Steve Rowe follow this
leadership style where they give right to working employees to participate in decision
making process and suggest new ideas and thoughts so that customers demands and
requirements are easily fulfilled by organisation (Lawson, 2018). For instance- in context
of Marks and Spencer they face issue of that they does not appeal to any generation. To
overcome this issue it is crucial to gathered data and understand demands of global
generation and suggests innovative ideas to resolve it. This helps CEO to take decisions
promptly and attain more profitable results.
 Transformational leadership style is a leadership approach that highly cause changes in
individuals and social system. This style demonstrate positive change in followers with
the end of the goal of develop followers into a leader. This style develops skills of
workers so that changes are properly accepted. In context of Marks and Spencer, leaders
adopts transformational style to develops the interest of employees. It support
organisation to attain successful results in business environment. By using
transformational style firm enjoy competitive advantage at marketplace. Hence this style
of leadership helps to accomplish goals of business and maximise the high amount of
profits.
By the above information it is to be concluded that CEO Stewe Rowe Marks ans Spencer
follow transformation leadership style because by adopting this style at workplace manager have
power to influence the team members to accept changes promptly. In this employees also have
right to suggest ideas and thoughts to make decisions related to changes so that business
enterprise shape success in the manner of attaining longer sustainability (therland,2018). In
transformation leadership style employees are come from their comfort zone and it is prominent
for career development of working employees. However in this organisation also see high
growth and sustainability because employees are accepting change properly as per requirements
of global customers that is highly essential for company global sustainability.
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TASK 4
(D) Examine effect of power, influence and conflicts at chosen organisation
Power and influence framework aspect are essential and pervasive within an organisation
where it is crucial for leaders that they need both to understand power and act of knowledge.
Power within business organisation used to motivate workers towards targets achievements.
Beside this power also express the potential to escort and recognise human behaviour at an
appropriate place in business enterprise. With the background of Marks and Spencer, power and
influence represent very necessary framework on which manager emphasis on, to control or
organise employees working in order to reach goals and targets within set time period (John and
et. al., 2018). However, power and influence act important role in attaining business objectives
frequently without wasting time. In terms of Marks and Spencer, decisions are mainly taken by
those skilled members who have high level of knowledge and authority to direct company goals
and employees so that profitable results are enjoyed in short period of time. In case of Marks and
Spencer, Company CEO must focus on regulating suitable power to practice the company and
maintain relation between team members so that they perform their activity properly and
smoothly. In this manager adopts reward power where they offer appreciation to those people
who work effectively in terms of offering bonus, perks etc.
Conflicts refers to a serious disagreement and it occurs where clash of interest occur. For
example- In context of Marks and Spencer conflicts occur because there is no proper
communication is done among leaders and managers. Therefore, because of this employee
productivity and proficiency would occur. Hence to overcome this issue and develop employees
performance at workplace it is important to maintain collaboration and coordination among team
members. This develop brand position of business at global marketplace and to maintain
conflicts manager keep on eyes on several stages of Pondy's theory of conflicts so that conflicts
are eliminated within organisation.
Pondy's theory of conflicts
It involve five stages such as latent conflicts, perceived conflicts, conflicts aftermath,
manifest conflicts etc. These framework of conflicts are presented below:
 Latent conflicts- In this step, manager need to find out the place where conflicts are
generated among participants (Lendvai 2019). It mainly occur because of inconsistencies
of status quo within team member in organisation bureaucracy.
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 Perceived conflicts- At this step members recognise that conflicts are present at
workplace and it is generated because team members are come together to attain the
targets and at where clashes of idea occur. Hence because of this assigned targets are not
completed on time.
 Felt conflicts- This occur because of stress and anxiety where individual person
frequently react emotionally on the situation that was raised in the team at the time of
performing activity.
 Conflict aftermath- This express the outcome of conflicts. In terms of Marks and
Spencer, manager provide solution to solve conflicts so that objectives of business are
attained on set time frame.
In terms of manager of Marks and Spencer they emphasis on follow conflict theory to
reduce the issue of conflicts develops at workplace. Hence it strength the relation among team
members so that targets are accomplished on set time duration.
TASK 5
(E) Explain several types of motivation strategies used by organisation
Maslow need hierarchy theory
It define to a theory which is used to initiate, guide and influence employees to attain the
targets of business properly and effectively. In case of Marks and Spencer, manager need to
emphasis on follow the levels present under maslow's need hierarchy theory so that workers are
satisfied and organisation receive desired results.
 Psychological needs- It include basic needs of individual person where shelter, food,
clothing etc. are included (Alegre and et. al., 2021). In this manager of Marks and
Spencer ensures that they satisfy employee basic needs by providing basic salary on time,
offer proper and clean working atmosphere etc. so that workers feel satisfied and perform
effectively.
 Safety needs- This include security needs that individual wants after fulfilling basic
needs. In this Marks and Spencer manager provide insurance facility so that they feel safe
and secured at workplace. Due to this employees achieved goals on set time frame.
 Social needs- This will be considered as feeling of happiness and acceptance of
individual person. This motivate staff member to complete the task on time. In case of
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Marks and Spencer manager develop friendly culture at workplace so that employees are
accomplishing goals on set time duration in collaborating nature.
 Esteem needs- This include self esteem and respect where company need to motivate
employees by fulfilling this needs so that they do productive work. In terms of Marks and
Spencer, they reward their employees for the work they do on time and in proficient
manner. This develop positive culture of an enterprise.
 Self actualisation need- It is last level need of maslow need hierarchy on which
individual are focused by fulfilling above all needs. In this manager of Marks and
Spencer examine the level of workers in goal accomplishment so that they offer training
sessions accordingly (Foley 2021). This create specialised employees at workplace that
also developed career of employees. Hence because of this company gain profitable
results at marketplace.
TASK 6
(F) Use appropriate corporate examples
 First corporate example is Tesco Plc that is a British multinational retailing company.
The manager of firm focus on enhancing visibility of business on worldwide platform. To
attain this company target various segments so that they reach profitable results in set
time frame (La Torre, and et. al., 2020). For this manager follow participative style of
leadership where involvement of employees are done at decision making process.
Because of this new ideas are generated so that company select best alternative to reach
goals.
 Next example is based on Amazon which is largest online company working for fulfilling
customer requirements by offer innovative services. As Amazon deliver creative services
such as deliver products to customers at 24 hours, offer entertainment facility, pay facility
at one stop (Amara Olmos-Peñuela and Fernández-de-Lucio 2019). To maintain
creativity level with company manager follow transformation leadership style where
employees accept changes because they are flexible in nature. In this company also
motivate employees by using monetary and non-monetary benefits so that workers are
satisfied and company objectives are attained effectively and efficiently.
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TASK 7
(G) Recommendations that is used to increased organisational performance
By above information it is recommended that Marks and Spencer need to used several
aspects for developing organisational performance. Several recommendation are presented
below:
 To increase performance of organisation, Marks and Spencer ensures proper evaluation
of workers regularly and on the basis of this provide training sessions to them. This
develop skilled and talented workforce due to which company generate more profitable
results. Proper evaluation and training sessions are used to develop career proficiency in
professional field (ubert-Oklander and Saragnano 2018). In this organisation need to
arrange daily meetings of manager and employees so that workers share their issues with
manager. According to this manager of firm provide solution that enhance performance.
 To maximise organisational performance, variety of perks, benefits, compensations etc.
are offered to workers is recommended to Marks and Spencer so that they work properly
to attain the targets on time. This also useful to maintain culture and increase growth of
business on global business platform.
 Another recommendation for Marks and Spencer, is developing proper working culture
by regulating two way communication between manager and employees (Rathnaraj and
Vimala 2018). Due to effective communication, employees easily understand
requirements of task so that organisational performance is enhanced.
CONCLUSION
From the above information it is concluded that organisation practice and theory is
essential concept within organisation because it helps business enterprise to gain success and
sustainability. Beside this organisation theory is very prominent framework for smooth
functioning of department. Hence this project report elucidates management style of CEO of
Marks and Spencer using fayol principle and function of management. It also elucidates power,
conflicts and influence along with strategies of motivation so that employees relations are
maintained. This help organisation to gain competitive advantage at marketplace. At the end this
express various recommendations to maximise the organisation effectiveness so that large base
of customers are attracted towards it within global business industry.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Alegre, I. and et. al., 2018. The real mission of the mission statement: A systematic review of the
literature. Journal of Management & Organization.24(4). pp.456-473.
Amara, N., Olmos-Peñuela, J. and Fernández-de-Lucio, I., 2019. Overcoming the “lost before
translation” problem: An exploratory study. Research Policy.48(1).pp.22-36.
Csak, C., 2018. Integrated Agricultural Organisation of Production System and the
Organisations Carrying That (Hungarian Text). J. Agric. Envtl. L., 13, p.14.
Foley, G. ed., 2020. Understanding adult education and training. Routledge.
Gilal, F.G. and et. al., 2020. Linking motivational regulation to brand passion in a moderated
model of customer gender and age: an organismic integration theory
perspective. Review of Managerial Science.14(1).pp.87-113.
John and et. al., 2018. Lawson, H.A. ed., 2018therland, N., 2018, Keller and et. al., 2018Lawson,
H.A. ed., 2018therland, N., 2018and et. al., ., 2018. Strengthening the connections
between leadership and learning: Challenges to policy, school and classroom practice.
Routledge.
Kahn, S., 2018. Death and the City: On loss, mourning, and melancholia at work. Routledge.
Keller, R., Hornidge, A.K. and Schünemann, W.J. eds., 2018. The Sociology of Knowledge
Approach to Discourse: Investigating the Politics of Knowledge and Meaning-making.
Routledge.
Klein, E. and Morreo, C.E. eds., 2019. Postdevelopment in practice: alternatives, economies,
ontologies. Routledge.
La Torre, and et. al., 2020. A journey towards a safe harbour: The rhetorical process of the
International Integrated Reporting Council. The British Accounting Review.52(2).
p.100836.
Lawson, H.A. ed., 2018. Redesigning physical education: An equity agenda in which every child
matters. Routledge.
Lendvai, P., 2019. The bureaucracy of truth: How communist governments manage the news.
Routledge.
Rathnaraj, S.N. and Vimala, A., 2018. Role of transformational and transactional leaderships in
job satisfaction: In a select public sector organisation. SCMS Journal of Indian
Management.15(3).pp.91-97.
therland, N., 2018. Investigating leadership ethnographically: Opportunities and
potentialities. Leadership.14(3).pp.263-290.
ubert-Oklander, J. and Saragnano, G., 2018. Theory of psychoanalytical practice: A relational
process approach. Routledge.
Online
M&S: Five reasons the retailer is struggling, 2021. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53478403>
Marks and Spencer, 2021. [Online]. Available through: <https://theorg.com/org/marks-and-
spencer/org-chart>
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