Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3 LO 1.................................................................................................................................................3 P1 Analyze how an organization’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team behavior and performance...........................................................................................................3 LO 2.................................................................................................................................................5 P2 Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals in an organizational context...........................................5 LO 3.................................................................................................................................................8 P3 Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team............................8 LO 4...............................................................................................................................................10 P4 Apply concepts and philosophies of organizational behavior within an organizational context and a given business situation......................................................................................10 Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................10 References......................................................................................................................................10 Books and Journal.....................................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION Organizational Behavior(OB) is the study of humanbehaviorinorganizationalsettings, the interface between humanbehaviorand theorganization, and theorganizationitself.. To have an effective operation of the employees in an organization this principle is used. Organizational behavior promotes innovation, communication, job satisfaction, job performance and encourage leadership. This study of behavior not just study the individual but also group performance. This organizational behavior study will lead to good environment in the organization. In the present time this study has evolved to modern theory of decision making and business structure. Marks and Spencer is one of the major British multinational retailer of United Kingdom. The specialization of this company is to selling high quality of clothing, food and home products. The company has also started selling other products like Kellogg's Corn Flakes recently and has 959 stores across UK which has 615 stores which are selling just food products. M&S are selling their own innovated food products and have chief's of their own who are experimenting with healthy food and new ideas with good food. Report will highlight the impact of culture, politics and power influence individual and team. It will also lay emphasis on the content and process theory of motivation. LO 1 P1Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team behaviour and performance. Impact of Culture- The values, the beliefs and the implication of these are the soul of the organizational culture. Charles Handy has divided this impact into four categories and those would be- Task Task culture forms when teams in an organization are formed to address specific problems or progress projects. The tasks can change frequently and sometimes take a long time to change. Some employees can be skilled in some fields and the other employees in another. So, due to this the power keeps shifting for an effective work environment. There has to be a right mix of leadership and personality because of this the team can work creatively and productively (McShane and Glinow, 2017).
In M&S the work distribution is done so well that there are no inner conflicts in the company\organization. If solution to the problems are found then this makes the team motivated and influence individual and team behavior.The company is therefore the best in UK because they are well planned and organized in their kind of steps. The tasks theyget are always well distributed and the powers are given to the right person who can handle the team. Role This culture is based on rules and regulations. Due to the responsibility and roles divided in the team and everyone's power the organization has a strong role culture and highly controllable one. The power depends on the role culture of the employee's position in the company. The organization with role culture tend to be very official and administrative. The designations appointed to people in M&S company are very specific and does not need to be changed. The roles of the employees are fixed and they have to problem with that kind of system.The work distribution becomes easier and people tend to work in their own circle. This reduces the politics in the company and lets the company's work environment remain healthy. Power The power in an organization is held by just few individuals and those few individuals are selected on the bases of their influence in the organization. The decision making is done by the people with power and the other employees are just judged on their working achievements and the powerful people allot them work accordingly(Borkowski, 2016). The powerful people of M&S are always busy keeping their employee's happy and satisfied with the work allotted to them and their work environment. The impact of power is that The people with power distribute the work accordingly and try to make the work environment better instead of including the management into the small matters. It can lay negative impact on individual team and performance. The politics in M&S are very low and therefore this company is doing so well(Ellis and et.al., 2017). People The organisations objective is to make the people work in the company. The employees of an organization see themselves as superior and unique with person cultures. M&S company has people in control and makes the best out of them for the profitability of the organization. When people are working under control then the company can give out its
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best of products and the best of its services. People are the most important labor in an organisation because if the people are not there then the organization cannot work. M&S makes sure the all their employees are comfortable working with the organization. The impact of people culture can be positive on individual, team and performance. Impact of Politics- The company cannot work efficiently if there are inner conflicts in the company. People use this strategy to gain personal benefits and profit. Another reason why people use this politics is to come in spotlight and gain some appreciations from the seniors. The drawback that the individuals do not understand is that the impact of politics is never good for them or the company. The environment of the working space can get damaged and the company may have to face major crises because of this(Devece, Palacios-Marqués and Alguacil, 2016). M&S has faced the impact of politics in the past but now this company is developing on that field and getting the situation better. The company is now having good environment to work in and the employees turnover has reduced and the employees are kept happy in all conditions. Impact of Power- Power can impact in a negative and a positive aspect. The team with the power can use this privilege and the company will have to face some major consequences of it. For example- the executive of the kitchen department makes an employee work so much and more than the other employees to take out some personal conflict. That employee will not be able to do anything about it and that employee may leave which will be a major lose for the company. In M&S there is no misuse of the power therefore the company is growing itself out from the fall they had faced in the past. All the employees of M&S have gotten together and supporting the company to grow(Dipboye, 2016).M&S as not faced this kind of problems recently and the management is only focused on making the market bigger and they are not bothered by the company’s internal problems. LO 2 P2Evaluate how content and process theories of motivation and motivational techniques enable effective achievement of goals in an organisational context. In order to enhance efficiency and productivity of employees, motivation is needed. For this company is making use of various motivational techniques. This includes the following:
Process Theory- How an entity develops and changes with a system of ideas that is explained is known as process theory. How and why things are happening is the focus of process theory. To understand that Maslow's Hierarchy of needs is studied. There are 5 stages in Maslow's Hierarchy of needs are self-actualization, esteem, love belonging, safety and physiological. How is Maslow's hierarchy come in use in process theory are as follows- Physiological needs- Physiological needs are those needs which are very basic that all the individual want to survive in this world. Needs like food, shelter, drink, clothes, sleep, etc. M&S is providing these basic needs to its employee's to not just keep them happy but because they deserve this basic from the company. The company has to make sure that the wage they are giving to the employees that is satisfactory for the employees of M&S. Safety needs- These are those needs which when the basic is achieved then there are few safety needs which come up which are laws, security, order, stability, etc. M&S makes sure that all the employees are getting these safety needs because it is the right to all the human being. Example- An employee is asked to work for more than 9 hours a day then either they should be given wages or if they are not rewarded in any form then they can sue the company for the violation of their work. All the workers are treated equally by the company. Love and belongingness needs- This is very important for the human needs and specially when the basic needs are fulfilled the human being needs belongingness in the organization. M&S gives the employees the feeling of belongingness in the company so that they feel that their work matters in the organization and they are motivated to do the needful work with passion. The company is not providing anyone with a feeling of as if they are not required in then firm because if the employee feels that then the company will be in loss and not that individual. The environment plays a major role in the belongingness of the employee in the organization. Esteem needs- An employee needs respect and reputation with whatever work they are doing in the enterprise. M&S makes sure that all employees are respected for their work by giving them extra wages for extra work or excellent work. The employee when is feeling that they are being respected for the work they are doing then that will demotivate them and the efficiency of the organization will fall. Motivation of doing work is not just by giving extra wages or incentives but by respecting them also plays a major role.
Self-actualization needs- The work is well distributed between the employees of M&S which gives them a target to achieve and if they do that then there is self-fulfillment and they feel likedoingmoretoachievegreaterheightsintheorganisation.Thatmakesthemmore professional about their own field and makes them work more efficiently(Chen, Eshleman and Soileau,2016).Self-satisfactionwithworkalsoplaysamajorroleforencouragingthe employees and they feel satisfied not just with themselves but also the work and with the organisation. Content Theory- This theory studies why the needs of people change with the change in time. To motivate behavior there are specific factors which are involved and this theory can explain that properly. There is no proof that it is because of these factors and this theory is not valid but content theory is very helpful in framework to understand individuals. Vroom's expectancy has explained this theory in three variables which are- Expectancy- In this variable there has to be a right source of raw material available, the right job skills and having the right support to get the work done by others. M&S makes sure that the raw materials they are using are easily available and they get the right people in the company for the right kind of work. The company is doing well because M&S is making sure of all the small factors are right so that they can grow faster and better. Instrumentality- An employee is doing its best because they know that the outcome of the work will have a reward for them in the end of it. That will make them work more and trust the organisation for the work which is being allotted to them. To make the work happen faster and better the employees are shown an image of something they get by the end of it. Valence- There is a different expectation from every individual for the work they are doing. Some people prefer money in return for the effort they put in but the others may prefer extra days off from work(Miner, 2015). M&S is one of those few companies’ which takes care of its employees well. They give their employees their individual needs and what they desire from the effort they provide to the company. Motivational Techniques- This technique includes that the employees working in any organisation must have some kind of motivation for putting in all the efforts they could. The should get some outcome from the organisation if they are putting in their best(Dai and et.al., 2018).
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Reward- The employees of M&S put in all their hard work in the products that the company is producing because they know that the organization will give them something in return. M&S makes sure that none of the hard work which their employees are putting in for the organization should go for a waste. Therefore, the organization is doing well and the employees are not leaving this company and the employee turnover of this company is low and more and more of people want to join in the recent time. Holiday- M&S has a very flexible environment for holidays and leaves(Newton and LePine, 2018). If the employee is loyal to the organization, then the organization will give everything which is required by the employees to them. M&S keeps its employees very happy and satisfied with the work they do. Some people want satisfaction by working hard and then getting off from work more than once a week. LO 3 P3Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team. An effective team will be made when the team have an appropriate and adequate number of members. Effective TeamIneffective Team To have a productive team listening to the team members plays an important role. This way the team works efficiently. The team does not listen to one another then there is a misunderstanding in the team and the team does not work efficiently. The conflicts are entertained and got to a same conclusion as everyone else in the team so that everyone is comfortable. The conflicts are not solved and that leads to more problems for the team to work. In an effective team work the members of the team put in all the efforts and have a voice of their own. Ineffectiveteamdoesnotmanagetowork togetherandtheteammembersarenot satisfied and happy with the work environment and with the people they deal with every day. The tasks are not just allotted to the team members but also accepted and understood by the team members properly so that the work is The tasks are allotted to the team members without coming to a common understanding
done with perfection.and acceptance. The decisions which are taken in this team frameareinacceptancebyalltheteam members and there are lesser conflicts. The decisions which are taken are done by the people who are the heads and are not in favor of everyone. There is respect for the leader of the group becausetheleadertakestheentireteam together to get the task completed and to make any decisions for them. Thereiscomparativelylessrespectfor the leader because they can not take the entire team work together. When there is a task allotted to all the people then the work is distributed equally and is accepted by everyone.Clear guidance is also provided to get the work done. There is no proper guidance when the task is allotted. The tasks are just allotted without the team accepting it. All the members of the team has some or another kind of contribution in the task allotted and with great efforts. The Team members do not feel like doing the task allotted which will be time consuming and they will not be done properly. Bruce Tuckman's Team development model Forming- There is a proper direction and guidance from the leader and the team is dependent on that. All the doubts that a team have been cleared by the leader and the leader must be always ready to answer all the questions that their team has, be it the objective or purpose or any external relationships. M&S leaders are all well aware of these factors and are always making there team clear of all the doubts and making the team work effectively(Pentland and Hærem, 2015). Storming- The decisions of an organisation does not come in so easily and have to really discussed among the team members before taking any decision. The team needs to be really focused on the organisation and not there personal problems when they come for work. There is nospaceforemotionsandrelationshipsintheorganisation.M&Shastointerpersonal relationships between the employees and are trained to be really focused on the organisation. The employees when they are focused on there work makes the organisation work more efficiently.
Norming- The commitment and the unity that the teams share have to be strong and M&S is becoming successful in doing so. The team will have a development by group discussions to improve its working style and processes. The decisions weather big or small are taken into consideration when the entire team is in agreement. The responsibilities and roles are very clear with the team members. There is a common respect for the leader of the team of M&S and everyone is a leader in the own fields and are always there for one another. Performing- The team of M&S is well aware of their aim and objectives and they also know what they are doing and why they are doing. The team is assigned work by the leader since the team is dependent on the leader. The team have a good bond and can openly ask their leaders for interpersonal development. The team of M&S looks after one another and helps each other to not just complete their own work but the entire teams work too. LO 4 P4Apply concepts and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisational context and a given business situation. Path- goal Theory This is a theory in which the leader appreciates for the work the employees does and motivates them to do more for the organization and to achieve the aims and objectives of the organization and personal. The leader is the only personal who can motivate the employees in a way that no one else can and make them take out there best for the betterment of the organization. M&S have leaders in there organization which make the employees take out there best of innovations and hard work to reach the goals of the company. Flexible- The leadership of the leaders is very flexible and can adapt to all kind of situations. This can only happen because of the environment of the business and also because of the characteristics and work.The ability of motivation and work independently also plays a major role. Investigating Motivation- The leader can motivate and influence there employees to get a better outcome from the organization to achieve the goals and aims of the company, M&S. The leader must know how to motivate there team accordingly and have influence on the employees to get the best out of them(Podsakoff, MacKenzie and Podsakoff, 2018). Motivation can be given in terms of wages and rewards. The leader must have respect in there teams so that if they say
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somethingthentheteamobeysthatandworksuponitefficiently.Theleaderandthe management must keep some kind of motivation for the employee so that they can work efficiently. Social Capital Theory In M&S the relationship between each employee is very friendly and understanding. M&S understands each and every employee emotionally and mentally and supports them as much as the company can permit. The company tries to be as flexible as possible in the recent years with there employee because the company has faced the down fall with the employees turn over. The company has seen the worst and the best of the market and has they have taken effective measures now. The trust and values the employees share with one another are same and there is mutual understanding and respect too(Tasselli,Kilduff and Landis, 2018). The company is always thinking for the benefit for not just its organization but also the benefit of its company employees. The team must always be kept together and that is only possible when the team leader takes the entire team together and treats everyone equally. Conclusion The company, M&S understands and taking care of all their employees. The company has faced a lot of down fall in the past and now are having a stable market. The portfolio of the company is strong there the company still exists and measures have been taken recently to avoid the repetition of the past situation. The company's food production is doing very well and out of 959 stores across UK has 615 stores of just food production. The company is providing the customers with healthy food and innovative food items to attract customers and make them come again and again because they have unique items of product. The leadership and organizational behavior in the internal environment is really good and taken good care of by the management. If the employees are happy then there is a probability of getting in more profit and more innovative ideas.Allthefactorsand theoriesworkinM&Stounderstandtheemployeesand the environment of the working space. M&S has a very effective team which is working for them and they do not have internal conflicts or politics in the company. The company is very focused on its aim and goals and flexible for its employees. The employees who are putting in extra or working with good quality of work they are given reward and motivation to continue there work.
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