Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases

The assignment delves into the distinctions between communicable and non-communicable diseases. It requires a clear explanation of each type, outlining their defining features, modes of transmission (for communicable diseases), and providing relevant examples for both categories.

ORGANIZATION
AND
BEHAVIOUR
1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1.................................................................................................................................................3
a) ....................................................................................................................................................3
b) .....................................................................................................................................................4
c) .....................................................................................................................................................5
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................................5
a) .....................................................................................................................................................5
b) .....................................................................................................................................................6
c) .....................................................................................................................................................6
d) .....................................................................................................................................................7
e) .....................................................................................................................................................7
f) ......................................................................................................................................................8
g)......................................................................................................................................................8
h) .....................................................................................................................................................9
I).......................................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................11
2

INTRODUCTION
Organization behaviour can be defined as the attitude and perception of the employees in the
organization which impact the individuals, groups and structures. In other words, organization
behaviour is the study of the both the aspects that are individual performance as well as group
performance and activity within the organization (Tsai and Wu, 2010). The interaction between the
staff in the firm also known as the organization behaviour. The present report is based on a case study
done on two organisations- City College and Enterprise Car Rentals. Previously, City College was a
private one, but presently it is a part of city group PLC. While, Enterprise car rentals is a largest buyer
of cars and one of the most significant hire purchase companies. This report, will discuss about the
relationship between organizational structure and culture. Furthermore, it will help in identifying
various leadership styles, motivation theories and efficacy of teamwork in both the organizations.
TASK 1
a)
There are different organizational structures and cultures which are followed in both the
organizations. As per the case study, City College caters 200 staff and there is a flat organization
structure. However, Enterprise Car Rental employs 75000 employees and has a tall organizational
structure. The different organizational structure of the organizations are as follows: Tall organizational structure: It is for the large and complex organization which has the taller
hierarchy. The company follows the long chain of command at their workplace for
communicating any suggestion or grievances. Moreover, there are many ranks in the managers
in which each has the small area of control (Lloyd and Mey, 2010). There are more levels of
management as compared to flat structure. There is a narrow span of control which allows close
supervision of employees.
 Flat organizational structure: In this, there are fewer level of management in which each level
controls the broad area or group. This structure is more emphasised towards empowerment of
employees instead of sticking to chain of command. These structures are flexible and adapt the
changes more quickly (Alfes and et.al., 2013). Here, the communication takes place faster
which helps in making the quicker decisions for the company through narrow control.
There are different types organizational structure in which Charles Handy Model and his
aspects will fit better to elaborate the chosen organizational culture. As per the model, the two culture
which is used by the organisations are as follows: Role Culture: It is the culture which is followed in Enterprise Car Rental which constitutes the
tall organizational structure. In this, every employees are allotted the roles and responsibilities
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according the skills and capabilities. In this, staff accept the challenges and tries to fulfil them.
This reduces chances of any confusions as all workers know their individual tasks and
responsibilities as well. Person Culture: This culture is followed in City College which has a flat organizational
structure. In this culture, employees are considered to be more important than the organization.
In this culture, individual are more concerned about their own self than the company (Speroff
and et.al., 2010). Here, the staff does not work properly and only comes to firm for the sake of
money.
Edgar Schein Model
This model explains about the culture which are not made in the single day. This is because it
takes time to formed where employees has to go through various changes, adaption of external
environment and solving the issues. There three levels in the organization in which firstly, it is all about
the characteristics of the business which has been analysed. For example, City College's employees can
wear whatever they feel like whereas, in Enterprise Car Rental, all staff has to dress up casually (Allen
and et.al, 2012). Secondly, it is values in which organization culture should be followed properly
because the attitude and perception of staff can have deep impact on the culture. Last is assumed values
which comprise of values of the workforce that can't be measured but can make the difference in the
firms.
b)
There is an effective relationship between an organizational structure and culture. If there is
better structure then the culture of that organization will also processed properly. For example,
Enterprise Car Rental is practising the role culture which is one of the best culture. This is because they
are delegating the work to the employees according to the educational qualifications, skills and
knowledge. Through this, the work will go smoothly without any hindrances. Hence, this has the
positive impact on the organization. The company which has flat organizational structure is able to
make quicker decisions because of their flexibility (Knights and Thanem, 2011). Through this, the
employees can able to make good relations with each other. For instance, City College has this type of
structure which helps in encouraging the employees to share their ideas and views so that later on, it
can implemented throughout the business. The organizational structure and culture both are the
important aspect for the companies. In Enterprise Car Rental, culture is playing the vital role in
accomplishing the goals and objectives. On the contrary to this, City College's organization structure is
most effective in achieving the desired results.
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c)
There are different factors which have influence on the way individual behaves at workplace
which are discussed below: Staff Behaviour: The behaviour of the staff is the factor which can influence the work of the
employees. If the employees are not able to analyse their job responsibilities then they will not
able to perform well in the organization. So the management of City College is encouraging the
employees to upgrade their skills and able to behave properly in the organization (Waniek,
2012). Communication: It is an important aspect which should be handled effectively so that
employees feels free to share out their ideas and views to other employees. Strong
communication is key factor of any organisation in making strong base for healthy
environment. This also helps in making the effective decisions for the Enterprise Car Rental
and assists in accomplishing the goals and objectives.
 Work Culture: There is a effective work environment where employees feel better and able to
give their best performance. Also this will bring flexibility in doing their work effectively and
efficiently, if there is good work culture at the workplace (Erkuş-Öztürk and Eraydın, 2010).
Moreover, it also acts as a motivating factor and keep employees satisfy with their job.
TASK 2
a)
There are various kinds of leadership styles in City College and Enterprise Car Rental, they are
as follows: Autocratic leadership: This leadership style is followed by the Enterprise Car Rental in which
it allows the managers to make the decisions without the considerations of the employees. Here,
managers poses total authority and its decisions on the employees which they has to follow in
the organization (Mendes and Stander, 2011). The positive impact of this leadership style is that
it provides close supervision to the employees. On the other hand, the negative impact is that it
demotivate the creative employees who want to share the ideas. Participative leadership: In this style, employee's ideas and views are taken into consideration
as well for decision making process that is why it is also known as democratic leadership. This
leadership style is used in City College which encourage their employees to share their ideas
(Suppiah and Singh Sandhu, 2011). The positive impact will be that the staff feels motivated
that their ideas are being the part of the strategies and plans and able to perform well in the
organization. Moreover, it also helps in increasing relationship between the employees and
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management and improvisation of the job performance.
 Laissez-faire leadership: In this leadership style employees are given power to make decisions
with a very less involvement of leader. This style is generally useful for those organisations
where employees are highly skilled and potential to make decisions on their own. So, they need
very little guidance from leaders to complete their tasks.
In both organisations, autocratic style of leadership is undertaken when decision has to be taken
fast. While, laissez-faire leadership is effective if company feels that employees are enough capable of
making decisions with less guidance.
b)
The organisational theory has many approaches which are practised in both the organizations
which are as given below: Scientific Management: This theory was proposed by Frederick Winslow Taylor which
encourages the firm to have a production efficiency and productivity. This approach is practised
in the City College which helps their departments to work efficiently and provides effective
results. This theory also states that it is concerned with staff efficiencies which they can do it in
best and cheapest way (Rock, 2014). This approach affects both the management and
employees and assists in controlling the stress. It also emphasis on the training and
development of workers by management. There is an equal division of labour between staff
and managers.
 Bureaucratic Theory: This approach is associated with the Max Weber which governs under
the bureaucracy concept of Weber. This theory is well practised in Enterprise Car Rental
company so that it can characterised with the rule – governed decision making,
professionalism, authority and responsibility etc. In this, higher level managers supervise the
lower management so that work can be done properly and systematically (Coulson-Thomas,
2012). The staff who work within the bureaucracy are usually trained in the appropriate field of
specialisation.
c)
Theories adopted by both City College and Enterprise Car Rental are as follows: City College: This organization is practising the participative leadership style in which they
encourages the staff to share their ideas and views regarding the organization. City College has
the serious objectives which are tied to the commitment to accomplish them (Firth, 2013). But
sometimes, these type of leadership style has the negative impact. Such as, it is useful for the
short term decision making. Here, the employees are less attracted to their work and takes time
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in completion. Also, there is less guidance of leader and decision making process becomes
slow.
 Enterprise Car Rental: This Company has adopted the Autocratic style where leader makes the
decisions alone for the business. Here, the main focus is making decisions which is essential for
the customer services. The authority has given to top management so that they are able to
supervise the lower management (Argyle, 2013). But, the autocratic leadership style is not
effective for the long period because, here creative employees feel demotivated and not able to
do their work effectively. Further, scope of any important or useful suggestions which may
come from employees becomes nil. This style better work at the time of workload when the
managers has to complete the task.
d)
The impact of different leadership styles on the behaviour of staff at City College and
Enterprise Car Rental are as discussed below: Autocratic Leadership: The company selects the candidates on the basis of the leadership
qualities so that it will assists in the growing the business for the longer term. Through this, the
staff will act like the leader but to supervise them, there is a authoritarian leader which
superintend and allot them the task (Leadership Style and Organizational Impact, 2010). By
having lots of instructions, the employees gets demotivated and not able to express their ideas
and views in the company at time of decision making.
 Participative Leadership: This is one of the most used leadership style in the organization
which helps in achieving the goals and objectives. This leadership helps the many departments
to work together and in turn produces the desired results for the organization (Knights and
Thanem, 2011). This leadership provides positive impact on the staff behaviour and this is
because, here, staff thinks they are important part of the organization and their ideas and views
are the part of the decisions making.
e)
The different motivational theories which both organisations might adopt in their firm are as
follows: McGregor Theory X and Theory Y: This theory can be adopted by the Enterprise Car Rental in
which it comprises of two theories that are theory X and theory Y. Theory X is all about the
supervising of the work which also constitutes the strict controls and reflects autocratic style.
Whereas, theory Y states that employees can able to do their work at own as well as contributes
in the solving the problems (Lloyd and Mey, 2010).
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 Maslow's Need Hierarchy Model: This is an effective theory which can be adopted by City
College which helps in motivating the employees. Maslow's theory has five needs and first
need is related to basic requirements which should be fulfilled by job. Next is job security,
where employee wants security of job in terms of permanency, insurance and other benefits.
When these two needs get fulfilled person wants to get associated with group of colleagues
creating a social environment at workplace (MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS, 2016).
After that, employee feels need for promotion and recognition which should be given on time
on the basis of performance rendered. At last, need of self-actualization emerges, where self-
analysis is done by worker to satisfy future need.
f)
If the management of City College and Enterprise Car Rental's workforce will apply the
management theory then it will only provide benefits to the organization. This is because through this
theories, the employees will gets be motivated. Maslow's theory will only motivates the employees to
do well in the organization and through this, the motivated employees will do their work more
properly. The derived benefits from this theory can be staff will gets motivated and willing to do more
work in the organization so that they can get more rewards and benefits (Mendes and Stander, 2011). In
addition to this, the second theory is McGregor theory X and theory Y in which autocratic style are
used in one aspect and this is also one of the useful theory. At the time of workload, this type of style is
useful in which the leader are able to delegate the task among the employees and the work can be done
effectively and efficiently. In other aspect, it encourages the employees to do their work and by their
own solve the problems. Through this they gets motivated and express their views and ideas more
freely in the organizations.
g)
A group can be defined as two or more employees interacting and working together for
achieving common goal. Groups are the significant part of the organizations like City College and
Enterprise Car Rental who are focussed towards attaining common objective of firm. The decisions
made by a group is better as compared to decision taken by an individual. In a group of people ideas
and suggestions come from persons of different views which provides bigger platform for innovative
decisions. There are different groups in the organization which are created to get a specific result
(Coulson-Thomas, 2012). The common task is given to the specific group for which people mutually
dependent on their performance and communicate with each other to promote its achievement. There
are different types of people in the organization with different mindsets and behaviour so that they able
to create more innovative ideas to solve their problems and issues. Sometimes, the group behaviour
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also creates negative impacts on the organization and this is because of the different cultures of people
in the the group.
h)
The various aspects which makes the team effective or ineffective and can affect the success of
a team are mentioned below: Diversity: It enhances innovation and creativity in organisation which encourages team work.
Further, it helps in efficient management of conflicts and develop more team-spirit. Leadership: A group led by an efficient leader is always successful and more potential. In
context of city college, leadership helps in effective working and responsible behaviour of team
members (Erkuş-Öztürk and Eraydın, 2010). Conflict level: As an instance in enterprise car rental, the leader has responsibility of allocating
duties to group members, failing in which coordination and work completion on time is
affected. It will result in increased level of conflicts and mismanaged team.
 Personality: Every individual has different behaviours, personalities, likes and dislikes. On this
basis if any one team member is not happy with allotted job then it will disturb performance of
whole team and the working environment as well.
I)
Information technology is one of the important aspect of which brings success to the
organization. It is the pros and cons for the organization because sometimes it is useful and sometimes
it affects the profitability of the business. As the technology is growing rapidly so it will continue in
future aspects also (Allen and et.al, 2012). The development taken place in technology has made
various complex works, easy to handle. City College and Enterprise Car Rental can use advanced
techniques to manage workings in simple way and also easy decision making. It increases efficiency in
working of team and develops a sense of commitment towards organisation. As per the view of Ingram
(2016). This advancement in technology should be devised by both firms for better communication and
increased coordination between diversified teams (Alfes and et.al, 2013). For example, Virtual teams
are the groups working together at different places but are intangible. They use to communicate
through various means for example, internet, phones, teleconferencing, emails, online chat forums etc.
helps in saving the cost and time.
CONCLUSION
In this report it has been concluded that City College has the flat organizational structure which
has person culture as well as practised the Participative leadership style in the organization. On the
other hand, Enterprise Car Rental has the tall hierarchy which comprises of role culture and autocratic
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leadership styles. In addition to this, the motivational theories has been introduced which provides its
various aspects to the employees to keep them motivated. Moreover, group behaviour also affects the
effectiveness of the team by its negative aspects. Further, City college can also adopt autocratic
leadership when there is need of making decision should be perfect and faster. While enterprise car
rental should allow for participative leadership as well for taking ideas and suggestions from
employees which may be very useful for organisation.
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REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Alfes, K. and et.al., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices,
engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model. The international journal
of human resource management, 24(2). pp. 330-351.
Allen, D. and et.al, 2012. The impact of a whole-organisation approach to positive behavioural support
on the use of physical interventions. International Journal of Positive Behavioural Support. 2(1).
pp. 26-30.
Argyle, M., 2013. The Scientific Study of Social Behaviour (Psychology Revivals). Routledge.
Coulson-Thomas, C.J., 2012. Talent Management 2: A quicker and more cost effective route to the high
performance organisation. Policy Publications.
Erkuş-Öztürk, H. and Eraydın, A., 2010. Environmental governance for sustainable tourism
development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya tourism region.
Tourism Management. 31(1). pp. 113-124.
Firth, R., 2013. Elements of social organisation. Routledge.
Knights, D. and Thanem, T., 2011. Gendered incorporations: critically embodied reflections on the
gender divide in organisation studies. International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion.
4(3-4). pp. 217-235.
Lloyd, H.R. and Mey, M.R., 2010. An ethics model to develop an ethical organisation. SA Journal of
Human Resource Management. 8(1). pp. 12-pages.
Mendes, F. and Stander, M.W., 2011. Positive organisation: The role of leader behaviour in work
engagement and retention. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology. 37(1). pp. 1-13.
Rock, P., 2014. Deviant Behaviour (Routledge Revivals). Routledge.
Speroff, T. and et.al., 2010. Organisational culture: variation across hospitals and connection to patient
safety climate. Quality and Safety in Health Care. 19(6). pp. 592-596.
Suppiah, V. and Singh Sandhu, M., 2011. Organisational culture's influence on tacit knowledge-sharing
behaviour. Journal of knowledge management.15(3). pp. 462-477.
Tsai, Y. and Wu, S.W., 2010. The relationships between organisational citizenship behaviour, job
satisfaction and turnover intention. Journal of clinical nursing. 19(23‐24). pp. 3564-3574.
Waniek, J., 2012. How information organisation affects users' representation of hypertext structure and
content. Behaviour & Information Technology. 31(2). pp. 143-154.
Online
Leadership Style and Organizational Impact. 2010. [Online]. Available through:
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<http://ala-apa.org/newsletter/2010/06/08/spotlight/>. [Accessed on 27th September 2016].
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS. 2016. [Online]. Available through: <https://www.learning-
theories.com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html>. [Accessed on 27th September 2016].
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