Organizational Behaviour: Influence of Culture, Politics, and Power on Individual and Team Behavior

This document discusses the influence of organizational culture, politics, and power on individual and team behavior and performance. It explores the process theories of motivation and techniques to achieve organizational goals. It also examines the characteristics of effective teams and the concepts of organizational behaviour. The case of Marks and Spencer, a British multinational retailer, is used as an example.

Organizational Behaviour
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
P1 Describe that how organization’s culture, politics and power influence individual as well as
team behaviour, performance......................................................................................................3
P2 Process theories of motivation and motivational techniques to make able to organization in
achieving goals............................................................................................................................4
P3 What makes an effective team as opposed to ineffective team.............................................6
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour within an organization...................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11
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INTRODUCTION
Organizational behavior is based on the study of both individual and group performance,
activity within organization (Gelfand and et.al., 2017). It will examine the human behavior in the
work environment and identify impact on the overall performance, communication and structure
of organization. This study is based on Marks and Spencer which is a British multinational
retailer whose headquarter is in the London. It specializes in selling high quality of clothing,
food products and home products. This retailer was founded in the year of 1884 by Michael
Marks. It is to be considered as subset of management activities concerned with predicting,
understanding and influencing individual behavior in enterprise settings. The report will discuss
about the organizational culture, power and politics that influence individual or team behavior. It
will describe about the content and process theories of motivational technique which enable
effective of goals and objectives. Furthermore, it will identify an effective team which always
opposed to an ineffective group within organization. The documentation will describe about the
concept and philosophies related to the organizational behavior and handle the overall business
situations.
P1 Describe that how organization’s culture, politics and power influence individual as
well as team behaviour, performance.
culture, power, politics are important components that directly influence individual and
team behaviour performance within organization.
Influence of culture:
The organizational culture impact on the employee performance as well as motivational
level. it often employee work harder to achieve the business goals and objectives. Marks and
Spencer consider themselves to be important part of corporate environment (Bourne, Jenkins and
Parry, 2019). According to theory of Hofstede’s culture dimension that continue revolving
around cross culture communication. In this way, it can easily describe the relationship between
behaviour, values.
 Power culture: It allow for limited people in the organization to enjoy their positional
power. They are directly authorised to take essential decision related business growth and
development.
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 Task Culture: It is based on the team or group performance where how they are formed
accordingly in order to achieve significant task. This type of culture will allow for
participate with organization of employee in order to assign the suitable task.
 Person Culture: The organization is mainly follows the model of person culture which
emphasizes the importance of staff members. The individuals are concern about the profit
rather than benefits.
 Role culture: It is mainly indicating the organizational culture which emphasizes on the
delegated role of employee. the significant role is based on the specific qualification of
employee. in this way, individual people enjoy opportunities for completing their task in
proper manner.
Influence of politics and power
The corporate culture within Marks and Spencer has been influenced by other political as
well as external power in UK. It is based on the cultural norms, model that have been
implemented. In most of cases, it directly affected by political parties of country. For Example-
After Brexit, it has been impacts on the entire business performance and efficiency in global
world (Halliday, 2019). Furthermore, M&S introduced the policy of connecting with potential
audience, especially identify better idea for establishing relationship between them.
Power impact on the individual and team where control their each member in term of task assign,
management. It is integrated with employee in organization in order to develop difference
between employees.
P2 Process theories of motivation and motivational techniques to make able to organization in
achieving goals.
Motivation plays an important role in an organization as it allows managers and leaders to
accomplish their pre-determined goals as well as make employees able to help the company in
accomplishing their goals. Motivation works like a guide as it refers needs, desire and drives
within an individual (Allen and et.al., 2016). In the context of Marks and Spencer it can be said
that, it is important for them to motivate their employees in order to achieve goals. There are
several ways by which manager of Marks and Spencer can influence their employees to
contribute them. One of the best way of motivating employees is to develop or implement
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motivational theories and models. Maslow’s theory of needs is one of the best theory of
motivation such as:
Psychological needs: It is basic needs which needs to be fulfilled initially in order to satisfy
needs of employees. There are several types of employees who seek for different types of needs.
Psychological needs such as: food, water, air, shelter are known as basis needs. In this context, it
can be said that if these needs remain unfulfilled than human body or employees cannot work
effectively. So, as per the Maslow it is important for manager of M&S to fulfil this needs for
completing and satisfying other needs.
Safety needs: It is other main needs which needs to be satisfied after satisfying basic needs. It
includes protection from some elements, security, stability of job etc. Employees seek for this
types of needs. So, it is important for the manager of M&S to provide health care, insurance and
others in order to make employees feel safe, valued and motivated (Bouzenita and Boulanouar,
2016).
Love needs: After fulfilling of safety and basic needs, employees seek for this types of needs in
which they want someone whom they can trust and share their all types of feelings. It makes
them feel valued and refreshed. So, it is important for the manager of this company to provide a
healthy, socially and friendly environment. Some examples of this needs include: trust,
acceptance, friendship etc.
Esteem needs: This type of needs are being divided into 2 categories as per the Maslow and
different nature of employees such as esteem for oneself and desire for reputation. Different
types of employees seek different types of needs in which some wants to be respected,
independent etc. Whereas, some wants to get status and effective reputation. So, for satisfying
this type of needs, it is important to provide promotional opportunities to employees (Shih and
et.al., 2019).
So, from the above, it can be said that manager of M&S can satisfy needs of employees
ain order to motivate them and make them able to contribute and cooperate in accomplishing
goals of an organization. By analysing nature and needs of different types of needs of different
employees, they can accomplish their all goals. In addition, they can make an effective use of
Vroom’s theory of expectancy, Herzberg’s 2 factor theory etc.
There are several other ways of motivating employees such as providing rewards to them,
providing effective working environment, make them feel valued by appreciating their success
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and performance in the front of others. So, by using all these techniques and theories, Marks &
Spencer can achieve their goals and attract wider range of customers.
P3 What makes an effective team as opposed to ineffective team
An effective team includes an ability as well as willingness of working in a group of people or
team in order to accomplish some common goals and accomplishment of given task in an
efficient manner. Working in a team plays an important role for both employees and employers
as it allows employees to increase their knowledge and skills by sharing views (Shih and et.al.,
2019). On the other hand, it can also make employers able to increase productivity because when
employees work in an effective team they there are less chances of committing mistakes and
errors in project. There are some different types of organizational team such as:
Functional: It refers a group of people who shares common functional expertise working
towards haring objectives. It can be said that it is a type which is related to a function as it may
be a design function and a purchasing function (Eisenberg and DiTomaso, 2019).
Problem solving: It refers a type of team in which people of a group work in a team for
solving difficult and different types of problem for making a project successful.
Project teams: It is one of the main type of team in which all members of a team work on
a same project and share common goals. One of the main aim of this type o team is to complete
the project in an efficient manner and increase productivity.
Tuckman’s team development theory: With the help of developing and making an
effective use of Tuckman’s team development theory, manager of M&S can increase overall
productivity and increase knowledge of their employees. This theory gives several effective
ways of developing a team as well as ideas. It has four main stages such as:
Forming: In this stage, some employees are stable and positive and others are anxious
because they do not have proper knowledge as whet they have to do in a team. In this stage, one
of the main role of leader of an organization as they guide and support all employees and make
them able to work in a team. So, it can be said that it is one of the important stage, in which
leaders have to do all possible acts to make an effective team.
Storming: After formation of a team, all members of a team comes in this storming phase
where they all push themselves against the boundaries. It is also considered one of the critical
stage because many teams got failed. In this stage views and feelings as well as ways of
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performing activities clashes which create the situation of conflicts. Sometimes, team members
also experience stress.
Norming: After facing several problems, as per this model, all team members come into this
phase where they try and start to resolve their problems or differences. They also appreciate each
other’s strengths and respect their views. They realize and know the importance of an effective
team. They develop a stronger commitment to the team goal and start to see a good progress
towards it (Guchait, Lei and Tews, 2016).
Performing: It is the last stage where team members reaches in this important stage. In
this stage, performance and cooperation of team members as well as their hard work leads,
without friction to the accomplishment of the team goal. In this stage, leaders play an important
role as they try to motivate team members and try to develop team which can last for the long
run.
So, from the above discussed stage, it can be said that manager of M&S can develop an
effective team and try to accomplish all goals.
There are some differences between an effective and an ineffective team such as:
 An effective team encourage open discussion and respect values and knowledge of
each others. Whereas, an ineffective team have a lack of agreed objectives.
 An effective team reaches a decision by convincing each others and respecting
them while, an ineffective team make decision by voting process. Sometimes it can
create problems and situations of conflicts.
So, from the above it can be said that M&S needs to focus on making an effective team in order
to improve their image and having an active working environment (Guttenberg, 2017).
P4 Concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour within an organization
Organization behaviours refers a study of individual performance as well as group activity within
an organization. In this study and organizational behaviour one of the main aim of manager of an
organization is to understand human behaviour and identify impacts of their behaviours on job
structure, their performance as well as communication. Making an effective working
environment lead an effective organizational behaviour which help an organization in
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accomplishing their goals as well as increasing overall productivity (Buchanan, 2019). For
developing organizational behaviour and understanding human behaviour it is important for
manager of M&S to develop and make use of path goal theory which is:
Path goal theory: Path goal theory is considered as the best model of understanding the best
leadership style which can fit in working environment in order to achieving a goal. One of the
main aim of path goal theory is to motivate employees, satisfying them and empowering them so
they can become productive members in an organization. There are several steps by which
manager of M&S can develop this theory. Determining environmental and employees
characteristics, selecting the best and effective leadership style and focusing on the motivational
factors which can lead employees success. There are mainly 4 types of styles of leadership which
can help the company in motivating employees such as: directive, supportive, participative and
achievement (Farhan, 2018).
Leadership styles
With the help of implementing effective leadership style, M&S can develop an organizational
behaviour, understand behaviours of their employees as well as improve team performance.
Some of the best and effective leadership styles include:
Democratic: As per this style, leaders give equal and fair chance to all employees to
participate in all activities including decision making. When leaders give such types of rights and
opportunities to employees than it motivates them and increase their morale. It helps them out
and influence them to cooperate their organization in accomplishing their goals and increase
overall productivity. So, overall it can be said that leadership style plays an important role in
developing organizational behaviour and improving performance of their team.
Contingency theory: Contingency theory of leadership states that effectiveness of
leadership is contingent or depended on ability as how they set up their style in the situation or
matches the situation with their appropriate leadership styles. The best leader is the one who can
fit their style and matches style in situations. For example: if M&S has lack of time and need to
submit projects immediately than contingent leader makes an effective use of autocratic
leadership style. As per the autocratic leadership style, they do not involve their employees in the
process of decision-making and make decision at their own. So, it can be said that as per the
situation, contingent leader use their style and try to accomplish goals (Nawaz and Khan_ PhD,
2016).
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So, from the above discussed theories and models of leadership, it can be said that M&S can
understand behaviours of employees, motivate them and accomplish the main goal of
organizational behaviour. One of the main objective of organizational behaviour is to build better
relationship by applying the better knowledge of understanding how employees and groups act in
an organization. It directly helps them out in motivating an influencing to concentrate on their
activities.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been summarized that an organizational culture played a vital
role. Understanding different types of culture like power culture, team culture and selecting the
best one is one of the main important task which can help an organization in accomplishing their
goals. Further, this study has shown importance of motivation. Motivation not only allows
employees to focus on their performance and share knowledge but also allow employers to
improve overall productivity and performance. This study has shown several ways and theories
of motivation by which an organization motivates their employees and make them able to
accomplish goals of the company. Lastly, it has discussed some benefits of having a effective
team by making differences between an effective and an ineffective team. An effective team
allows organization to make an effective organizational behavior and understanding behaviors of
employees.
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REFERENCES
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and geographical distribution in teams: Influences on team communications and
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Farhan, B.Y., 2018. Application Of Path-Goal Leadership Theory And Learning Theory In A
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Guchait, P., Lei, P. and Tews, M.J., 2016. Making teamwork work: Team knowledge for team
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Guttenberg, J.L., 2017. A Quantitative Study Examining the Effects of Tuckman's Group
Development Model on Service Sector Lean Six Sigma Project Results (Doctoral
dissertation, Northcentral University).
Halliday, A.J., 2019. Bridging music and organizational psychology: Everyday music uses and
preferences and the prediction of organizational behaviour. Personality and Individual
Differences. 139. pp.263-276.
Nawaz, Z.A.K.D.A. and Khan_ PhD, I., 2016. Leadership theories and styles: A literature
review. Leadership. 16(1). pp.1-7.
Shih, C.Y. and et.al., 2019. The association of sociodemographic factors and needs of
haemodialysis patients according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Journal of clinical
nursing. 28(1-2). pp.270-278.
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