Organizational Types - Functions and Structures

The study material examines various firms based on their kind, size, scope, and functions within an organization. The analysis is based on Herbalife nutrition, Google, and Kellogg's. The scale and breadth of organizations come next. There will be a comparison of the differences between large, medium-sized, and small businesses. Amazon, Captify, and Cloudera were investigated. Pepsi, Pepsi-Cola, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and Dell will be given as examples of worldwide expansion and development.

Assignment brief
Assignment front sheet
Qualification Unit number and title
Level 5 HND Diploma in Business Unit 1: Business and the Business Environment (15
credits) (Assignment 1)
Learner name Assessor name
Navroop sandhu Sabrina Tsang
Date issued Hand in deadline Submitted on
30th Aug 2021 18th Oct 2021
Assignment title Organisational Types, Functions and Structures
In this assessment you will have opportunities to provide evidence against the following criteria.
Indicate the page numbers where the evidence can be found.
Criteria
reference To achieve the criteria the evidence must show that the learner is able to: Evidence
(Page No)
P1
Explain different types and purposes of organizations; public,
private and voluntary sectors and legal structures.
P2
Explain the size and scope of a range of different types of
organisations.
P3
Explain the relationship between different organisational
functions and how they link to organisational objectives and
structure.
M1
Analyse how the structure, size and scope of different
organisations link to the business objectives and product and
services offered by the organisation.
M2
Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of interrelationships
between organisational functions and the impact that can have
upon organisational structure.
D1
Provide a critical analysis of the complexities of different types of
business structures and the interrelationships of the different
organisational functions.
Learner declaration

I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own. I have clearly referenced any sources used in the work. I
understand that false declaration is a form of malpractice. I understand that “PLAGIARISM” means taking and
using the ideas, writings, works or inventions of another as if they were my own and will be treated
as disqualification
Learner signature: Date:
Higher National Diploma in Business
Student Name/ID
Number
Unit Number and Title Unit 1: Business and the Business Environment
Academic Year 2021-2022
Unit Assessor Sabrina Tsang
Assignment Title Organisational Types, Functions and Structures
Issue Date 30th Aug 2021
Submission Date 18th Oct 2021
IV Name
Date
Submission Format:
Your assignment should be typewritten in Times New Roman, font size 12, 1.5 lines spacing on A4 paper, page
numbered and be submitted bound. This is in the form of an individual assignment. You are required to make
sure of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and
referenced using the Harvard referencing system. Please also provide a bibliography using the Harvard
referencing system.
A cover page, table of content page, charts/diagrams/process and a reference page is used as the skeleton of the
assignment.
Unit Learning Outcomes:
LO1 Explain the different types, size and scope of organisations
LO2 Demonstrate the interrelationship of the various functions within an organisation and how they link to
organisational structure

Assignment Brief and Guidance:
You are the senior business analyst of a global consultancy corporation. The consultancy corporation has a large
range of clients globally major in various products and services, in view of the business drop in 2019 – 2020 due to
COVID-19, your corporation looking into the ways to have the business success.
You, as the senior business analyst have to provide a report which explain the different types, size and scope of
organisations. Also, demonstrate the interrelationship of the various functions within an organisation and how
they link to organisational structure.
Provide a report of the following according to the above scenario:
Different types of organisations:
1. Differences between for profit and not for profit and non-government organisations (NGOs).
2. Micro, small, medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Different business purposes, objectives and supply of goods and
services.
3.The range of legal structures associated with different forms of business: sole traders, partnerships and private
limited companies.
Size and scope of organisations:
1. Differences between large, medium-sized and small organisations including objectives and goals, market share,
profit share, growth and sustainability.
2. Global growth and developments of transnational, international and global organisations. 3.Differences
between franchising, joint ventures and licensing. Industrial structures and competitive analysis.
4. Market forces and economic operations e.g., scarcity and choice, supply and demand, income elasticity.
5. Stakeholders and responsibilities of organisations to meet different stakeholder interests and expectations.
The various functions within an organisation:
1. The role of marketing, finance, human resource management and operations within an organisational context
and the interrelationships.
2. How functions relate to overall organisation mission and objectives.
Organisational structure:
1.Different structures depending upon the size and scope of the organisation, including bureaucratic and post-
bureaucratic, parent, strategic business units (SBUs), matrix and functional levels.
2. Organisation structures and complexities of transnational, international and global organisations.

Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria
Learning Outcome Pass Merit Distinction
LO1 Explain the different
types, size and scope of
organisations
P1 Explain different types
and purposes of
organisations; public,
private and voluntary
sectors and legal
structures.
P2 Explain the size and
scope of a range of
different types of
organisations.
M1 Analyse how the
structure, size and scope
of different organisations
link to the business
objectives and product
and services offered by
the organisation.
D1 Provide a critical
analysis of the
complexities of different
types of business
structures and the
interrelationships of the
different organisational
functions.
LO2 Demonstrate the
interrelationship of the
various functions within
an organisation and how
they link to organisational
structure
P3 Explain the relationship
between different
organisational functions
and how they link to
organisational objectives
and structure.
M2 Analyse the
advantages and
disadvantages of
interrelationships
between organisational
functions and the impact
that can have upon
organisational structure.
Pearson Education 2021
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Level 5 Higher National Diploma in Business
Unit 1: Business and the Business Environment (15 credits)
(L/508/0485)
Assignment 1
Assignment Title: Organisational Types, Functions and Structures
Student Name: Navroop sandhu
Class: BDB15
Assessor Name: Miss Sabrina Tsang
Date issued: 30/08/2021
Completion date:
Submitted on:
Learner declaration
I certify that the work submitted for this assignment is my own and
research sources are fully acknowledged. I understand that
Pearson Education 2021
Higher Education Qualifications
Summative Assignment Feedback

“PLAGIARISM” means taking and using the ideas, writings, works or
inventions of another as if they were my own and will be treated as
disqualification.
Student signature: Date:

content
Table of Contents
Higher Nationals ......................................................................................................3
Executive summary
1)different organization
1.1 profit organization
1.2 Non-profit organization
1.3 Non-government organization
2) supply of goods and service
3) Micro, small and medium sized enterprise (SMEs)
4) business objectives
5) legal structure
5.1 sole proprietorship
5.2 partnership
5.3 private limited company
6) difference between large, medium-sized and small organization
6.1 large organization
6.2 medium-sized organization
6.3 small organization
7) global growth and development of international, global and transnational organization
7.1 international organizations
7.2 global organization
7.3 transnational organization
8) difference between franchising, joint ventures and licensing
8.1 franchising
8.2 joint venture
8.3 licensing
9) industrial structure and global competitive analysis
9.1 porters five forces of under armour
10) market force and economic operations

Bibliography.....................................................................................................................56
Executive Summary
The purpose of this project is to examine various firms based on their kind, size, scope, and
functions within an organization. I'm mostly interested in entertainment firms. Starting with
kinds of organizations, micro, small, and medium-sized businesses will be examined, with
various company goals, objectives, and supply of goods and services described. Spaza shops
are those that sell a variety of goods, primarily snacks and beverages, that are used to
examine in this section. Different types of businesses, such as sole traders, partnerships, and
private limited corporations, will have their legal structures contrasted. The analysis is based
on Herbalife nutrition, Google, and Kellogg's.
The scale and breadth of organizations come next. There will be a comparison of the
differences between large, medium-sized, and small businesses. Amazon, Captify, and
Cloudera were investigated. Pepsi, Pepsi-Cola, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC),
and Dell will be given as examples of worldwide expansion and development. Also described
will be the differences between franchising, such as Burger King, joint ventures, such as
Kellogg and Wilmar International Limited, and licensing, such as Nestle and Starbucks. Last
but not least, disrupting market dynamics and economic operations, as well as assessing
stakeholders' interests, expectations, and organizational duties.
The final section discusses various organizational functions. The roles of marketing, finance,
human resources, and operations, as well as their interrelationships, will be discussed, and
how they relate to the organization's goals will be illustrated. In addition, diverse
organizational structures will be introduced, and the organizational structure and complexity
of transnational, international, and global organizations will be examined.

1)Different Organizations
1.1 Profit Organization
A profit organization is any commercial entity whose principal goal is to produce profit
through regular activities in order to maximize the wealth of its shareholders. Profit made by
such businesses is either held in the firm, in the form of reserves, for future eventualities, or
dispersed to the owners as a dividend. A sole proprietorship, partnership, Hindu Undivided
Family, joint venture, or corporation can be used as the business structure. Such trade
concerns work tirelessly to reduce costs while increasing revenue in order to improve profits,
expand, and grow. They must keep track of their finances for tax and auditing purposes. In
addition, the tax(surbhi, 2018)
Under Armour is a profit organization it is one of the biggest profit companies in the world
and they have clear goals and good decision making between groups. Under Armour, Inc. is
an American sports equipment company that produce footwear, sports and casual wear.
Under Armour was founded in September 25, 1996, its founder was Kevin Plank.(plank,
2020)
During covid in terms of athletic gear and footwear sales, Under Armour continues to be the
underdog. While Americans cheer for the underdog, stock market investors should be wary of
hoping for a turnaround. Underperforming sales, the loss of its premium brand, and an
accounting fraud probe have hampered the company, which was once a rising star in
performance athletic clothing. That was prior to COVID-19.
Given that Under Armour was already struggling before to the epidemic, it's no surprise that
sales plunged 41% in the second quarter ending June 30, which encompassed the most of the
global lockdown. The majority of this came from wholesale channels, which saw a 58 percent
decline, while direct-to-consumer had a 58 percent increase.Under Armour has also seen
improvement in digital brand engagement and a "meaningful" increase in new users. And an
important development for the company is its inventory reduction, which positions it better
for rebuilding its name as a premium brand. Even with the sales drop, Under Armour is still a
more than $700 million business, and its cash position is a strong $1.1 billion in cash and
cash equivalents.

Under Armour shares are down more than 50% year to date as of Tuesday morning and have
a 40% three-year return. They're selling for less than $10, which makes them cheap if
investors foresee a comeback. But given where the company's holding right now, investors
might want to take a pass.(saibil, 2018)
Under Armour, Inc. is engaged in the development, marketing and distribution of branded
performance clothing, footwear and accessories for men, women and youth. It company sells
its product in North America through its wholesale and direct to consumer channel. In
addition, the company issue its products in North America through third-party logistics
providers with primary locations in Canada, New Jersey and Florida. The most share
ownerWellington Management Co. LLP, The Vanguard Group, Inc., Adage Capital
Management LP. Under Armour.Its revenue was 5.27 billion USD in 2019.(frisk, 2021)
Under Armour is a for-profit corporation that manufactures textiles, sports equipment, and
operates the world's biggest digital fitness and wellness community. Under Armour lost
$589.7 million, or $1.30 per share, compared to a profit of $22.5 million, or 5 cents per share,
a year ago. The firm lost 34 cents per share after one-time costs. The owner, stockholders,
and investors all benefit from the profit.(PLANK, 2021)
Under armour is private company limited by shares, under Armour is still a major participant
in the sports clothing business, with a market value of $9.67 billion as of Dec. 11, 2018. It's
no surprise that the company's top five individual stockholders are all men.
Current and former executives make up the company's top five stockholders. They are as
follows:
Kevin Plank, the company's founder and CEO
President and Chief Operating Officer, Patrik Frisk
Former Chief Digital Officer Michael S. Lee
Independent Director Harvey L. Sanders
Strategic Advisor, Kip Fulks
Plank owns 33.8 million Class C shares in Under Armour through a network of trusts,
making him the company's largest stakeholder. According to the company's Mar. 28, 2018
SEC filing, he holds an extra 34.7 million Class A and Class B shares through stock options,
while only owning 16,738 Class A shares directly. Plank owns 65 percent of Under Armour
and has voting control over the firm.

Last but not least its mission is to make all athletes better through passion, design and the
relentless pursuit of innovation. Under Armour pushes it production of new fabric and design
that help athletes get control of obstacles and to enhance their performance. Under Armour is
one of the leading developer, marketer. The company is one of the freshest sportswear
brands. Under Armour has four important branding ideas that gives them an advantage over
others. Purpose driven, focuses on function, innovation over image and keeps it branding
simple based in reality.(melville, 2021)
1.2 Non-Profit Organization
As the name implies, a non-profit organization is a legal entity whose primary goal is to
promote public benefit rather than profit. These are established by a group of people who get
together for a same goal, namely, to give service to members and the general public. The
managing committee is in charge of the organization's management, which is made up of a
group of people chosen by the members from among themselves. They are intended to
support a social cause or a certain point of view.
Sports clubs, public hospitals, religious institutions, cooperative groups, literacy societies,
and other organizations fall into this category. Non-profit organizations make money as well,
but the money they make is put to good use.
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has granted a non-profit organization tax-exempt status
because it promotes a social purpose and delivers a public benefit. Individuals and businesses
who donate to a non-profit organization can usually deduct their contributions from their
taxes, and the non-profit pays no tax on the money it receives from donations or other
fundraising operations. Because of the provision of the tax code that allows them to exist,
non-profit organizations are sometimes referred to as NPOs organizations.(KENTON, 2020)
Habitat for Humanity is a non-profit organization and its main key is to serve the society who
are homeless and are in need of a shelter they cover a wide range of areas. Since the founding
in 1976, Habitat for Humanity has helped more than 22 million people and in 2018 more than
8.7 million people served. (linda, 2021)
The one thing that can down the business is donation. If sponsor do not donate. They cannot
help homeless people and there is other problem they face is the high cost of land and
materials. As houses are sold at no profit and owners are provide with down payment.(adam,
2015)

under Armour has over 1,200 stores worldwide, with 300 of them opening in the previous
year, the majority of which are in Asia/Pacific. they operate in 60 countries, covering almost
10 kilometres of retail space, or 170 football fields. So, they alive and well, but they are
always mindful that you have to bring it to life every day.
Their purpose is to alleviate poverty by assisting those in need and providing them with a
house where they may live comfortably.
Its aim is for people to be able to live in decent conditions, and their value is to provide
shelter to those in need, develop affordable housing, and promote dignity and hope. (fuller,
2021)
Habitat for Humanity (Habitat for Humanity) is a Hong Kong applauds the HKSAR
Government's efforts to enhance housing supply and make housing cheaper and more
accessible at all levels of the housing ladder, particularly for low-income residents. They
applaud the government's ongoing focus on housing as a critical problem, as well as the
realization that "fulfilling Hong Kong people's housing requirements is a goal too vital to
abandon." [1] They recognize the multifaceted challenges of Hong Kong's housing issue. To
guarantee that everyone in Hong Kong has a decent place to live, they fight for a rights-based
housing strategy and policies.(Habitat for Humanity Hong Kong, 2020)
Habitat for Humanity is a public-sector organization that collaborates with all sectors—
community, government, private, and civic—to make a meaningful impact in the lives of
people by providing sufficient, affordable housing. It is committed to raising awareness and
funding to fulfil the needs of families for quality, affordable housing. It sells goods and
accepts donations to assist individuals who are in need. This charity is entirely funded by
contributions, and only donations can assist individuals in need. Their major goal is to assist
homeless individuals in constructing shelters.(fuller, 2021)
1.3 Non-Government Organization
A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a non-profit organization that operates outside
the government. NGOs, sometimes known as civil societies, are non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) that are organized on a local, national, and international level to serve
a social or political aim such as humanitarian issues or the environment.You may have a
better grasp of what a popular NGO does or intends to accomplish based on the popular
NGOs that have been discussed, but there are many different sorts of NGOs, which are

classified by their orientation (charitable, service, participative, empowering) and level of
cooperation (community based, city wide, national, and international).(ANDERSON, 2011)
Mercy Crops is a Humanitarian Aid Organization and this organization is a global network of
humanitarians working on the front lines of today's most critical matters is to build a better
future where everyone could thrive.
Over 5,600 team members work with people affected by poverty, catastrophe, violent
conflict, and the severe effects of climate change in more than 40 countries across the world.
We're devoted to making a global difference via local impact, which is why 85 percent of our
employees are native to the countries where they operate.
They take a holistic approach to every situation, looking at it from several perspectives. We
also work with local governments, forward-thinking companies, social entrepreneurs, and
residents of vulnerable communities to build innovative solutions that last.(Crops, Mercy,
2020)
They provide financial assistance, education, and mentorship to small business owners in the
Pacific Northwest. Over the last two decades, we've provided over $11 million in financial
assistance and hundreds of hours of culturally relevant business training to local
entrepreneurs as they do not work for profit, they help those who are in need.(Crops, Mercy,
2020)
• A donor relationship in which we directly assist the development of small companies and
the private sector as participants/beneficiaries in programs.
• A restricted corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiative in which a private sector player
contributes money or materials solely to achieve social or public relations objectives.
• A business transaction involving the purchase or sale of products or services with program
participants.
• A material assistance connection with the private sector, which donates products to our
teams or program participants.
Mercy Corps Northwest is a member of a number of volunteer networks that help
communities prepare for natural disasters: NVOAD (National Voluntary Organizations
Active in Disaster) - NVOAD is an acronym for National Voluntary Organizations Active in
Disaster. Mercy Corps is one of network of national organizations focused on disaster relief
and recovery in the United States. Mercy Volunteer Corps strives to develop and is
passionately devoted to fostering a community in which each individual's human dignity is

respected and cherished. Our objective is to create a mechanism for each member to
contribute to the life of the whole, a contribution that is appreciated in the same way that each
person is cherished.(mercyvolunteerscrops, 2021)
2) Supply of goods and services
The core business of Under Armour, Inc. (UA) is the creation, marketing, and distribution of
branded performance clothing, footwear, and accessories for men, women, and children of all
ages.Moisture-wicking technology developed by the company offers a performance
alternative to standard goods. Customers of United Armour, or UA, are mostly athletes. UA
also caters to the sportswear sector and those who lead active lifestyles.Non-traditional
performance textiles are designed and developed by UA. They're promoted throughout the
sports goods, outdoor, and active lifestyle industries and merchandised based on gear
lines.Several licensees develop apparel and accessories products for Under Armour, in
collaboration with the firm’s product, marketing, and sales teams that each play an active role
in the design process. This collaboration helps control brand and product consistency. These
products include socks, team uniforms, baby and kids’ apparel, eyewear, and inflatable
footballs and basketballs.(SONI, 2019)
Habitat for Humanity Non-profit organizations serve the general public and are founded by
pioneers and founders, with the majority of labour coming from volunteers willing to help the
organization.There is a need for boards that are thought to offer basic rights to persons in
terms of guaranteeing that people are not harmed by the poor performance of such
organizations in terms of meeting their requirements via cultural and social services.Habitat
is an organization that is of great help to the society because it makes sure that the homeless
are provided with houses at an affordable cost, and also the resources in these areas are used
in the right way. This also ensures that the society is able to cater to the people in terms of
ensuring that they get the services at the right time, and those mainly who are not able to
build their own houses are catered for in making sure that they get the houses at the lowest
cost.Organizations mainly the non- profit cater to the needs of the people in that they ensure
that the basic needs are provided. Such an organization provides needs like the right to stay in
a country and carry out your activities and also other things like houses at a lower cost. The
organizations are based on the needs of the local people who have no access to the needs due
to their state of being unable.(studycorgi, 2020)
Mercy Corps focuses on three areas: (1) providing humanitarian assistance to conflict-
affected populations to meet basic needs, maintain human dignity, and facilitate self-
empowerment; (2) supporting income-generating opportunities that help individuals and
households transition from financial dependency to financial independence while facilitating
market-system approaches; and (3) working with young females and youth.(4) Strengthening

conflict management and prevention methods and increasing social cohesiveness to promote
reconciliation and develop trust across community divides.(reliefweb, 2021)
3) Micro, small and medium sized enterprises
Small and medium-sized businesses, or SMEs, are defined differently all across the world.
The nation in which a firm operates determines the specified size of a SME. Depending on
the nation, a company's size or classification as a SME might be based on a variety of factors.
Annual revenue, the number of workers, the amount of assets held by the firm, market
capitalization, or any combination of these characteristics are among the characteristics.
SMEs are also defined differently in the United States depending on the industry.The
majority of businesses functioning across the world are small and medium-sized enterprises
(SMEs). They are usually small businesses with less than 50 employees. The maximum
number of employees, on the other hand, varies from nation to country. The top limit for
most businesses is about 250. The total number of employees in certain countries is capped at
200. An SME is defined in the United States as a company with less than 500 employees,
among other things.(corporatefinanceinstitute, 2021)
A microenterprise, sometimes known as a microbusiness, is a tiny company with a small
workforce. A microenterprise employs fewer than ten people and is founded with a small sum
of money borrowed from a bank or other institution. The majority of microbusinesses focus
on delivering goods or services to their immediate communities.(TEAM, 2021)
Spaza shops are example of micro enterprises, unpretentious convenience stores that sell a
range of items, mostly snacks and beverages. Shebeens are similar establishments that focus
primarily on the selling of alcoholic beverages. Small food stores and shebeens provide
useful information on what things are available in the community as well as product cost.
This information was incredibly beneficial when it came to purchasing and pricing potential
kiosk goods.While these micro-businesses gave excellent examples of how to start an
informal business, they also had significant downsides. Many of these businesses, for
example, are unlawful, limiting their potential to grow. Our project team set out to file all
necessary papers and follow all legal procedures in order to create the groundwork for
success.A micro-enterprise is a well-established business concept in Lang rug and other
informal settlements. While this approach was not chosen for our project, it did teach us some
valuable things. A micro-enterprise is a small-scale, informal business that functions
similarly to a small business. Spaza shops and shebeens are two prominent examples of
extensively used micro-enterprise concepts.(WPI, 2015)

SMEs have more resources than MEs as cloudera Inc. is example of small and medium
enterprise. Cloudera Inc. is a commercial provider of Apache Hadoop open-source software
solutions. Several investors, including Accel Partners and Greylock Partners, have provided
the firm with a total venture capital financing of US$141 million since 2008.
Its headquarters are in Palo Alto, California. It works with companies in a variety of
industries, including financial services, government, telecommunications, media, advertising,
energy, retail, healthcare, oil and gas, and gaming. As of 2013, it employed around 250
people. Cloudera's Distribution Including Apache Hadoop, or CDH, Cloudera Enterprise, and
Service and Configuration Manager Express are among the software solutions available.
(technavio, 2014)
4) Business objective
“A business objective is a precise representation of an action you intend to take to accomplish
a specified goal.” Although the terms objectives and goals are sometimes used
interchangeably, they are not synonymous. Goals are the headlines; they are the end
destination you want your company to attain, whereas goals are the details of the
trip.Objectives are specific, quantifiable actions that address questions like which mode of
transportation you'll use, how long the trip will take, how much the ticket will cost, and so on.
Under Armour private business purpose is its aim is to improve all athletes via
enthusiasm, design, and a never-ending quest for new ideas. Under Armour is pushing the
development of new fabrics and designs to assist athletes overcome hurdles and improve their
performance. Under Armour is a well-known developer and marketer. The business is one of
the most innovative sportswear companies on the market. Under Armour has four key
branding concepts that set them apart from the competition. Purpose-driven, emphasizing
function over image, and keeping branding simple and grounded in reality.(melville, 2021)
Under armour private objective is this firm wants to increase profits by producing high-
quality clothing and improving their goods. They do more study on how to produce good
things that will allow them to generate more money. It assists Under Armour in tracking
progress and achieving their objectives. All of Under Armour's objectives are specific and
clear, making it easier for employees and managers to manage and focus on their goals. It
also assists them in identifying skill development and training requirements, allowing them to
expand their business globally and earn more money by selling high-quality products.(fuller,
2021)

Under armour private supply of goods and service, UA designs and develops non-
traditional performance fabrics. They're merchandised based on gear lines and promoted
throughout the sports goods, outdoor, and active lifestyle sectors. Several licensees work with
Under Armour to create garments and accessories in conjunction with the company's product,
marketing, and sales departments, all of whom are involved in the design process. This
partnership aids in maintaining brand and product consistency. Socks, team uniforms, infant
and children's clothing, eyeglasses, and inflatable footballs and basketballs are among the
items available.
Habitat for humanity public business purpose,Habitat for Humanity's job is to restore and
remodel the apartments in order to provide a stable and safe environment for young people.
Studio Purpose's mission is to provide secure housing and critical support services to these
disadvantaged young people in order to offer them the best chance to better their lives.
Habitat for humanity public objective, the goal is to aid homeless individuals by collecting
donations from people all around the world. Increase community awareness of Habitat for
Humanity's initiatives, volunteer opportunities, and the ReStore, which is situated on Franklin
Ave., among their goals. Clear away the myth that Habitat for Humanity distributes free
homes when, in fact, they collaborate with qualified persons to construct them.
(LYNDSAYWILFORD, 2017)
Habitat for humanity public supply of goods and services, Habitat for Humanity Uganda
(HFHU), a Christian non-profit organization connected with Habitat for Humanity
International (HFHI), is devoted to eradicating poor housing. Habitat for Humanity Uganda
has constructed, renovated, or repaired over 40,000 houses in Uganda since 1982, giving
basic, inexpensive housing to over 240,000 individuals. Habitat for Humanity is a significant
service to society since it ensures that the homeless are supplied with affordable housing and
that the resources available in these regions are used wisely. This also guarantees that the
society can meet the needs of the people in terms of providing services.
Mercy crops voluntary business purposes; Mercy Corps is a global network of
humanitarians working on the front lines of today's most pressing problems to build a future
where everyone may thrive. Our aim is to assist people establish safe, productive, and fair
communities in order to reduce suffering, poverty, and injustice.
Mercy crops voluntary business purpose;Mercy Corps Northwest focuses on primary
economic development in the United States. Its primary goal is to encourage people and
communities in Oregon and Washington to expand their business prospects.

Mercy crops voluntary supply of good and service, working with young ladies and youth
to encourage income-generating possibilities that assist people and households in
transitioning from financial dependency to financial independence while promoting market-
system methods. Improving conflict resolution and prevention techniques, as well as social
cohesion, in order to foster reconciliation and build trust across community divisions.
5) legal structures
5.1 sole proprietorship
A sole proprietorship, often known as a sole trader or proprietorship, is an unincorporated
business with only one owner who pays personal income tax on the business' profits.Due to a
lack of government oversight, a sole proprietorship is the easiest form of business to start or
shut down. As a result, these sorts of companies are extremely popular among single
proprietors, independent contractors, and consultants. Because a distinct business or trade
name isn't required, many single owners operate under their own identities.(ALEXANDRA,
2020)
The example of sole proprietorship is direct seller. Millions of men and women sell
everything from diet drinks to cosmetic goods in the multibillion-dollar direct sales business.
Despite being associated with a much bigger company, most direct sellers run their own
businesses and are self-employed, which means they are responsible for their own taxes and
bookkeeping.
Herbalife nutrition is a example of sole proprietorship, Herbalife Nutrition Ltd. is a multi-
level marketing company that creates and distributes dietary supplements all over the world.
Mark R. Hughes started the firm in 1980, and it now employs around 8,900 employees
globally. Through a network of over 4.5 million independent distributors and members, the
firm works in 94 countries.
Herbalife Nutrition is a good place to start a business since it has cheap beginning expenses.
It enables you to sell items quickly and easily at your preferred location and under favourable
conditions. They also provide various discounts that can assist you in rapidly developing your
firm.(QD, 2021)
Herbalife's one-year return guarantee for new distributors is one of the company's most
appealing features. You can return all unopened items purchased originally if your

subscription is terminated for any reason. You can obtain a full refund of the items if you
cancel your subscription before the first year is over.
Let’s move on to the advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorship. The one advantage
of sole proprietorship is the entrepreneurs choose sole proprietorship over other business
forms is because they are not answerable to any manager or supervisor because they are the
company's owner. This means that the entrepreneur is the only one in charge of the company
and makes all of the choices. It is not necessary to wait for approval from others before
implementing new laws and regulations. This privilege might come in handy in times of
emergency when quick judgments are required.
The second advantages of a sole proprietorship is that the owner may keep all of the earnings
for himself, unlike in a partnership or a corporation with investors, when profits are shared
among themselves.
The disadvantage of sole proprietorship isof owning and operating a business by yourself is
having to pay taxes on your own. Because the business and the owner are one and the same,
the owner is required to file taxes as a self-employed individual. If, on the other hand, the
business name is not the same as the owner's name, the money to pay the taxes will still come
from the owner. Furthermore, several tax benefits, like as health insurance benefits for
workers, are not available to sole proprietors. The business becomes part of the owner's estate
if he or she passes away. As a result, if there are beneficiaries, it will be subject to inheritance
taxes, and they may have to pay high taxes.(Chief, 2016)
5.2 partnership
A partnership is a legally binding agreement between two or more people to manage and
operate a business and share profits or loss. Partnerships come in a variety of shapes and
sizes. In a partnership firm, for example, all partners share equal liability and earnings, but in
other businesses, partners may have restricted liability. There's also the "silent partner," in
which one party isn't involved in the business's day-to-day operations an existing between 2
to 20 people.(KOPP, 2020)
Google is a example of partnership. Larry Page and Sergey Brin established Google. Page
and Brin met while both were in graduate school at Stanford University. Despite their early
disagreements, they were able to work together on a research paper about a hypertextual web
search engine. The Google search engine was built on the principles from the papers and it

was founded in 1998 and is a American multinational technology company and their original
name was backrub.
Following this comes the agreement, it specifies that almost all decisions are taken and
agreed upon between Larry Page and Sergey Brin, the firm's creator. If an oral or written
contract is deemed. At the same time, perhaps one of the partners is unable to form a contract.
Google is limited liability company and is a legal framework for a business in which a
corporate loss is restricted to the amount invested in a partnership or a limited liability
corporation (LLC). In other words, if the firm fails, the private assets of investors and owners
are not at danger. While a shareholder can fully participate in a business's growth, their
responsibility is limited to the amount of their investment, even if the company later goes
bankrupt and has outstanding financial commitments.
Move on to the next part is the advantage and disadvantage of partnership. To begin with
advantage of partnership,when opposed to maintaining a limited company, one of the primary
advantages of a partnership firm is the absence of formality.Partnerships have a simpler
accounting process than limited liability businesses. Although you won't have to file a
Corporation Tax Return for your partnership, you'll still need to keep track of your revenue
and spending. HMRC must receive a partnership tax return, and each partner must file their
own self-assessment tax return, which must include details of the partnership's earnings (as
well as any other income).Unlike a limited business, you won't have to fill out a confirmation
statement, and you'll have a lot more options. The partnership will never be needed to submit
any of the house paperwork that a limited company may be forced to submit. There are also
fewer documents to keep track of: unlike a limited corporation, a business partnership does
not need to keep a set of statutory books. A partnership firm can easily be terminated at any
moment unless a formal partnership agreement has been written up: this allows each partner
the flexibility to quit if they choose.
The one disadvantage of partnership is Individuals may pay less tax in the past by
withdrawing a mix of salary and dividends through a limited company rather than through
partnership withdrawals if the firm earned more than a specific amount of profit. However,
since the modifications in dividend taxes, the gap has narrowed considerably.limited
corporation, on the other hand, generally offers more tax planning options than a partnership.
Profits earned by the partnership are taxed in the financial year in which they are earned since
they are converted to income for the individual partners. Profits cannot be held in the
partnership and then taken as income when a partner's income is reduced.(as well as their
marginal tax rate) might be lower.The tax effectiveness of various business forms is
determined by your unique circumstances. Always seek the opinion of a tax specialist who
can provide guidance based on your specific circumstances.(Korchak, 2017)

5.3 private limited company
A private firm is one that is fully owned by a small number of people or other entities who
provide money. Private firms do not raise cash by selling stock to family members, banks, or
funds that specialize in investing in private companies. Because it answers to fewer masters
than a public business, a privately owned corporation has greater flexibility in how it
operates. The money-on-the-line group is limited and selective.(iedunote, 2021)
Kellogg's is a private limited business that is a global food manufacturing firm based in the
United States that may be used to examine the features.
First and foremost, Kellogg's is a limited-liability corporation (LLC), which provides
flexibility and protection. The corporate structure appeals to company owners because of this.
Members of limited liability corporations are referred to as shareholders rather than
shareholders.
This is followed by the fact that it is a private limited business has a separate legal entity that
protect the member, the corporation exists. A simple example would be if a corporate
employee is discovered engaging in illegal environmental activities. The firm may be
threatened with legal action in order to recover damages. The court has the authority to seize
the firm's assets, but not the owners', in order to recover damages. The owner would be
exempt if he or she was aware of the illegal actions and continued to allow them to take
place.
Another benefit of this firm is that its members/owners get a tax break. This implies that,
unlike a corporation, members of a limited liability company can avoid double taxes on
business revenue. In the case of companies, profits are taxed first at the corporate tax rate and
subsequently as personal income tax in the hands of the shareholders.
The other feature is going on concern.Any occurrences involving any of its members, such as
death or insolvency, have no bearing on the firm, which continues to operate. The firm
continues to function with the successors since perpetual succession is required.
Start-up firms, which are highly popular among international investors, have been granted
various exemptions by the government. The government announced three-year tax
exemptions for start-ups in its latest budget, as well as capital gain tax exemptions, an 80%
reduction in the patent registration fee, Intellectual Property Rights protection, financing
support, and credit guarantee fund eligibility.

As a result, the benefits and drawbacks of forming a private limited company are as follows:
one benefit is that the business is governed by its members. A limited liability corporation's
must have officers (CEO, CFO, etc.) and a Board of Directors, limited liability companies
allow all members to operate the firm directly and take it in whichever direction they desire.
The one disadvantage of private limited company is the process and formalities.Because the
registration of a business has many procedures, it is necessary to get advice from specialists
who are familiar with the process. Because the company's bylaws are included in the Article
of Association, it must be prepared by someone with professional competence.(Bose, 2017)
6) difference between large, medium-sized and
small organization
6.1 large organization
To begin with large organization. Amazon.com, Inc. is largest and most successful retailer in
the Western world. When customers buy items online, they anticipate three things: Large
Selection: Customers usually want to locate the product they're looking for, and this product
should, of course, be available.e-commerce, cloud computing, digital streaming, and artificial
intelligence are some of the topics covered. Amazon staff has been increasing since 2016 and
in 2020 the total no. of employees is 1,298,000 around the world.
beginning with the social, Many of Amazon's fulfillment centers include water collection and
recycling capabilities. Rainwater collecting tanks or recharge wells are used to do this. When
practical, the e-commerce behemoth employs direct evaporative technology to cool its data
centers, resulting in considerable energy and water savings. In a number of cities, the
business has begun a Packaging-Free initiative. Customers' orders are sent in their original
packaging, with no extra or supplementary packing.In 2017, Amazon celebrated the tenth
anniversary of Frustration-Free Packaging. The firm claims to have recycled over 665,000
tons of packing materials, amounting to more than 1.18 billion dollars shipping boxes over
the last decades.
Othan than their social activities, Regardless of whether the skills are related to a job at
Amazon, the Amazon Career Choice Program pays 95% of tuition for employees to pursue
courses in in-demand areas like aviation mechanic or nursing. Across 10000 employees from
all over the world have participated in the program thus far.Amazon's Virtual Contact Center
allows customer support representatives to work remotely. To encourage employees to take a

pause and consider what they truly want, Amazon's "Pay to Quit" initiative gives USD 5000
to warehouse workers who leave.(Dudovskiy, 2020)
Amazon's major objective
They focus on long-term growth by being the most customer-centric corporation on the
planet. To achieve this aim, Amazon has implemented general and interactive techniques to
give consumers with the most convenience, the broadest range of items and services, and the
best price without compromising product quality or safety. These initiatives are also
reinforced by Amazon's aim to strengthen its innovative foundation by substantially investing
in technology, innovation, and R&D. As illustrated in Figure 1, Amazon has a reduced cost
structure since it is an online retailer that does not require a physical location to reach a
worldwide market.
As a result, it is able to offer low-cost items that enhance the shopping experience for clients.
As a result, pleased consumers are more likely to return and spread favorable word of mouth,
increasing Amazon's traffic. As a result of the strong demand for Amazon's items, the number
of seller customers as well as product variety will rise. As a consequence, the customer
experience is enhanced through improved product choices and consumer convenience.
(research, 2021)
Moving on to the next part, the market and profit share.
The amazon market share is still increasing as Amazon's market share didn't fall out of the
blue. eMarketer had simply overstated Amazon's previous revenues, so it went back and
revised those figures using the data supplied by Bezos in his shareholder letter. According to
eMarketer's latest projections, Amazon's share of online sales continues to rise. It has
increased from around 32% of the market in 2016 to 38% this year. Despite severe and
rapidly rising competition from brick-and-mortar businesses entering into the internet sector
during that time, they were able to achieve this.(HEFFX, 2019)Amazon saw a boost in
revenue of 35% in the first three quarters of 2020. Interestingly, in Q3 of 2020, Amazon
announced an increase in 37% of net sales, hitting $96.1 billion in revenue. Besides, in the
most recent years, Amazon has recorded steady growth in net revenue. To illustrate, 2016
($135 billion), 2017 ($177 billion), 2018 ($232 billion), and 2019 ($280.52 billion). As of
July 2020, Amazon’s market value had reached $1.49 trillion.(online, 2020)

Amazon growth.
The main growth is customer centricity,rather than attempting to keep one step ahead of his
competition, he focuses on his consumers. To be like Amazon, you must be fascinated with
your consumers' experiences, putting their wants and aspirations ahead of anything else.
After all, Amazon is the world's most customer-centric corporation. Amazon has made
enormous progress in recent years to become only the second $1 trillion company after
Apple. The firm has a unique ability to remain on top of developments in the eCommerce
sector, allowing it to bulldoze its way to the top. Amazon, in particular, has remained at the
forefront of ever-changing attitudes, demographics, technical developments, and customer
preferences. As a result, the company has maintained a steady rising trajectory, reaching
previously unimaginable heights. The Amazon case study is an open book for brands and
retailers, and there is a lot to be learned from the company's meteoric rise.
eventually, the Amazon's long-term viability
They are dedicated to developing a sustainable business for our workers, customers, and
communities as part of Amazon's vision to be the world's most customer-centric company as
they working toward a net-zero carbon future in which the people who help us along the way
are treated with decency and respect. Amazon co-founded The Climate Pledge in 2019, a
pledge to achieve net-zero carbon emissions across our whole business by 2040 and to urge
others to join them. Amazon has made substantial commitments to help us accomplish our
goal as part of our Pledge journey by 2025, they plan to use 100 percent renewable energy to
power our activities. They placed orders for over 100,000 completely electric delivery trucks
and want to invest $100 million in global forestry initiatives. Amazon also established the
Climate Pledge Fund, a $2 billion fund to support forward-thinking businesses whose goods
and services would help the world transition to a low-carbon economy.(amazon, 2020)
6.2 medium-sized organization
Captify is a medium-sized data-driven display firm that focuses on search intelligence and
media decisions.Captify is the only firm in Europe that specializes in Search Retargeting and
is one of the fastest growing digital media businesses in the UK. Captify's Search Retargeting
allows global brands and media planning agencies to pinpoint target customers online based
on their previous searches. This ground-breaking solution allows advertisers to combine the
precision of search with the high impact and scalability of display advertising. Captify is

presently Europe's largest holder of Keyword Search Data, with granularity that allows for
campaign optimization and reporting.(captify, 2021)
To begin with the objective,
captify is a technology and a service. The business has developed proprietary technology that
recognizes customer intent across a variety of media. Voice search, on-site search, and in-app
search are all examples of this. It creates judgments for brands all across the world using its
intelligence and powerful insights. It establishes power for a number of well-known
companies, including Apple, Disney, and Adidas. The current infrastructure inside the firm
has been emphasized in the Captify case study. Cloud computing platforms are used by the
firm to secure its network infrastructure. It also has technologies in place that allow huge files
to be transferred quickly.“Their continual objective is to keep the Captify product evolving
and improving in order to remain ahead of the current technologies. They're also seeking to
meet demand head on by expanding into overseas markets.”
Moving on to market and profit share,
Captify has a 0.06 percent market share, with over 780 firms utilizing the program. Despite
their tiny market share, Captify outperforms the competition. The company is expected to
produce between $60 million and $80 million in sales in 2020, according to Insider; a
spokeswoman for Captify claimed the firm was profitable last year, but didn't provide
numbers.
Then comes the growth,
Captify has achieved considerable growth since entering the US market five years ago, with
expansion into eight regions throughout North America, as well as expansion across Europe
and APAC, all while keeping committed to award-winning innovation and attaining and
sustaining profitability. Captify has spent the last decade redefining the future of search
throughout the open web and disrupting the ways in which walled gardens do business, as it
celebrates ten years in business since its founding in London. Captify is the only privacy-
centric, first-party data supplier, with direct connections with the world's major publications
and e-commerce data providers.(captify, 2021)

The final section is on long-term viability.
Pre-loved and pre-owned apparel are becoming more popular among the next generation of
buyers, a tendency that has been pushed by living in a pandemic. The second-hand clothes
market is anticipated to reach $64 billion by 2024, outpacing fast fashion by 2029, according
to thredUP, an online consignment and thrift retailer. Captify discovered a 142 percent YoY
increase in second-hand fashion searches, as well as a 152 percent YoY increase in audiences
seeking for this trend, with younger generations driving the surge.(captify, 2021)
6.3) small organization
cloudera, Inc. is an example of small organization as It offers a data cloud for businesses.
Cloudera's platform, which is based on open-source technology, employs analytics and
machine learning to extract insights from data through a secure connection. Cloudera's
technology supports hybrid, multi-cloud, and on-premises architectures and offers multi-
function analytics spanning the data lifecycle from edge to AI.
To begin with objective,
The financial (including insurance), government, and telecommunications verticals are the
company's primary focus areas. These verticals will receive more attention from the firm.
“This technology can be used in every space you can imagine. “With 90% of the data they
have today collected in the previous two years and just 0.5 percent of that data being used in
a smart way, there is plenty of opportunity that lies ahead of us,”.(Osman, 2016)
Moving on to market share and profit share,
Cloudera, Inc. has statistics on 9,586 Cloudera users. Cloudera is most frequently used by
organizations in the United States and the Computer Software sector. Cloudera is most
commonly utilized by businesses with 50 to 200 workers and a revenue of $1 million to $10
million. Their Cloudera use data dates back five years and ten months. They track the market
share of over 15,000 technological items, including Big Data, using the finest indexing
techniques paired with modern data science. They are able to acquire comprehensive insights
on every firm by scanning billions of public papers, with over 100 data fields per

organization on average. Cloudera has a significant market share in the Big Data sector of
about 2.1 percent.(enlyft, 2021)
Then the growth of cloudera company.
Cloudera announced the purchase of Eventador.io, a Texas-based startup, during the quarter.
On Apache Flink and Kafka, Eventador.io is a PaaS-based streaming data engine.
Eventador.io, founded in February 2016 by Erik Beebe and Kenny Gorman, allows SQL
queries to be run on data streams. It was created to enable developing streaming apps based
on real-time data easier. Traditionally, this procedure has required a significant amount of
code using Java, Scala, or other comparable technologies. Eventador, on the other hand, made
the process easier by allowing users to query streams of real-time data using SQL without
having to write complicated code.Cloudera will be able to offer containerized services for
Kafka, NiFi, and Flink as a result of the purchase, giving it the most comprehensive solution
set on the market. Cloudera will be able to better meet client demands, particularly those
relating to cross-organizational access to real-time data. This feature will strengthen
Cloudera's Data Platform offering and improve the Dataflow experience significantly. The
purchase of Eventador demonstrates Cloudera's growing focus on data management and
analytics solutions.(Mitra, 2021)
Finally, sustainability
cloudera's long-term viability. By installing Smart Meters at the edge and evaluating and
reacting to the corresponding data in real-time, a big European energy and gas supplier with
significant revenue throughout the globe hoped to give better service to its consumers. This
also allows the client to personalize their experience based on their ongoing requirements.
With rising market expectations to not only optimize consumption but also deliver the best
customer service, the development and real-world deployment of the Smart Grid, a grid that
syncs up to a variety of intelligent energy sources, is critical to this transition.

6.4) Analyse how the structure, size and scope of
different organizations link to the business
objectives and product and services offered by the
organization
Begin with a huge corporation.
Amazon is well-known for its success as an online retailer, but its broad range of subscription
services is another of the company's primary business segments. Amazon Prime and other
membership fees account for a significant portion of the company's revenue and encourage
customers to utilize other Amazon goods.
Amazon subscription services generated $19.21 billion in sales in 2019, accounting for 6.8%
of the company's overall revenue. According to the company's 2019 annual report, this was
up from $14.16 billion in 2018. Monthly and yearly Prime fees, as well as audiobook, digital
movie, digital music, e-book, and other subscription services, are all available. Revenues
from Amazon's cloud platform, AWS, are not included in the total.(neenan, 2020)
Amazon continues to gain momentum while brick-and-mortar stores tremble in the face of
the epidemic. The retail behemoth is now worth $1.4 trillion, nearly four times what it was in
late 2016, when its market capitalization was approximately $350 billion. Last year, the firm
founded by Jeff Bezos sent 2 billion packages all across the world.
Amazon's success is primarily due to its cutting-edge technology and procedures, many of
which were championed by Jeff Bezos, the company's CEO. Consider Amazon's amazing
voice command gadget, the Echo. With a few spoken phrases, Echo can play music, study
your favourite sports teams, and even check the weather. This cutting-edge technology was a
significant investment for the e-commerce behemoth, but it paid off handsomely. In 2017,
almost 22 million Echo units were sold.Amazon's progressive mentality isn't always fruitful,
but achievements like the Echo show that e-commerce firms may achieve amazing outcomes
via innovation
Amazon began as an online bookshop and has now expanded to include everything from soup
to nuts. Literally. There are almost 3,000 entries for vegetable soup on the site, according to a
search. There are over 37,000 results for the search "nuts." Amazon currently sells music,
books, electronics, health and beauty, automobiles, groceries, and apparel, among other

categories. Businesses may use Amazon's network of experts for IT assistance, furniture
installation, and even audio-visual services. Amazon is expanding its reach and significance
by broadening its services.
You should be courageous in your quest of diversity, regardless of your industry. Expanding
into new markets and product categories will help your company attract new business
prospects and flourish. When feasible, business should diversify your digital growth
activities. Amazon, for example, now has 3.6 billion backlinks and 3.8 million referring sites.
Any effective SEO effort relies heavily on a well-diversified link portfolio. As a result, many
e-commerce businesses work with us to improve their link-building tactics.(Agency, 2018)
Carry on with the medium-sized businesses.
In terms of resources, small businesses have less than huge corporations. Captify has
progressed in terms of technology and service. The company has created unique technology
that detects client intent across many media. Aside from that, medium-sized businesses
provide fewer products and services than large businesses. Captify offers a variety of Search
Retargeting services and is looking to grow into new areas to fulfil demand.
Outside of Google, there is a vast universe of search data, and Captify is the single largest
custodian of this vast pool of first-party search data. Captify's Cookie less Search Intelligence
powers pioneering programmatic advertising like CTV, Addressable TV, Video, Native, and
Display to bring new consumers and convert them without relying on third-party cookies for
800+ of the world's biggest companies.
Captify has established the industry's only scalable, privacy-first onsite search data
ecosystem, designed to detect the precise moment of customer interest and intent. The data
cloud offers the most real-time and high-performing audiences and linked insights at scale,
refreshing every 5 minutes.
Finally, small organizations.
tiny businesses have the smallest product and service objectives. Cloudera, Inc. achieves the
economic goal since the only thing that matters is that they make money in order to stay in
business. Captify, for the same reason, tends to focus on Platform offerings and greatly
improve the Dataflow experience.

Cloudera Data Platform is the first enterprise data cloud in the industry: multi-functional
analytics on a single platform that breaks down barriers and accelerates the discovery of data-
driven insights
To say the least, Cloudera has had a busy, and some might say tumultuous, year. While it's
been a while since Cloudera marketed itself as Hadoop, the open-source platform created by
Doug Cutting and Mike Cafarella over a decade ago has remained essential to the company's
success. We used the metaphor of midlife crisis in our recent piece about Strata, and it's a
concept that might also be used to Cloudera, the event's main sponsor. Cloudera chief product
officer Arun Murthy summed up the entire 2019 drama in one beautiful phrase in a recent
medium article, Hadoop is Dead.
Cloudera took the wise decision to go all-in on cloud-native architecture at an era when the
cloud is finally emerging as Hadoop's future route. On the storage side, it elevates S3-style
cloud object storage to the same level as HDFS, and on the compute side, it clears the way for
Kubernetes to take over YARN for cloud resource management.
7) Global growth and developments of
international, global and transnational organization
7.1 international organizations
An international organization is defined as a "organization formed by a treaty or other
document regulated by international law and holding its own international legal identity,"
according to the International Law Commission.
Asia-pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an example of international company.This
organization is a Pacific Rim intergovernmental platform that supports free trade in the Asia-
Pacific area. It has 21 member economies.
Begin with worldwide expansion. The Asia-Pacific Economic Collaboration (Apec) is a
platform for the Pacific Rim that promotes economic growth, cooperation, and trade and
investment liberalization. Its 21 member economies have a combined population of 2.9
billion people and contribute for 47% of global commerce and 60% of global GDP.(Choy,
2019)

Now it's time to move on to the development phase. The action agenda and goals of the Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) were previously set before the organization's official
debut. Prior to the establishment of APEC in 1989, Asia-Pacific countries conducted a
number of summits and discussion groups in which they decided to develop a free trade zone
that would promote economic growth among member countries. APEC approved the Osaka
Action Agenda in 1995, with goals including trade liberalization, economic integration, trade
and investment development, and increased commercial and technical collaboration.
7.2 Global organizations
A multinational corporation has interests and operations in numerous countries. It uses a
same coordinated image/brand in every market to sell its goods or services. In the majority of
situations, a single corporate office is in charge of global strategy. A considerable focus is
also placed on cost control, efficiency, and volume.
Dell is a global organization which is Dell Technologies, Dell's parent business, is an
American multinational computer technology corporation that develops, distributes, repairs,
and maintains computers and associated products and services.
beginning with worldwide expansion, Global channel order revenue increased 11% year over
year in the first half of FY20, while distribution revenue increased 9%.Client product sales
were up 6% year over year, server sales were up 13%, and storage, which includes converged
infrastructure and data security, was up 15%. Originations at Dell Financial Services grew by
9%.A total of 34,600 new and renewed customers were acquired through the channel,
representing an increase of 11%. Dell's OEM and edge solution revenue increased by 25%.
(smith, 2019)
Then came Dell's rise to prominence. Dell Developments has worked hard to build an
impressive portfolio of home and building development projects, as well as a highly regarded
reputation with both homeowners and a long list of local councils, by focusing relentlessly on
superior workmanship and a commitment to adopting responsible building methods.

7.3) Transnational organizations
The phrase "transnational organization" is used in academic literature. It refers to
international organizations (often international non-profit organizations) that "go beyond" the
concept of a nation-state.
Pepsi is a successful transnational company.Is a global food, snack, and beverage company
based in the United States.Pepsi is a brand of carbonated soft drink made by PepsiCo. Caleb
Bradham invented and launched Brad's Drink in 1893, and it was later renamed Pepsi-Cola in
1898, and then abbreviated to Pepsi in 1961.
Let's start with Pepsi's global expansion. Between 2016 and 2019, PepsiCo's EPS grew by
19.1 percent. While revenue rose by 6.9%, net income margin improved by 8.1 percent, while
the number of shares outstanding decreased marginally. Continued expansion abroad, as well
as Frito Lay North America, were the main drivers of revenue growth.
Then came the creation of Pepsi. PepsiCo will use the new facility as an innovation hub in
Asia, assisting in the development of new products, packaging methods, and equipment. It
will allow PepsiCo to spot new market possibilities and develop new products across its
entire range. It will also assist PepsiCo in launching new goods faster than its competitors.
(food processing technology, 2021)
8) Different between franchising, joint venture and
licensing
8.1 Franchising
A franchise is a firm in which the owner licenses his or her operations, as well as its products,
branding, and knowledge, in return for a fee. The franchisor is the company that issues
franchisees with licenses. A company may franchise its product and brand name if it wishes
to expand its market share or geographic reach at a cheap cost.
Burger King, the world's most recognized fast service restaurant brand, operated and
franchised 18,625 locations globally in 2020.

For competitive advantage, Burger King employs two general strategies: cost leadership and
broad differentiation. Cost leadership is the company's major generic competitive strategy.
This general strategy, according to Michael Porter's model, emphasizes reducing costs, which
leads to cheap pricing. Burger King takes a cost-cutting approach by standardizing operations
to save expenses through economies of scale and mistake prevention. Reduce operational
expenses so that Burger King's products may be supplied at cheaper prices is a strategic
financial goal based on this general competitive approach.
Burger King's secondary generic approach for competitive advantage is broad differentiation.
This generic approach, according to Porter's model, necessitates the development of
distinctive features that distinguish the company from its competitors. Burger King uses the
grilling of burger patties to implement this general competitive tactic. In addition, Burger
King's previous tagline "Have It Your Way" and current slogan "Be Your Way" highlight the
company's vast distinction in terms of providing consumers with customizable alternatives. In
many Burger King locations, free drink refills are also available.
Burger King is now concentrating on increasing market share. Market penetration is Burger
King's major intense expansion strategy. The objective of this comprehensive approach is to
increase income from current clients or markets in which the company already operates.
Burger King, for example, employs an intense development approach by building additional
locations in existing regions in order to increase market share. The expansion of Burger
King's franchise network is a strategic goal linked to this aggressive growth plan. Burger
King's generic approach, in turn, supports this intense strategy by emphasizing distinctive
product qualities in order to penetrate markets and expand the company.(GREGORY, 2017)
The advantages and disadvantages of franchising, the first advantage of franchise is the
franchisee receives business support from the franchisor, which is one of the advantages of
franchising. The franchisee may obtain virtually a turnkey company operation, depending on
the conditions of the franchise agreement and the structure of the firm. They might be given
the brand, the equipment, the supplies, and the marketing strategy—basically everything they
need to run the business.
Other franchisees may not provide everything, yet all franchises offer the franchisor's
expertise and insight. The franchisee has access to a deep reservoir of business help to guide
them through the process of owning and managing a firm, whether that information is kept in
a searchable, digital knowledge base or just a phone number to reach the franchisor directly.
This information is important for operating a successful business and makes it far easier than
establishing one from the ground up.
The one disadvantage of franchise is while the franchise fee provides many benefits to the
franchisee, it may also be expensive, especially if you're joining a well-known and lucrative

business. While this typically correlates to higher earnings, it can be difficult for a small
business owner to come up with the necessary funds. Even if you choose a low-cost
franchise, you'll most likely have to put in a few thousand dollars up front. While this may
appear to be a drawback of franchises, it is critical to balance the possibility with the initial
expenditure and find the proper balance for your company. Also, bear in mind that there are
franchise financing alternatives available to assist you with this first investment.(Lauckner,
2020)
8.2 Joint Ventures
A joint venture is an organization of two or more persons or corporations engaging in a single
business operation for profit without actually forming a partnership or incorporation. A joint
venture is an agreement between two or more parties to conduct business together.
The deal between Kellogg and Wilmar International Limited is another well-known example
of joint venture development. Kellogg International entered the market to increase its
footprint in China by selling cereals and other snack items to Chinese customers. Joining up
with Wilmar resulted in a beneficial synergic partnership for both businesses, as Wilmar
International gave Kellogg International with an enormous distribution and supply chain
network, as well as allowing Kellogg to enter a new area.
The joint venture will benefit from Wilmar's infrastructure, supply chain size, vast sales and
distribution network in China, as well as local China market knowledge. Kellogg will provide
a portfolio of globally renowned brands and products, as well as expertise in the cereal and
snack categories. The Kellogg's® and Pringles® brands will be used in the joint venture.
Kellogg and Wilmar will work together to optimize marketing and production synergies by
combining their complementary skills.(Kellog, 2021)
Moving on to the advantage of JV. A joint venture can function as its own legal entity. It can
function as a distinct informal partnership from other corporate operations. It can be either a
short-term or long-term commitment. It can either cover the majority of what you already do
or only a tiny piece of it. A joint venture may be made as flexible as you want it to be. You'll
also always know how much of the joint venture you own, and you'll be able to sell it as an
asset if you need to.
Then the disadvantage. A lack of defined objectives is one of the most common causes for a
joint venture to fail. The agreement that spells out each party's rights and duties have to be
detailed. If there are any ambiguous terms, obligations, or results, one partner may be able to

take advantage of them at the detriment of the other. To realize the potential benefits of this
collaboration, you must stress clear, honest, and open communication from the start.(Gaille,
2018)
8.3 licensing
License has a legal definition. (This is the first of two entries.) 1a: a right or permission
granted by a competent authority (such as a government or a firm) to engage in a business or
vocation, perform an act, or conduct a transaction that would be illegal if such a right or
permission were not granted. also: a paper, plate, or tag proving the granting of a license.
An Example of licensing.
Nestle and Starbucks signed a $7.15 billion coffee license agreement in May 2018. Nestle
(the licensee) agreed to pay Starbucks (the licensor) $7.15 billion in cash in exchange for
exclusive rights to distribute Starbucks' products (single-serve coffee, teas, bagged beans, and
so on) through Nestle's global distribution network. Starbucks will also benefit from royalties
on Nestle's packaged coffees and teas. Starbucks was able to use Nestle's distribution
networks to increase brand recognition outside of its North American operations as a result of
the license deal. Nestle acquired access to Starbucks' products as well as its powerful brand
image.(CFI, 2021)
Followed by the advantage of licensing, Licensing is intended to lower the risks of
conducting business for all parties involved. There are fewer risks in product creation, market
testing, production, and distribution for licensees. There are less risks in the marketing and
service of what is being supplied from the perspective of the licensor. Neither party is
obligated to invest their own money in these areas in order to benefit, resulting in a win-win
situation for all parties involved.
Move on to disadvantage, Royalties may be paid weekly from sales made at the register
under a franchising agreement. This can be a fully automated operation, with funds taken
straight from a bank account, or a batch sale. However, under many licensing arrangements,
royalty payments are only made once a quarter. Even if your product is doing well in other
areas, it might take 5-6 months to get your first substantial royalty payment as a licensor.
(Gaille, 2018)

9) Industrial structures and global competitive
analysis
9.1 Porter’s five forces of Under Armour
Under Armour is an American business that manufactures and markets sports apparel,
products, and accessories. It was formed in 1996. The company's major focus is on sporting
goods. Michael E. Porter established Porter's five forces model, which is used to assess the
competitiveness of any market and any company's place within it. The model employs five
external influences that have an impact on a company's operations and market position in any
sector. In light of Under Armour's current position, we may apply Porter's five forces model
to it:
Threats of new entrants
In general, the barriers to entry for a diversified athletic apparel firm are substantial. To
develop items, manufacture them with quality and affordability, and push them through the
appropriate distribution channels, a large amount of financial and human resources is
required. It is very likely that new businesses will penetrate smaller areas of the market. A
new entrant, for example, might find success selling an innovative product to a specific sport,
such as golf or tennis. UA accomplished this by focusing on American football and
developing a better base-layer shirt than what was available at the time. Certain segments of
the industry are more prone to experience this.to be more vulnerable to new competitors than
the sector as a whole, at least in the short run.
Threats of substitute products
Clothing is a must-have item that never goes out of style. The demand for athletic gear and
accessories is predicted to rise as global interest in sports continues to expand. There is
always the risk of a more innovative version of a product entering the market as a substitute.
However, in the UA's market, it is tough for a company to successfully manufacture a large
number of such alternative products across multiple sports.
For example, UA's signature flexible base-layer shirt has mostly replaced players' traditional
cotton T-shirts. UA was able to leverage its early success and brand awareness to develop
new goods, but expansion needed time and money. In the sector, style and fashion trends are
equally important. While a professional athlete's only consideration may be function, the
average customer is far more concerned with look and styling. This is a lot more subjective
topic, and it's possible that other brands will gain popularity.

Bargaining power of suppliers
In the sports apparel sector, suppliers frequently sell materials to competitors. By buying
bigger volumes, larger buyers get lower pricing from these providers than smaller businesses.
Nike, for example, may be able to purchase far more cotton for T-shirts than UA and
negotiate a much cheaper price. This might help to explain why UA's goods are generally
more expensive than Nike's.
However, UA has been highly inventive in terms of the materials it employs, developing a
number of unique fabric mixes that it gets from third parties to differentiate its products from
the competitors. This also allows the firm to avoid the disadvantage of having to acquire the
same materials in smaller quantities and at a greater cost than rivals.
Bargaining power of buyers
When it comes to buying clothing and accessories for their favorite sports, customers have a
lot of options. Customers can quickly and easily browse for the best price on a similar
product thanks to online purchasing. With this in mind, it's vital for a firm like UA to develop
items that people are prepared to spend a premium for over mainstream, low-cost
alternatives.When it comes to buying clothing and accessories for their favorite sports,
customers have a lot of options. Customers can quickly and easily browse for the best price
on a similar product thanks to online purchasing. With this in mind, it's vital for a firm like
UA to develop items that people are prepared to spend a premium for over mainstream, low-
cost alternatives.
Rivalry among existing competitors
If there is fierce competition among current participants in a sector, prices will fall and the
industry's overall profitability will suffer. Under Armour, Inc. competes in the Textile -
Apparel Clothing business, which is extremely competitive. This rivalry has a negative
impact on the organization's overall long-term profitability.(PALMER, 2020)
10) Market force and economic operation
10.1 Scarcity and choice
Scarcity relates to the limiting nature and availability of resources, whereas choice refers to
how individuals share and use those resources. Scarcity and choice are at the foundation of
economics, which is the study of how people and society allocate scarce resources.
Land is in short supply by its very nature. In reality, stringent land-use restrictions have
rendered it artificially scarce in certain metropolitan areas. Land in New York, for example,

is extremely costly. As more people migrate into the city, land becomes increasingly limited.
(BOYCE, 2021)
Farming practices can exacerbate land scarcity by increasing demand for land for agricultural
purposes. Population pressures, socioeconomic inequalities, and environmental concerns can
all contribute to land shortage.(McMahon, 2021)
10.2 supply and demand
The law of supply and demand is a theory that describes how sellers of a resource interact
with buyers of that resource. The idea describes the link between a good's or product's price
and people's willingness to buy or sell it.
Oil industry is an example. The oil business is largely affected by the law of supply and
demand, which determines the price of the "black gold." Oil price expectations are one of the
most important determinants of how firms in the sector use their resources. Incentives are
created by prices, which impact behaviour. This behaviour eventually feeds back into supply
and demand, which determines how much oil is sold for.(investopidia, 2020)
10.3 Income elasticity on demand
The sensitivity of the quantity desired for a given good to a change in the actual income of
customers who buy it is referred to as income elasticity of demand. The percent change in
quantity demanded divided by the percent change in income is the formula for determining
income elasticity of demand. You can identify if a product is a necessity or a luxury based on
its income elasticity of demand.(HAYES, 2021)
Consider a local auto dealership that collects data on demand and customer revenue for its
vehicles over the course of a year. When consumers' average actual income falls from
$50,000 to $40,000, demand for their automobiles reduces from 10,000 to 5,000 units sold,
all other factors remaining constant. The income elasticity of demand is determined by
dividing a negative 50% change in demand (a decrease of 5,000 divided by a starting demand
of 10,000 automobiles) by a 20% change in real income (the $10,000 change in income

divided by the $50,000 starting value). This results in an elasticity of 2.5, indicating that local
customers are especially sensitive to changes in their income when it comes to purchasing
power.
11) stakeholders and responsibility of
organizations
The public
Under Armour, the pioneer of high-performance gear, clothes, and equipment, changed the
way athletes across the world dressed. The brand's unique goods are sold globally to athletes
of all levels and are designed to make all athletes better. The Under Armour Connected
FitnessTM platform, which includes UA Record, MapMyFitness, Endomondo, and
MyFitnessPal, is the world's biggest digital health and fitness community.
Customers
According to the most current sports study from B. Riley, Under Armour Inc. is gaining favor
with an older population of buyers. They would point out that Under Armour remained flat in
the 18-to-34 age group, whereas Adidas, Lululemon, and Nike all grew, implying that older
customers are flocking toward Under Armour, which is likely due to greater mass
distribution.(Garcia, 2019)“There are two things a customer has to know and comprehend
when they go into a retail store,” he added. “How would you describe your personality and
your point of view?” It's critical to know who your target client is in order to offer a logical
response to that query. Plank described Under Armour as a "focused performer." Under
Armour focuses on becoming "the human performance company" inside that. Everything
they do is geared at assisting that consumer in becoming a better person and resolving that
performance issue.”The Under Armour community gets access to a huge library of nutrition
ideas, workout routines, performance statistics, and other helpful data to assist them
overcome their performance concerns. “There was no need for another capable clothing or
footwear producer in the world.”(Johnston, 2020)

Staffs
Under Armour has three corporate social responsibility programs, as well as a supplier code
of conduct, as a socially conscious corporation. All workers of Under Armour, as well as its
suppliers and manufacturers, are guaranteed safe working conditions, a livable salary, and a
suitable work schedule under this code of conduct.
Suppliers
Many of the speciality textiles and other raw materials they utilize in their goods are
technologically complex items produced by third parties and may only be accessible from a
small number of suppliers in the short future. Fabric and other raw materials for their goods
are acquired by their manufacturers from a select group of suppliers who have been pre-
approved by each other. Six fabric suppliers supplied about 50 percent to 55 percent of the
cloth utilized in their products. China, Malaysia, Mexico, Taiwan, and Vietnam are the major
destinations for these fabric providers. They deepened their relationships with important
strategic suppliers while also looking for new ones to broaden their supply base.(csimarket,
2021)
Shareholders
Plank owns 33.8 million Class C shares in Under Armour through a network of trusts,
making him the company's largest stakeholder. According to the company's Mar. 28, 2018
SEC filing, he holds an extra 34.7 million Class A and Class B shares through stock options,
while only owning 16,738 Class A shares directly. Plank owns 65 percent of Under Armour
and has voting control over the firm.(BLOOMENTHAL, 2019)
Patrik Frisk, the current President and Chief Operating Officer (COO) of Under Armour, has
almost 30 years of business expertise, having previously led companies such as The North
Face and Timberland. He was most recently the CEO of Aldo, a worldwide footwear firm.
Frisk took over as President of Under Armour from Kevin Plank in June 2017. Frisk holds
611,235 Class C shares of Under Armour, according to an SEC filing dated Aug. 15, 2018,
making him the company's second-largest shareholder.
Press/media

the media sector, amazon that specialize in broadcast content and delivery, such as print, the
internet, television, radio and direct mail, is a key stakeholder. Providing information, for
example, can have a significant impact on business, society and government. Decision is
influenced.
12) The role of marketing, finance, human
resources management and operations and the
interrelationships
The situation of things being intimately connected to each other and perhaps impacting one
other is known as interrelation. Interrelation can also refer to a situation in which two or more
objective are linked or interconnected in some way. The interrelationship between under
armour marketing, finance, human resources management and operations and their own role
will be analysed.
12.1 Marketing
Under Armour is a well-known sports clothing and accessory brand that presently serves
clients all over the world with sportswear, footwear, and casual items. Under Armour is
headquartered in Baltimore, Maryland, and maintains operations in China, Indonesia, and
Canada. Kevin Plank, a 23-year-old former University of Maryland special teams captain
who started working out of his grandmother's basement, established this multibillion-dollar
corporation. Under Armour has also adopted digital marketing in order to reach out to new
clients and build their brand among younger generations. Mobile marketing, social media
presence, and other cutting-edge tactics are employed in part to cut expenses, but also to
reach out to potential consumers who might not otherwise be reached through traditional
means.Under Armour unveiled a new marketing strategy based on "I Will" in 2013, a concept
that has grown to global dimensions and is now being used to sell to the entire world. "I
Will," like "Protect This House," is an anthem that reflects Under Armour's new strategy of
reaching out to potential consumers wherever they are. Plus, compared to "Protect This
House," "I Will" is more general and approachable for many sorts of sports.Finally, Under
Armour originated as a male-oriented sportswear company, but their current marketing
strategy is leveraging their popularity to appeal to people of all sorts. Extending their reach
and increasing the customer base of this already incredibly successful business.(Gaille, 2021)
Financial management allows the marketing and advertising departments to keep on track,
effectively handle financial parts of the organization, and avoid any financial missteps that

could cost the company money. Finance is a marketing partner who handles the analytical
side of marketing.
While marketing focuses on existing and potential customers, human resources (HR) focuses
on current and potential workers. Marketing and HR use the same tactics early in the sales
funnel, when building brand recognition, attracting attention, facilitating touch points, and so
on.
The marketing and operations functions work together to ensure that the organization's
functions run properly. Marketing is responsible for functions such as pricing, advertising,
establishing and maintaining a distribution network, attracting consumers, and forecasting
sales.
12.2 Finance
The marketing and operations functions work together to ensure that the organization's
functions run properly. Marketing is responsible for functions such as pricing, advertising,
establishing and maintaining a distribution network, attracting consumers, and forecasting
sales.(Sheahan, 2019)
Financial management allows the marketing and advertising departments to keep on track,
correctly handle financial elements of the organization, and avoid any financial missteps that
might cost the firm money. Finance is a marketing partner that handles the analytical aspect
of marketing.
Human resources and finance are two different business sectors in many businesses. Finance
assists in allocating resources to meet an organization's goals while preserving a cost-revenue
balance. HR employs, recruits, and motivates employees to achieve the same objectives. This
area of HR is frequently the most expensive for a company.
Finance is aided by operations. Raw resources are transformed into tangible goods, which are
subsequently sold to customers, by manufacturing firms. One of the things a manufacturing
business can do to increase efficiency is to acquire high-quality raw materials from reputable
vendors. In the case of perishable and edible goods, the company should investigate how raw
materials are stored, processed, and delivered to customers. To save time during production
and shipment, the firm can also reduce bottlenecks that increase processing delays. If a firm

is having trouble with shipping logistics, it may outsource the service and focus on other
aspects of the business where it shines.
12.3 Human resources
From the advanced technology built in its clothes and accessories to the Human Resources
(HR) software underlying the company's aggressive development ambitions, this sportswear
giant is driven by an unique culture of innovation. Under Armour prides itself on giving all of
its workers with methods to help them succeed as a team.Troy Barnett, Senior Director of
Corporate Services Technology at Under Armour, stated recently at the Success Connect
2015 event in Las Vegas that the challenge was to stay ahead of the company's 30 percent
annual growth rates with an HR strategy capable of supporting a workforce of nearly 11,000
teammates worldwide. He discussed Under Armour's transition from paper-based,
decentralized procedures to strategic human resources.
Marketing and human resources go hand-in-hand because workers want to work for
companies that are aligned with their aspirations. There is greater competition for top talent
than ever before, which means that businesses of all sizes must move swiftly to recruit the
finest personnel.
Live online or in person, support and influence the future of talent management. Assist the
finance department in obtaining financing for human capital initiatives. As a regular speaker
on workforce analytics at HR conferences, I frequently begin by admitting something to the
audience: I used to be the vice president of finance and CFO of a company.
HR experts assist in the structure and order of a firm, as well as the promotion of productivity
and organizational success. HR collaborates with management to solve people problems and
offer assistance and resources as needed, allowing managers to concentrate on operating their
departments.
12.4 Operation

The administration of business procedures to achieve the maximum level of efficiency
feasible inside an organization is known as operations management (OM). It is concerned
with effectively turning materials and labour into goods and services in order to maximize an
organization's profit. The goal of operations management teams is to generate the maximum
net operational profit achievable by balancing expenses and income.Under Armour made a
great decision to focus on one area at a time, allowing them to develop a clear marketing
strategy, engineer competitive goods, establish the necessary production and delivery
capabilities, tackle market gaps, and sign stars that embody these precise themes.
Tell the salespeople that marketing can help them find new customers and influencers, boost
the number of chances representatives see, enhance a buyer's impression of sales coverage,
and provide the appropriate value proposition at the right time to help them close the
transaction. Of course, you'll need evidence to back it up.
Financial accounting, while it may appear dull or arcane, is critical in allowing firms to keep
track of all their financial activities. It is the method through which businesses collect and
report the financial data that flows in and out of their operations, allowing both corporate
executives and outside investors and analysts to assess the firm's health and make educated
decisions.
Reviewing and approving budgets, implementing new business rules, and managing internal
HR systems are all tasks of the HR Operations Manager. To be successful in this position,
you need have a degree in Human Resources Management and equivalent senior-level
professional experience. Finally, you will guarantee that our HR efforts are cost-effective,
efficient, and contribute to a healthy workplace.
12.5 advantage and disadvantage of
Interrelationship
The above-mentioned interrelationships between various departments have a good impact on
customers and employees of the company. In the case of Holiday Inn, having such
interrelationships inside their organizational structure is a benefit. Employees or functional
units can simply communicate with one another and make appropriate decisions together with
the help of this. On the other hand, the fundamental downside of these interrelationships of
various tasks is that lack of coordination can occasionally result in conflicts between firm or
employee that directly affect business profitability, and they are unable to fulfill their desired
goals on time.

The influence of organizational structure on personnel is determined by factors other than the
structure itself. Employees can be motivated to succeed by flat structures, matrices, and other
organizational styles. Employees may be left floundering and disheartened just as quickly.
The link between organizational structure and employee performance is complicated.
The Influence of Organizational Structure on Employees
Employees are affected differently by different business models. There is no clear cause and
effect relationship between organizational structure and worker performance.
Consider a simple flat building. Employees can begin a project without seeking approval
from a supervisor, but they must also recruit a team and get project financing on their own.
That's extremely motivating for innovative self-starters, but it saps the motivation of other
employees who don't have someone to point them in the right direction.
Formalization and centralization
While the influence of organizational structure on employees is not always evident, social
scientists have investigated the issue and discovered some general tendencies. Employees are
discouraged from releasing their creativity when authority is centralized such that the head
office has all the power and makes all the choices. Employees' inventiveness is likewise
hampered in "formalized" companies, where job responsibilities are strict and clearly defined.
According to the research, while organizational structure has a big influence on workers,
employee attitudes, loyalty to the firm, and awards and bonuses for outstanding performance
all have a significant effect.(Sherman, 2019)
13) How function relate to Under Armour mission
and objective
Marketing relates to under armour economic objective,
because its products are costly, Under Armour relies on consumers with discretionary
spending. Aside from economic stability, issues such as rising labour costs, rising interest

rates, and rising inflation rates all have a direct impact on the garment sector and the Under
Armour firm.
Finance relates to Under Armour social objective,
Under Armour's business is driven by a number of societal issues. People's lifestyles evolve,
and their product needs vary as well. People are increasingly brand aware these days. They
seek high-quality items that provide them with a high level of happiness at a fair cost.
Furthermore, people are becoming more health-conscious, and they have begun to gravitate
toward sports and outdoor activities. Others are increasingly more actively engaged in
sporting events, and frequent sporting competitions encourage people to participate. All of
these developments present a fantastic opportunity for a firm that specializes in sports gear.
Human resources relate to Under Armour human objective,
Under Armour's goal to "Always Connect" with buyers is one of the company's core
principles. The goal of the brand is to "dwell at the middle of the consumer's universe Every
day, all day, "It claims that what sets it different is its relationship to the athletes it supports.
Operations team relates to Under Armour customer objective,
Under Armour is dedicated to improving customer happiness. Under Armour's mission
statement identifies its target consumer segments, as well as their requirements and desires.
The mission statement explains how the company's products and services contribute to
increased customer satisfaction within its target market.
14) organizational structure
A system that describes how specific tasks are directed in order to fulfil an organization's
goals is known as an organizational structure. Rules, roles, and duties are examples of these
activities. The flow of information between levels inside the firm is also determined by the
organizational structure. In a centralized structure, for example, decisions are made from the
top down, but in a decentralized structure, decision-making authority is dispersed across the
company. Companies can stay efficient and focused if they have an organizational structure
in place.(KENTON, 2021)

14.1 Bureaucratic
A complicated organization with numerous procedures and processes is referred to as a
bureaucracy. Decision-making is slowed by the systems and processes that have been put in
place. They are intended to keep the organization's consistency and control. The techniques
that are often developed in governments and big organizations, such as companies, are
referred to as bureaucracy. The administration of the entity's laws and regulations relies
heavily on the bureaucracy.(BANTON, 2020)
Regulations are enacted by regulatory authorities to assist safeguard the public interest. The
Securities and Exchange Commission, for example, controls the stock market; the
Environmental Protection Agency, which has extensive environmental protection authority;
and the Federal Reserve Board, which oversees the United States' monetary policy. The
United States Postal Service and Amtrak are two examples of government corporations. Each
is a company set up by the US Congress to carry out a certain duty. To do this, each
government business establishes a slew of rules and regulations, thus turning it into a
bureaucracy.(Writer, 2020)
14.2 Post bureaucratic
A post-bureaucratic organization is one in which each member has responsibility for the
organization's overall performance. As a result, teamwork and organizational networks that
break hierarchical structures are used to solve problems or make improvements in an area.
For a sophisticated examination of the issues of control in a professional organization, see
Fnedson and Rhea (1963). In these reg irds, the craft model, which is occasionally presented
as a positive image (see, for example, Braverman, 1974, and Piore 1982), is even more
primitive than professionalism. Its degree of peer self-governance is mostly due to a focus on
tradition; nevertheless, it struggles with change, self-analysis, and learning from experience.
It was because of this incapacity to adjust that it became so vulnerable to bureaucratic
expansion. Professionalism, on the other hand, has built up at least one malor, albeit slowly,
through the formalization of its educational procedures.

14.3 Parent Organization
A parent business is one that owns a controlling interest in another firm and so has
operational control over it. Depending on the extent of management authority granted to
subsidiary managers, parent firms can be hands-on or hands-off owners of their subsidiaries,
but they will always maintain some level of active control.(HAYES, 2020)
Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin created Alphabet in 2015 to simplify
operations and make the business more responsible to shareholders. Page and Brin created
Alphabet by slimming down Google and combining firms focusing on different industrial
areas — such as Life Sciences and Calico – under the Alphabet umbrella.(IG, 2021)
14.4 Strategic business unit (SBU)
A strategic business unit (also known as SBU) is a business term that refers to a major
corporation's separately managed organization or unit. Those key corporate divisions
frequently have their own visions, missions, goals, and strategies. Furthermore, they plan
independently from other businesses, and their objectives are distinct from those of the parent
company and critical to the company's long-term success.
To put it another way, a strategic business unit is a division of a large organization that is in
charge of the company's common planning. They might be company divisions, division
product lines, or a specific product/service. SBUs all target a certain consumer category or
geographic region, regardless of what they are.
Despite functioning autonomously, the strategic business unit must report directly to the
parent organization's headquarters on the state of their work process and performance. The
strategic business unit usually concentrates on a single market or sector.
Famous brands like LG are a good illustration of SBU organization. They sell a wide range of
consumer goods, including refrigerators, televisions, air conditioners, and more. Different
strategic business units are responsible for each of them. They are in charge of creating and
delivering products, but they must also consider making judgments, making investments, and
sticking to budgets. LG's core company can devote more time and attention to managing
expenses, revenue, and profits as a result.(avada, 2021)

14.5 Matrix
A matrix organizational structure is a mix of two or more different types of organizational
systems. The matrix organization is the framework that connects all of these other
organizational systems and balances them out. There are usually two chains of command,
with project team members reporting to two different supervisors or managers.One manager
is usually in charge of functional tasks, while the other is in charge of more traditional project
management. Because the power balance between these two types of managers isn't
organizationally defined, these positions are flexible and not set.To develop strengths and
compensate for shortcomings, it will utilize the best of both structures and management
styles. If a company is producing two products or services at the same time, the matrix
organizational structure allows them to organize both and exploit the duality to their
advantage.
Project Manager features a "My Work" area that allows team members to see all of their tasks
in one location, regardless of whether they were given to them by a project or functional
manager. This allows them to better manage their workflow by tracking their progress and
leaving feedback for their bosses along the way. If they wish to stay in one mentality before
going on to another project, they might focus on chores by projects.(Westland, 2018)
14.6 Functional levels
The day-to-day plan that is produced to aid in the execution of corporate and business level
strategies is known as functional level strategy. These plans are developed in accordance with
top-level management's directives. Functional Level Strategy is concerned with tactical
decisions made at the operational level in several functional domains such as production,
marketing, research and development, finance, and personnel. Because these decisions are
made within the context of company strategy, strategists provide appropriate guidance and
recommendations to functional level managers regarding the business's plans and policies.
(business jargon, 2021)
Subway uses functional structure in its corporate. For example, Subway is a fast-food
restaurant chain based in the United States. Submarine (sub) sandwiches, personal pizzas, and
salads are among their specialties. Doctor's Associates Inc. is the company that owns this
restaurant business. The chain has 42,673 restaurants in 108 countries as of September 2014.

Because it is such a large chain, there is bound to be some hierarchy. The Matrix
management system is used at the restaurant. The dual reporting system is the system's most
notable characteristic, as it goes against the usual way of creating reporting connections.
Chief Executive Officer
In the case of Subway, the chief executive is the highest position in the corporate structure.
He or she is in charge of making all project-related decisions, as well as their tenure and other
elements.
Manager of a Department
The functional manager is the next person in the chain. The functional managers are
responsible for ensuring that the professionals working under them are able to complete all of
the projects on time and on budget.
Project Managers' Manager
Another position under the chief executive is the project manager's manager. They have the
same status as the functional manager and are in charge of supervising the project managers
who report to them.
Manager of the project
The project managers report to the project manager's management. Depending on the nature
of the project, they might be temporary or permanent. Permanent project managers have a
higher rank than temporary project managers, whose position is subject to change depending
on the project's progress.
The restaurant's personnel reports to the functional manager. This section may be broken
down into two categories: permanent and temporary. Temporary employees are clearly the
lowest-ranking among them.(hierarchystructure, 2021)

15) Organizational structure and complexities of
transnational, international and global
organizations
Transnational organization: Pepsi
The Pepsi company is using the strategic business unit (SBU) in terms of organizational
complexity. PepsiCo has changed its organizational structure numerous times in response to
shifting worldwide market conditions. The present corporate structure of the firm reflects the
organization's goals of worldwide development and leadership. PepsiCo's purpose and vision
statements are highlighted in these goals. PepsiCo's goals are also reflected in the way the
company's organizational structure facilitates worldwide expansion.In its early years,
PepsiCo had a hierarchical organizational structure. However, the company's organizational
structure has evolved as a result of a number of major mergers and acquisitions, as well as
global development. PepsiCo's organizational structure has the following major
characteristics:
Market Segments. The market divisions are the most visible element of PepsiCo's corporate
structure. These classifications are made on the basis of two factors: business and geography.
In terms of operations, PepsiCo has two worldwide divisions: one for Frito-Lay and another
for Quaker Foods. The firm is divided into sections for the Americas, Europe, and other
areas.
Corporate Groups/Offices with a Purpose. The core business operations are the focus of
this feature of PepsiCo's organizational structure. These duties are handled by the company's
worldwide or corporate headquarters. The goal of functional groups at PepsiCo is to
guarantee corporate control and quick execution of policies and initiatives. Each of these
organizations is led by an Executive Vice President or Senior Vice President.
Hierarchy at the Global Level. PepsiCo's organizational structure also includes a
hierarchical framework that covers the whole company. At the global/corporate level, a
hierarchy generally facilitates monitoring, control, and governance. For top-down
communications, monitoring, and control, PepsiCo has maintained a significant structure.
This feature of PepsiCo's organizational structure also allows the company to minimize
departures from its rules and objectives.(THOMPSON, 2018)

International organization:Asia-pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC)
Asia-pacific Economic cooperation uses a matrix structure,APEC is a loosely knit
organization with a tiny secretariat in Singapore. It has multiple layers of administration:
leaders, ministers, senior officials, committees, and working groups. The chairmanship of
APEC alternates among members on an annual basis, with an ASEAN member chairing
APEC on alternate years. The Ministerial and Leaders' meetings are hosted by the member
economy that chairs the organization.
Energy working group
They seek to foster APEC-regional collaboration on energy problems... [It] seeks to optimize
the energy sector's contribution to regional economic growth and energy security. It is
expanding its work program to include more comprehensive regional energy and
environmental policy problems, as well as increasing participation of the region's corporate
sector in its operations. The activity of the organization is divided into four "themes": supply
and demand, energy and the environment, energy efficiency and conservation, and research,
development, and technology transfer.
Working Group on Fisheries
This Group's goals are to "create regional methods to fisheries conservation, development,
and commercialization." It does this by identifying the best use of fisheries resources and
engaging in "trade in fisheries resources based on sustainable fisheries management
methods." It also raises awareness about the importance of the Pacific Ocean's fishing
resources.
Working Group on Human Resource Development
This Group's mission is to "focus on the development of a competent, flexible workforce in
order to improve the economic growth of APEC countries." It is in charge of human resource
development initiatives "under broad programs spanning industrial technology, corporate
management, economic development management, and education."(Aph, 2021)
Global organization: Dell
Dell Corporation’s organizational is using a Post bureaucratic, decentralized structure.
Different divisions and functional components of the firm are encouraged to offer
ideas in order to strengthen the organization. Dell Corporation's different roles,
such as Business Development, Education, and Global, are defined by the
hierarchical structure. Because choices are made at multiple levels, a

decentralized structure gives more learning opportunities for all employees of
the organization; in contrast, a centralized structure places more decision-
making at the top levels of the organization, such as the CEO and Vice
Presidents. Every division in the divisional structure has its own set of
organizations to assist it (such as purchasing units and human resources units).
The organization of Dell's Sales and Support divisions is typical of the technology sector:
each division has a senior manager who manages the division's work with a number of team
leaders, each of whom is responsible for a group of people. Sales and marketing employees
make up the majority of the workforce, but there is also a sizable Technical Support team, as
well as personnel from the Finance, Business Operations, IT, and Human Resources
departments. Dell's staff is not represented by a union.
Dell promotes its goods with the promise of the "Dell Advantage," which refers to a firm that
is simple to work with, easy to trust, and prioritizes the requirements of its customers,
resulting in each client receiving a personalized PC made to their specifications. Customer
service quality, from initial contact through product delivery and after-sales assistance, is one
of the keys to great success in this environment. Dell encourages and appreciates continual
learning, and has implemented Business Process Improvements (BPI) across the
boardEmployees have been taught to think from the perspective of the customer and to utilize
a technique and toolset to enhance everything they do. Dell has been able to add to its
competitive advantage through Lean Thinking and BPI.
Cross-functional teams examine end-to-end repetitive processes with the goal of enhancing
the customer experience, eliminating waste, lowering costs, boosting efficiency, and freeing
staff from low- or non-value-added tasks. While the programmer has top management's
backing and engagement, the involvement of people on the ground who utilize the process on
a daily basis is critical to the programme’s success. All Dell workers have the capacity to
profoundly transform their day-to-day work processes through BPI and Lean. As a result,
there is a lot of flexibility, as well as a team-based approach to issue resolution.
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