Pathophysiology and Pharmacology: Risk Factors and Manifestations of Hemorrhagic Stroke

This document discusses the risk factors and manifestations of hemorrhagic stroke in the context of pathophysiology and pharmacology. It explores the case study of a patient named Karl who is facing trouble swallowing and has a history of hypertension. The document also highlights the importance of providing person-centered care and evidence-based treatment options for patients with hemorrhagic stroke. The references section includes relevant books and journals on the topic.

Patho-
Physiology and
pharmacology

Contents
MAIN BODY..................................................................................................................................3
Risk factor and aetiology linked to the disease...........................................................................3
Pathophysiology manifests to produce ALL the patient’s clinical manifestations......................3
Evidence based literature.............................................................................................................4
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6

MAIN BODY
Risk factor and aetiology linked to the disease
From the case study it has been analysed that Karl is currently facing trouble in swallowing
and digesting the food. It has also been evaluated that Karl has a history of hypertension. Patient
also appears sleepy when answering the questions. Medical chart of Karl provided the
information that his vitals are taken at BP: 220/120. The risk factor related to this that 220 blood
pressures is highly damage. It can make patients suffer from various problems such as heart,
brain and damage of kidney reducing the quality of life of patients. It has been analysed that
normal blood pressure is below 120/80 (Alexander and et.al., (2017)..
Karl is facing the problem of high blood pressure that can rapidly lead to damage of organ.
It needs to be treated as medical emergency. From the medical chart of Karl it has also been
analyzed that the heart rate of patient is 41. It has been analysed that the heart rate below 61
BPM is considered as life threatening. This condition can also lay severe impact on the physical
and mental abilities of patient. There is a high risk of suffering from various types of
cardiovascular problems reducing the quality of their life. It is really essential for health care
professionals needs to lay emphasis on all these risks factors so that better health care services
can be provided to Karl.
Pathophysiology manifests to produce ALL the patient’s clinical manifestations
The clinical manifestations of Karl has provided with the details that his heart rate is been
measured at 41 and also blood pressure has been measured at 220/120. It has been analysed that
heart rate is quiet low and the blood pressure is quiet high. It has been analysed that patient also
have history of suffering from hypertension (Alexander and et.al., (2017).. During his visits to
the hospital Karl vomits and become confused. Case study has provided with the details Karl is
diagnosed with Haemorrhagic stroke due to an intra-cerebral arterial rupture. An ICH occurs
when a blood vessel ruptures and blood accumulates in the tissue around the rupture. This puts
pressure on the brain and causes a loss of blood to the surrounding areas. The patho-phyisology
of patients going through this disease is because of the high blood pressure. It can also appear of
the reason that blood vessel of the patient is really weak. It has been analysed that in this type of
stroke the brain cells of patients can be damaged. It can reduce the quality of life of patient and

also the life expectancy of patient after going through this stroke is 5 years or less. Health care
professionals need to provide patients with person centred care.
Evidence based literature
As per the view of Riviere, & Papich, (2018) hemorrhagic stroke that has been suffered by
Karl which has occurred inside brain can include various symptoms. The early signs and
symptoms for the disease include nausea, vomiting, clumsiness, dizziness, problem related to
speech. All these signs and symptoms have been seen Karl. Patient can also become confused
and disoriented when facing the problem of hemorrhagic stroke. The main cause of going
through this problem is high blood pressure. Health care professionals can provide patient with
surgical treatment and also supportive care can be provided in order to improve the health
outcome of patient. It has been analyzed that health care professionals can also motivate Karl to
undergo speech and occupational therapy. These therapies can support them in improvising the
health outcome of patient. It will improve his quality of life. It has also been analysed that the
pupils of Karl are fixed and un-reactive on the right side. This condition mainly appears after
trauma or stroke. So from the medical chart it can be analysed that patient is at high risk of
facing Trauma (Patterson, & Jones, (2017). .

Hemorrhagic stroke
Hypertension
Un-reactive pupils
Nausea
Vomit
Dizziness
Occupational
therapy
Management of
other medical
problems
IV fluid
rest
Supportive care
Speech therapy
clumisiness
AVM
BP high
Heart rate low
confused
Speech
problem
Reduce alcohol use
Drug use
Bleeding
Sleep disorder
Stroke

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Riviere, J. E., & Papich, M. G. (Eds.). (2018). Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics. John
Wiley & Sons.
Alexander, S. P., Christopoulos, A., Davenport, A. P., Kelly, E., Marrion, N. V., Peters, J. A., ...
& Southan, C. (2017). The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18: G protein‐
coupled receptors. British journal of pharmacology. 174,.S17-S129.
Alexander, S. P., Fabbro, D., Kelly, E., Marrion, N. V., Peters, J. A., Faccenda, E., ... & Davies,
J. A. (2017). The concise guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2017/18: catalytic
receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology, 174, S225-S271.
Patterson, S. D., & Jones, B. (2017). Bioequivalence and statistics in clinical pharmacology.
CRC Press.

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