The Impact of Performance Appraisal on Staff Productivity - Desklib
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This research aims to identify the impact of performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplace. It includes literature review, research methodology, data analysis, and findings. The study focuses on Jurys Inn and its performance appraisal strategies.
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THE IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL ON STAFF PRODUCTIVITY 1
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Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4 1.1 Overview of the topic............................................................................................................4 1.2 Research questions.................................................................................................................4 1.3 Research aim and objectives..................................................................................................4 1.4 Rationale and scope of the research.......................................................................................4 1.5 Chapterās overview................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................6 2.1 Introduction to the literature review......................................................................................6 What type of performance appraisal strategies used by Jurys Inn in improving productivity of their employees?..........................................................................................................................6 What is the impactof performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplace?...................................................................................................................................7 What are the advantages of improved staff productivity for Jurys Inn?......................................8 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.............................................................................9 3.1 Overview of the chapter.........................................................................................................9 3.2 Research philosophy..............................................................................................................9 3.3 Research approach.................................................................................................................9 3.4 Research strategy...................................................................................................................9 3.5 Time horizon........................................................................................................................10 3.6 Research choice...................................................................................................................10 3.7 Data collection.....................................................................................................................10 3.8 Sampling..............................................................................................................................10 3.9 Research ethics....................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS...................................................................11 Frequency distribution table......................................................................................................11 Data interpretation.....................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION........................................................................................................16 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................18 2
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of the topic Performanceappraisal is the process of identifying, analysing and developing the work performance of workers to work towards achievement of organisational goals and objectives. It generally helps in defining the strength of staff while doing his job. Through conducting performance appraisal of employee, company can improve its productivity and growth (Bayo- Moriones, Galdon-Sanchez and Martinez-de-Morentin, 2020). Performance appraisal is a tool which helps in assessing the performance of staff within workplace. It also helps in increasing the morale and motivation level of employees due to which they can give productive outcome in achieving the goals and objective of business. 1.2 Research questions ļ·WhattypeofperformanceappraisalstrategiesusedbyJurysInninimproving productivity of their employees? ļ·What is the impact of performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplace? ļ·What are the advantages of improved staff productivity for Jurys Inn? 1.3 Research aim and objectives Research aim Main aim of current research is āTo identify the impact of performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplaceā: A study onJurys Inn Research objectives ļ·To increase basic understanding about the performance appraisal strategies used by Jurys Inn ļ·To identify the impact of performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplace ļ·To evaluate the benefits of improved staff productivity for Jurys Inn 1.4 Rationale and scope of the research Main rationale of this research is to identify theimpact of performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplace. This is a main reason regarding doing this 4
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research. Current research has wide scope as it includes quantitative research that helps in collecting numerical information within less time period (Mulvaney, 2019). 1.5 Chapterās overview There are various chapters that are useful in completing full research effectively and systematically. These chapters are introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analyses and interpretation, conclusion and recommendations. All these are effective chapters that includes accurate information regarding the topics. 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction to the literature review Literature review is the process of gathering secondary information from available sources that are peer-reviewed articles, books, magazines, publication research and many others. All these are main and useful sources and helps investigator in collecting secondary information regardingtheimpactofperformanceappraisalinimprovingstaffproductivitywithina workplace. What type of performance appraisal strategies used by Jurys Inn in improving productivity of their employees? AccordingtoBayo-Moriones,Galdon-SanchezandMartinez-de-Morentin(2020), Performance appraisal is an activity of reviewing employee's performance and their contribution level in organisation. It helps Jurys Inn to identify whether their staff is giving productive outcome or not. Performance appraisal helps in creating career growth and also increase the engagementlevelof employeeswithin workplace.Thereisvarioustypeof performance appraisal strategies which can be used by Jury's Inn in enhancing the productivity of their employees such as management by objective, 360-degree feedback and grading method. Management by Objective: It is one of the performance appraisal method which can be used by Jurys Inn in order to improve productivity of their employees. This strategy engages manager and employees together so that they can plan, organize and communicate their goals during specific appraisal period. It also helps in monitoring and evaluating the performance and progress of each staff against the set objectives. Management by Objective also focuses on appreciating employees so that they can give productive output. 360 Degree Feedback: 360 Degree Feedback is also a strategy of performance appraisal through which Jury's Inn can improve the productivity of their staff. It also helps in evaluating the performance of employees by collective feedback from colleagues, seniors, customers and peers. This method focuses on eliminating the biased decision in performance reviews and also deliver clear understandingofindividual'scompetence(Uli,2018).360DegreeFeedbackhelpsin 6
encouraging staff to invest in self-development and also focuses on change management. It also helps in integrating performance feedback with employee engagement and work culture. Grading: Grading is another performance appraisal strategy which must be implemented by Jurys Inn in order to enhance the productivity of employees. It is a systematic method which helps company to review the skills and knowledge of employees and provide a score for assessing their strength and determining compensation. What is the impact of performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplace? As per the viewpoint ofOddou and Mendenhall (2016),performance appraisal helps in improving the staff productivity within workplace by creating evaluation system and using it on continue basis. In order to improve employee's productivity, Jurys Inn must focus on using performance appraisal strategy so that they can review employee's job performance and also determine their contribution level in Hotel. One of the main issue for hotel industry is to maximize the performance and gain competitive advantage in market. Jurys Inn can increase their performance by focusing on improving staff productivity so that they can give their valuable output in accomplishing the goals and objective of hotel. Performance appraisal helps in increasing the accountability of an employee by reviewing their performance and determining the areas of strength and improvement so that organization can focus on developing employees. Through this process employee make more personal commitment to accept the challenges and focuses on improving their performance issues. As per the opinion ofOnal and Kumkale (2021), performance appraisal also helps in increasing the motivation level of employees by appreciating their contribution and recognizing them for their work. The great motivators which plays an important role during appraisal process are salary hike, rewards, promotion, employee development program and bonus. It also helps in increasing employee productivity by analysing key areas of employee performance. The review of performance helps in understanding the roles and responsibility of staff and also align with company objective. Through performance appraisal, company can identify the areas of training and development by analysing the strength and weakness of employees within workplace (Campion, Campion and Campion, 2019). During the appraisal process, staff can become more aware of performance and contribution level within organization. The manager of Jurys Inn can 7
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identify the discrepancies in current and desired level of employee performance. It helps in providing the clarity on goals to achieve by motivating staff to perform their best. What are the advantages of improved staff productivity for Jurys Inn? As per the viewpoint ofBayo-Moriones, Galdon-Sanchez and Martinez-de-Morentin (2020),there are various advantages which are gained by Jurys Inn while improving the staff productivity. Better customer serviceis one of the advantage which can be gained by Jurys Inn while improving staff productivity. When staff give their productive outcomes it generally leads to better customer service through interaction and public facing communication. If employees work well they focus on obtaining right activities and offer better experience to customers. The main motive of staff is to satisfy the need and wants of customer so that they become loyal towards the hotel. Thus, it is important for Jurys Inn to increase the productivity of employees so that they can contribute their best efforts in making customer satisfied. Revenuegenerationisalsoanadvantageofimprovingemployeeproductivity. Organisation generally invest in employees due to which they are treated as asset of hotel. Investing in staff generally leads to greater return as they give their productive outcome in attaining the business goals(Mulvaney, 2019).If employees of Jurys Inn are productive they give strong return on investment due to which hotel become more successful in market. Enhance employee engagement levelis another advantage which can be gained by Jurys Inn while enhancing the productivity of employees. When staff are productive, they willingly participate in business activities and give positive results. It is important to engage the employees so that they can improve customer relationship and increase the profitability of Hotel. If staff are not productive, they are unmotivated and disengaged while working which leads to undesirable impact on working environment and culture of Jurys Inn. It is the responsibility of manager to engage their staff in business activities so that they can share their valuable feedback and viewpoints in improving the performance of business. 8
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Overview of the chapter Research methodology is the process of collecting information from effective type of research method. This is a procedure and technique of collecting and evaluating information regarding research topic (Pandey and Pandey, 2021). Main purpose of methodology within a research is to facilitate investigator in data collection and evaluation. 3.2 Research philosophy There are two types of research philosophies that are positivism and interpretivisim. Both types of research philosophies are effective but within this research positivism is a chosen philosophy. There are various advantages of selecting positivism philosophy such as it helps in collecting and evaluating quantitative data, not require maximum time, helps in attainment if validoutcomesandmanyothers.Therefore,ascomparedtointerpretivisimphilosophy, positivism is time and cost effective. 3.3 Research approach There are two main types of research approaches that are inductive and deductive. Both approaches of the research are essential but for evaluating quantitative data about theimpact of performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplace, deductive approach is used by investigator (Turnbull, Chugh and Luck, 2021). There are certain advantages behind the selection of deductive approach such as helps in evaluating data in numbers, not needed maximum time, assist in getting valid outcomes and many others. Thus, as compare to the inductive approach, deductive is more valuable and useful in present investigation. 3.4 Research strategy There are various types of research strategies such as focus group, observation, survey etc. All these are main strategies but within this research survey is a chosen strategy as it helps in gathering numerical information from larger number of samples and in minimum time period. There are different advantages of survey such as it provides numerical information, not require maximum time, cost effective and many others. 9
3.5 Time horizon There are two approaches of the time horizon such as cross-sectional and longitudinal. Both approaches of the time horizon are effective but within this research cross-sectional is a chosen approach. Main reason behind the selection of this approach is it facilitate in completing full research within given time period (Tanwir, Moideen and Habib, 2021). Therefore, as compare to longitudinal approach, cross-sectional is useful and valuable for the research. 3.6 Research choice There are two method of the research that are qualitative and quantitative. Both methods of the research are essential but quantitative is a selected method within a current research. There are certain benefits regarding the selection of quantitative method such as provides numerical information, not require maximum amount of capital and many others. 3.7 Data collection There are two methods of data collection that are primary and secondary. Both methods of data collection are essential within a research. In order to gather primary data, questionnaire is used by researcher. For collecting secondary information, there are various sources such as books, articles, publication research and many others (Motjolopane, 2021). Therefore, within this research primary and secondary both are useful methods for the researcher. 3.8 Sampling There are two techniques of sampling that are probability and non-probability. In this research, probability is a chosen technique as it helps in selection of larger samples within less time period. By using probability sampling, 30 employees ofJurys Inn are selected randomly. There are various advantages of selecting probability sampling such as helps in selecting larger samples, not require maximum time etc. 3.9 Research ethics There are various principles of research ethics that are essential within current research for completing each activity of the research in ethical manner (VASUKI, 2021). These principles are informed consent, providing right to withdraw, minimising the risk of harm etc. 10
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CHAPTER 4: DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS Frequency distribution table Q.1. According to your analysis, doesJurys Inn implement practices of performance appraisal in their organisation? Frequency a) Yes20 b) No5 c) Can't say5 Q.2. As per your opinion what is the impact of performance appraisals in their business performance? Frequency a) Increased staff productivity6 b) Developing employee moral8 c) Minimising of employee turnover9 d) Increased awareness regarding self-evaluation7 Q.3. What are the major types of performance appraisals used byJurys Inn for encouraging their employees? Frequency a)Grading9 b) 360 Degree Feedback8 c) Management by Objective6 d) Project evaluation review7 Q.4. What is the impact of performance appraisal on staff productivity within workplace? Frequency a) Positive impact25 b) Negative impact5 c) Can't say0 Q.5. What is the advantage attained byJurys Inn by developing staffFrequency 11
productivity? a) Increased employee retention5 b) Increased organisational productivity6 c) Improved customer service7 d) Lowered operational costs6 e) Enhanced organisational growth opportunities6 Q.6. What are the challenges faced byJurys Inn during implementing performance appraisal practices? Frequency a) Clashing of personal and professional goals8 b) Time management7 c) Absence of integration9 d) Ignoring change management6 Q.7. What are the practices that can be used by Jurys Inn to mitigate challenges related with performance appraisals? Frequency a) Linking appraisals with job position9 b) Effective communication strategy8 c) Using of peer review6 d) Pre-emptive management7 Data interpretation Q.1. According to your analysis, doesJurys Inn implement practices of performance appraisal in their organisation? Frequency a) Yes20 b) No5 c) Can't say5 12
Interpretation:From the above graph this can be summarised that out of 30 respondents 20 have said thatJurys Inn implements practices related with performance appraisals in their organisation. Besidesthis 5 have said that according to them the company do not use such measures. Q.2. As per your opinion what is the impact of performance appraisals in their business performance? Frequency a) Increased staff productivity6 b) Developing employee moral8 c) Minimising of employee turnover9 d) Increased awareness regarding self-evaluation7 Interpretation:From the above graph this can be summarised that out of 30 respondents, 6 have said that with the help of performance appraisal staff productivity can be increased. Whereas 8 have said that these practices help in developing employee morale. On the other hand, 9 have said that this leads into minimising employee morale. At last 7 have said that with the help of performance appraisals employee may get to know about their self-evaluation. Q.3. What are the major types of performance appraisals used byJurys Inn for encouraging their employees? Frequency a)Grading9 b) 360 Degree Feedback8 c) Management by Objective6 d) Project evaluation review7 Interpretation:From the above graph this can be summarised that out of 30 respondents, 9 have said that grading is performance appraisal tool used by Jurry's Inn. Whereas 7 have said that project evaluation review is the tool of performance appraisal used within the organisation. Q.4. What is the impact of performance appraisal on staff productivity within workplace? Frequency a) Positive impact25 b) Negative impact5 13
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c) Can't say0 Interpretation:From the above graph this can be concluded that out of 30 respondents, 25 have said that performance appraisals is having positive impact over staff productivity. Whereas 5 have said that this is having negative impact. Q.5. What is the advantage attained byJurys Inn by developing staff productivity? Frequency a) Increased employee retention5 b) Increased organisational productivity6 c) Improved customer service7 d) Lowered operational costs6 e) Enhanced organisational growth opportunities6 Interpretation:From the above graphical demonstration this can be concluded that out of 30 respondents, 7 have said that the major advantage of performance appraisal is related with improved customer service whereas 6 have said that increased organisational productivity is the major advantage of performance appraisal. Q.6. What are the challenges faced byJurys Inn during implementing performance appraisal practices? Frequency a) Clashing of personal and professional goals8 b) Time management7 c) Absence of integration9 d) Ignoring change management6 Interpretation:From the mentioned graph this can be concluded that out of 30 respondents, 9 have said that absence of integration is the major issue faced by Jurry's Inn during implementing performance appraisal. Q.7. What are the practices that can be used by Jurys Inn to mitigate challenges related with performance appraisals? Frequency 14
a) Linking appraisals with job position9 b) Effective communication strategy8 c) Using of peer review6 d) Pre-emptive management7 Interpretation:From the graph this can be said that out of 30 respondents, 9 have said that linking appraisal is the major way in which issues related with performance appraisals can be mitigated. 15
CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION Theme1:TypeofperformanceappraisalstrategiesusedbyJurysInninimproving productivity of their employees As per the above information it is being determined that performance appraisal plays an important role in improving the productivity of employees within workplace. There are several performance appraisal strategies which can be used by hotel in order to enhance the productivity of staff such as management by objective, grading and 360-degree feedback. Through these strategy, company can increase the performance of staff and improve their efficiency while working. Management by objective sets strong criteria for employee evaluation and improve the performance of company. 360-degree feedback helps in increasing self-awareness and reduces employee and leader turnover(Gui, 2020). The grading system also helps in analysing the performance of employees and give grades according to their contribution in workplace. Theme 2:Impact of performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplace According to the above discussion it is being identified that performance appraisal creates a great impact in improving the staff productivity within workplace. Performance appraisal activity leads to greater fulfilment as if employee gives their productive result it helps in increasing the overall performance of organisation. It also helps in providing clarity on goals to achieve so that employees can achieve it in effective and efficient manner(Levy and et. al., 2015). Performance appraisal provide opportunity for employees and managers to identify and review the job description and expected performance outcomes of employees which are aligned well with organisational objective. It also helps in increasing the accountability of employee by providing insightsof theirstrengthand improvementrequired.Performanceappraisalincreasesthe motivation and morale level of employees so that they can contribute to their best ability and performance. Theme 3: Advantages of improved staff productivity for Jurys Inn As per the above discussion it is being analysed that there is various advantage which can be gained by Jurys Inn through improving the staff productivity. When employees give their productive output it helps in increasing the productivity and performance of business(Kim, Oh and Park, 2018). The improves staff productivity also helps in enhancing the profitability and growth of business due to which hotel can gain competitive advantage and sustain in market for long run. Through increasing the productivity of staff, Jurys Inn can also provide better services 16
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and experiences to customers due to which they become loyal and helps in increasing the profitability of hotel. The high level of productivity leads to better customer service and also enhance the image of brand. It also helps in improving the engagement level of employees due to which they feel involved and valuable while working in hotel. Organisation is responsible to increase the productivity of business as if employees feel disengaged and unmotivated they cannot give their productive performance which influence the profitability and growth of business(Lopes and et. al., 2015). The revenue of hotel also increases while improving the productivity of employees as they contribute better results due to which hotel can gain success in market. 17
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusion It is being concluded from the above information that performance appraisal plays a significant role in improving the productivity of employees so that they can work with dedication and accomplish their work in effective and efficient manner. Through performance appraisal, hotel can evaluate how well their employees are performing their duties and how staff can improve their performance in order to align with overall mission of organisation. Performance appraisal helps in evaluating the achievements and contribution of employees within company. It helps hotel to document the performance of staff so that they can determine the bonus or termination. Hotel conducts performance appraisal annually, quarterly and semi-annually which depends on the organisation. There are different types of performance appraisals strategy such as 360-degree feedback, grading and management by objective. Through these strategy, hotel can boost the morale and motivation level of employees and also enhances the productivity of employees. Performance appraisal also creates a huge impact on increasing the productivity of staff as they focus on providing training and development opportunity in order to enhance the productivity and performance of employees. Training and development program helps in improving the efficiency, skills and knowledge of staff due to which they can give productive outcome in achieving the business goals and objective. Performance appraisal helps in creating career growth and increasing the employee engagement. It is important for organisation to focus on involve their staff in performance review process so that they feel more engaged and stay with hotel for long term. Performance appraisal also clarifies the expectation and allows employees for conversation. During performance appraisal, the manager of hotel can clarify the expectation of staff and understand what their job responsibilities are and the wants of managers from employee. It helps in addressing the areas for improvement so that they can provide training benefit and improve the performance of workers within business. Recommendation ļ·From the above information it is being recommended that in order to maximize the productivity of employees, it is important to focus on improving workplace conditions so that employee can work with dedication and improves their productivity while working. 18
ļ·In order to increase the employee productivity, Jurys Inn must organise meeting so that they can discuss the issues and problems which is faced by employees while working on hotel. It is the responsibility of manager to solve the issues so that they can give productive outcome in achieving the goals and objective of business. ļ·Organisation must focus on providing better employee training in order to enhance the skills and knowledge of staff. It is important for hotel to focus on improving the productivity and performance of employees by providing better employee training. Through training and development, hotel can help in improving employee knowledge and also their work performance can be achieved in effective manner. ļ·Hotel must focus on providing employees with technology so that they can be aware of latest technology and perform their role effectively. It is the responsibility of manager to provide employees with tools they required so that they can succeed and enhance their productivity. REFLECTION I am happy for getting a chance to conduct research on effective topic i.e.āTo identify the impact of performance appraisal in improving staff productivity within a workplaceā: A study onJurys Inn. For achieving this aim, I used different types of research methods that are quantitative research, deductive approach, positivism philosophy, questionnaire and many others (Czechowicz and Buczkowska-Murawska, 2021). All these are useful in meeting the research aim and objectives in successful manner. 19
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REFERENCES Books and Journals Bayo-Moriones, A.,Galdon-Sanchez,J. E.andMartinez-de-Morentin,S.,2020. Business strategy, performance appraisal and organizational results.Personnel Review. Oddou, G. R. and Mendenhall, M. E., 2016. Expatriate performance appraisal: Problems and solutions. InReadings and cases in international human resource management(pp. 208-217). Routledge. Bayo-Moriones, A., Galdon-Sanchez, J. E. and Martinez-de-Morentin, S., 2020. Performance appraisal: dimensions and determinants.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,31(15), pp.1984-2015. Mulvaney,M.A.,2019.AnExaminationofTrainingDesignStrategiesinaPay-For- PerformanceAppraisalSystemOnlineWorkshop.InternationalJournalofPublic Administration,42(1), pp.1-13. Gui, X., 2020. Performance appraisal of business administration based on artificial intelligence and convolutional neural network.Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, (Preprint), pp.1-13. Levy, P. E and et. al., 2015. The role of due process in performance appraisal: A 20-year retrospective. Lopes, S. A and et. al., 2015. A new approach to talent management in law firms: Integrating performance appraisal and assessment center data.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. Kim, M. Y., Oh, H. G. and Park, S .M., 2018. How to encourage employeesā acceptance of performanceappraisalsystemsinKoreannonprofitorganizations?Anempirical exploration of the influence of performance monitoring systems and organizational culture.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,47(5), pp.1007-1030. Campion, E. D., Campion, M. C. and Campion, M. A., 2019. Best practices when using 360 feedback for performance appraisal. Onal, I. G. and Kumkale, G. T., 2021. Effectiveness of sourceāmonitoring training in reducing halo error and negativity bias in a performance appraisal setting.Applied Psychology. Uli,V.,2018.Aco-evolutionaryperspectiveonbusinessprocesses:Evidencefromthe performance appraisal of a service firm.Business Process Management Journal. Pandey, P. and Pandey, M.M., 2021. Research Methodology Tools and Techniques. Turnbull, D., Chugh, R. and Luck, J., 2021. Learning management systems: a review of the researchmethodologyliteratureinAustraliaandChina.InternationalJournalof Research & Method in Education,44(2), pp.164-178. Tanwir, F., Moideen, S. and Habib, R., 2021. Interviews in Healthcare: A Phenomenological ApproachAQualitativeResearchMethodology.JournalofPublicHealth International,4(2), pp.10-15. Motjolopane, I., 2021. Teaching Research Methodology: Student-centered Approach Computing Education Undergraduate Course.Emerging Science Journal,5(1), pp.34-43. VASUKI, A., 2021.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS. Lulu Publication. Czechowicz, B. and Buczkowska-Murawska, T., 2021. Research Methodology of the Sleeve- TargetSystemwithMissDistanceIndicatoroftheUnmannedAerialTarget Imitator.Journal of KONBiN,51(1), pp.125-147. 20
APPENDIX Questionnaire 21
Q.1. According to your analysis, doesJurys Inn implement practices of performance appraisal in their organisation? a) Yes b) No c) Can't say Q.2. As per your opinion what is the impact of performance appraisals in their business performance? a) Increased staff productivity b) Developing employee moral c) Minimising of employee turnover d) Increased awareness regarding self-evaluation Q.3. What are the major types of performance appraisals used byJurys Inn for encouraging their employees? a)Grading b) 360 Degree Feedback c) Management by Objective d) Project evaluation review Q.4. What is the impact of performance appraisal on staff productivity within workplace? a) Positive impact b) Negative impact c) Can't say Q.5. What is the advantage attained byJurys Inn by developing staff productivity? a) Increased employee retention b) Increased organisational productivity c) Improved customer service d) Lowered operational costs e) Enhanced organisational growth opportunities Q.6. What are the challenges faced byJurys Inn during implementing performance appraisal practices? a) Clashing of personal and professional goals b) Time management 22
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c) Absence of integration d) Ignoring change management Q.7. What are the practices that can be used by Jurys Inn to mitigate challenges related with performance appraisals? a) Linking appraisals with job position b) Effective communication strategy c) Using of peer review d) Pre-emptive management 23