Theories of Human Behavior and Crime Prevention

The assignment provided is a study on human behavior and its relation to crime prevention. It covers various theories such as classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and cognitive psychology, and how they can be applied to prevent crimes. The document also mentions the impact of media and social programs in presenting crime-related topics and their effect on societal behavior.

Psychology
of
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................1
P3 Identifying influences and factors contributing to criminal activity.................................1
M3 Theories of criminal behaviour........................................................................................2
D2 Analysing real world crime applying psychological theory with causal factor, influences
and contribution factors..........................................................................................................2
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................3
P4 Psychological perspective applied by individual in public services.................................3
P5 Psychological perspective applied to teams within public services..................................5
M4 Psychology practically applied by public services to reduce criminal behaviour...........6
D3 Psychological perspective applied to work range of public services...............................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFRENCES ..................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
Behavioural psychology can be defined as the link that both minds and behaviour has
while thinking on a personal subject. Scientifically, it is known as behaviourism. It has been
found that there are ample number of scientists and philosophers that are continuously
investigating the connection that both mind and behaviour has with each other (Choi and et. al.,
2017). Including this, there are many elements/techniques that are present in the market for
understanding the behavioural psychology and these are behaviour modelling, cognitive and
restricting so that proper examination could take place of a human behaviour. Criminal
behaviour is going to be key factor on which learner will keep its focus in present report. Along
with this, report will cover proper analysis of real time crimes which took place in the past
considering and through applying different range of theories. This will aid in pulling out casual
factor in specific time frame.
TASK 3
P3 Identifying influences and factors contributing to criminal activity
In order to get deeper knowledge related to criminal psychology, there are certain factors
that are present in the world which could be considered as main elements which specifically lead
a human to attend a criminal activity and these are given beneath:
Factors affecting Crime:
Social climate environment: If it is talked about this factor, it consist of different
indicators which directly influences criminal behaviour within a human nature (Lasselin and et.
al., 2016). At the initial stage an individual was basically got eliminated because of the fact that
the person was not following societal rules and the regulations as well and this was also done on
a regular basis as well.
This could be understood with a good example where financial issues are being
considered as the main factor. Survival in modern world is not an easy task and it requires a
particular amount of money so that an individual could eat and live the life depending on the
needs. A person who is not consist with a job/business cannot survive and this might raise a
craving to attempt a crime (chain snatching, bank robbery, attempt of murder and so on) so that
to fulfil needs.
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Unemployment: This is one of a crucial factor which basically connects a person to the
crime world because if an individual is unemployed, it is may be possible that he/she might
attempt a law-breaking activity in order to fulfil needs.
Education: If an individual is uneducated than because of the illiteracy, a person might
attempt criminal activities in constant to get money and these actions can be from practising thief
to murdering for a specific reason i.e. getting money.
Influences of criminal activity
Peer pressure: It is a group of same age, which basically influences an individual to
perform unethical acts (crime) so that he/she could directly harm the society (Luthans, Youssef,
and Avolio, 2015). There are many cases came in front where an individual came into influence
of a group and attempted a criminal act (murder, steal and so on).
M3 Theories of criminal behaviour
There are a range of criminal behaviour theories that are involved in today's environment
which can be used and these are:
Cognitive theory: This type of theory is specifically consist with an idea of cognitive
process which shows different things like an individual's behaviour and emotional thoughts.
Along with this, theory is specifically consist with different stages of cognitive that aid in
identifying crime and delinquency at pre conventional level (children's state of mind). Along
with this, it is being convectional level is mostly common in adolescents or among young youths
that are usually divergent from society's ethics.
Social learning theory: This is being considered as a theory for individuals that are
engaged in different criminal acts. Basically, theory has reinforced with learned that there are
certain favourable beliefs. Moreover, as per consequences of this theory, it aid in identification to
view crime that is desirable or at least justifiable in certain situations (Ma and et. al., 2016).
D2 Analysing real world crime applying psychological theory with causal factor, influences and
contribution factors
Societal criminal behaviour and along with its criminal traits basically gets affected by
one of the most influential media. This basically shows news and televisions at the same time.
Sexual assault in modern world is increasing on the regular basis. This can be considered as an
action which is being taken by an individual in which another person is getting forced for sexual
activity against his or her will. This action could take place at any position without considering
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age, gander, race or socio-economic background or any other thing. On the other hand, biological
theory of crime is also being applied where behaviour stays contrary to societal expectation when
it comes to examining the accurate thought in specific time frame (Moore and Gino, 2015).
Basically, this theory involves a process in which human basically gets connected with
fundamentals that are linked to instinctive behaviour. This could be understood with a good
example where, BBC News which was found by Owen Amos, has done an unethical act dated 5th
Oct. 2017, Harvey Weinstein who is an American film producer, was accused of sexual abuse.
Along with this, some rumours related to sexual abuse of Savile from many years have been
spread (Why so many sexual harassment cases in US, not UK?, 2019). All such cases have
shown that there are many crimes have happened or still happening within Hollywood industry.
Casual factors
The casual factor which is included in these process is substance misuse. People who are
involved in these crime are the target individuals who lack power community like people with
disabilities, women, teenagers, children, etc. The misuse substance used by these individuals are
drugs and alcohol. These are given to victims involved in sexual abuse for making unnecessary
sounds. According to the example given in the report, media representation and deviance are a
cause of concern and it should be taken care. Individuals of film and television industry are
fascinated by crime.
Contribution factor
The contribution factors have negative impacts on both abuse and sexual victimization.
These are considered as negative in society. These victims faces several problems in society.
These individuals are not looked in a good sense as they are against morals of the the society.
This causes various challenges of healing out processes and increasing feelings of victims about
their shame and isolation. Mass media is considered as a great contribution in modern culture as
by using television, magazines, social sites, etc. construction of criminal justice and criminality
will get solved (Wertz and et. al., 2018).
TASK 4
P4 Psychological perspective applied by individual in public services
In context to psychology perspective, certain assumptions are involved in human
behaviour which involves certain functions, behavioural things within an individual. The
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application of psychological perspective and theories in public services on an individual or
personal level are explained below:-
Styles of communication: In today's context communication has a big impact on individual so
that they can communicate with each other in effective manner. The various styles of
communication are as follows:
Aggressive communication: This style of communication is expressed in forceful and
hostile manner which consist of isolated message in it. Aggressive communication can end up
worsening social anxiety by making others view you more harshly. Aggressive communication is
part of criminal psychology.
Assertive style: In this process an individual increase their confidence level which help
them to communicate with each other and help in resorting game and manipulation. This
communication process is born with high self esteem within criminals but this is mostly not
utilised in criminal psychology.
Passive style: This is the style in which individuals develop the pattern to avoid
expressing their opinions, protecting rights and meeting their needs. Individuals in this style don't
respond to anger- inducing situations. This style is effective in criminal psychology as it helps
in dealing with over whelming lack of power.
Submissive style:this style refers to please people and avoids conflict. For submissive
person needs of other's are more important and other people have more rights to contribute more.
A submissive characterised person usually feel apologised on imposing people whenever you
asked to do something. It is one of the best way in criminal psychology to please each and every
one so that conflicts can be avoided.
Maslow's hierarchy theory: This theory was propounded by Abraham Maslow based on needs
of human beings. This theory is termed as the best motivational theory as this help in
motivating employees in an effective manner. The various needs in need hierarchy theory are
defined below:-
Physiological needs: These are basic needs for survival of human beings. This needs are
important for an individual as its helpful for survival. For example air, foods, drinks, clothing
and shelter etc. if an individual is satisfied with this substance they feel motivated and
performance their work effectively. In criminal psychology human beings become criminals to
fulfil their basic needs.
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Safety needs: Safety is very important factor for an individual. If a person feel safe and
secure in an environment than they will be highly motivated while performing their task and
active in an effective and efficient manner. The criminal psychology relates to safety needs for
criminals.
Love and belongingness needs: The other are safety and belongingness needs which are
responsible for happiness and satisfaction of an individual. These help in encouraging employees
to work efficiently. Further, employers can create friendly business environment which improves
interpersonal relationship. This controls the minds which may have criminal thought.
Esteem needs: Every person crave for recognition in the society. This is about reputation.
This create a sense of importance among individual. Hence, they feel motivated to to work hard.
This fulfils their needs which calms down any negativity in them.
Self- actualization needs: Under this type of factor, motivation can be considered as a
crucial need that an individual wants to seek so that good or personal growth can easily be
developed in order to gain competitive advantages at workstation or while living life.
P5 Psychological perspective applied to teams within public services
In this present time, psychological perspective includes some assumptions that aids to
determine perception of team in various ways like:
Team roles: Under this, company plays a necessary role in psychological perceptive
related to public services properly (Nelson and et. al., 2016).
Shaper: The Team aids a person to share itself on the basis of need. The team face some
challenges in context to maintain the positive attitude and develop effective ways to overcome
from them in a significant manner. Hence, it have better application to have the interpersonal
communication skills for motivating the team members.
Implementer: In a group, employees who play an implementer role actually doing things.
It have the better implication over thee team through having the better performance in to the
process and plans.
Coordinator: Team coordinator seems as the prepossessing in a team. In this, there is a
need to person to developed its skills as well as capabilities. It develops more implication in team
activities from delegating duties which may manipulate in order to directing teams for attaining
set objectives.
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Monitor evaluation: It have better implication on process of decision making as they
require to be prefer for determine information before analyse any conclusion (Norton and et. al.,
2017).
Psychodynamic groups: This is more effective as well as powerful forms of psychotherapy for
those people which have disorder in team. Some groups are mention below:
Educational groups: In this group, there is high level of the educated persons which use
their expertise as well as knowledge in developing the applications for developing team members
in an effective manner. In context to this, a person is sharing its experience to team so that team
members can give their perception in a proper way. In this manner, they can get ove5r from
issues and attain set targets with out face any kind of complexities.
Support group: It plays a necessary role in order to supporting the team members so that
they can perform their roles in significant way. It will help in attain set goals through team
members in a given time period. The groups of short term have particular number of session for
individual to support new group people for develop effective teams.
Hence, psychological perspective is applied in team members so from this they will be
motivate in order to carry out activities in systematic way without facing any difficulties.
M4 Psychology practically applied by public services to reduce criminal behaviour
Psychology is explained as scientific study of human mind and also its functions which
impacting on behaviour. It is a filed that work in the prison, police departments, government
agencies, rehabilitation, private agencies etc. These can be applied in the social environment so
that the criminal behaviour can be reduce in the emerging society context. Moreover, there is a
need to government to execute some legislations and norms in a proper manner so from this
criminal cases will be reduced slowly in an efficient manner. For an example they require to
identify the suspected criminal who have mental issues or done intentionally to abuse someone
(O'Brien and et. al., 2016). So, it is main duty of government to develop the strict regulations in
context to minimize the crime rate. On the other hand, they can develop plan and strategies with
creating better policies so that the criminal activities can be reduced and people in society can be
adopt it.
D3 Psychological perspective applied to work range of public services
Public service psychology execute the principles and psychological science for judicial
system and public safety. With better perspective of the human behaviour, the practitioners work
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with criminal justice system in order to solve problems that help sin community safe and secure.
The behaviourist psychological approach suggest two main process under which people can learn
from environment such as operant and classical conditioning. On the other hand, behaviourism
believes in observable behaviour and scientific methodology.
The crime is considered as current interest topic in society where media present by social
programmes regarding propaganda behind crime and message with an entertainment (Spanos,
2017).
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from above mention report that it is a study of human behaviour
consisting their thoughts, actions and emotions. It helps a person to overcome from negativity in
society so that the criminal activities can be minimize. The techniques has been applied which
included restricting, cognitive and operant conditioning. With proper adoption of these kinds of
techniques, perspective of team members and person change that help in attaining objectives
with in set time period.
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REFRENCES
Books & Journal
Choi, K.W. and et. al., 2017. Applying network analysis to psychological comorbidity and health
behavior: Depression, PTSD, and sexual risk in sexual minority men with trauma
histories. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 85(12). p.1158.
Lasselin, J. and et.al., 2016. Mood disturbance during experimental endotoxemia: predictors of
state anxiety as a psychological component of sickness behavior. Brain, behavior, and
immunity. 57. pp.30-37.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M. and Avolio, B. J., 2015. Psychological capital and beyond. Oxford
University Press, USA.
Ma, J. and et.al., 2016. A systematic review of the predictions of the Interpersonal–Psychological
Theory of Suicidal Behavior. Clinical psychology review. 46. pp.34-45.
Moore, C. and Gino, F., 2015. Approach, ability, aftermath: A psychological process framework
of unethical behavior at work. The Academy of Management Annals. 9(1). pp.235-289.
Nelson, S. K. And et.al.,2016. Do unto others or treat yourself? The effects of prosocial and self-
focused behavior on psychological flourishing. Emotion. 16(6). p.850.
Norton, T. A. and et.al., 2017. Bridging the gap between green behavioral intentions and
employee green behavior: The role of green psychological climate. Journal of
Organizational Behavior. 38(7). pp.996-1015.
O'Brien, K.S. And et.al., 2016. The relationship between weight stigma and eating behavior is
explained by weight bias internalization and psychological distress. Appetite. 102.
pp.70-76.
Spanos, N. P., 2017. Hypnotic behavior: A cognitive, social psychological perspective.
Hypnosis: Theory, Research and Application, p.183.
Wertz, J. and et.al., 2018. Genetics and crime: Integrating new genomic discoveries into
psychological research about antisocial behavior. Psychological science. 29(5). pp.791-
803.
Online
Why so many sexual harassment cases in US, not UK?. 2019. [Online] Available Through:<
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42070575 >.
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