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Running head: PYSCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS LIFE SPAN PYSCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS LIFE SPAN Name of the Student Name of the University Author Note
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1PYSCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS LIFE SPAN Introduction It is very important to develop human knowledge over the years, in the field of nursing. A proper understanding of psychology and its development is required in order to align theories with reality. The developmental psychology is an approach that is scientific in nature and explains change, growth and consistency throughout its span of life (Mortimer, 2019). It aims in understanding and determining how changes in attitudes, behaviour and feelings take place in a human life (McCall, 2017). The basic aim of the study is to understand development of psychology by the application of some developmental theories. The two developmental theorists selected for the study are Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. The paragraph below deals with the theorists and their theories. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud is an Austrian neurologist and is the founding father of the famous concept called as Psychoanalysis. His methods can help in the treatment of psychological conditions through mere conversation between patients and relatives. Freud is considered to be as an important public figure and influential thinker (Jones, 2019). He analysed that the human mind is composed of three different elements called as the id, ego and superego. He tried to understand the impact of unconscious minds on the attitudes and behaviours of human being. He developed the theories of psychoanalysis and psychodynamic, which is explained in the below paragraph. His theory states the method for treating mental illness and tries to understand and explain human behaviours in simple terms. His theory was stated as a theory of psyche, which is a therapy, and an optic for interpreting society and culture. Freud states that any event in the
2PYSCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS LIFE SPAN childhood directly influences the adulthood. Events in the childhood actually shape human personality and attitudes as an adult. Any people having a traumatic experience in the childhood are going to experience a certain degree of negativity in the adulthood (Freud, 2017). Personality in human being develops according to the different sages he goes through, which is also characterized by internal conflict of psychology. There are several strengths and weakness attached with Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis. His theory highlights in details about the three major personality systems, the collaboration of which will lead to personality development and better understanding of behaviour. His theory also considered the concept of the unconscious mind. His theory has also served as a baseline for thepreparationofmanyothertheories.Howeverhistheorieslackthebasicscientific justification. His theory has also been negatively regarded as misogynistic because of its presumption that are anti-feminist. Erik Erikson Erikson is a German developmental psychologist who is famous for his psychological theories on psychological development of human beings. He is greatly known because of introducingtheterm“identitycrisis”.AsperEriksonthereisaconflictbetweenthe psychological needs and the social needs of a human being. The theory that he developed consists of eight developmental stages that starts from the infancy and ends in adulthood (Knight, 2017). He was closely associated with various eminent universities like Harvard University, Yale and California University, in spite of not having a bachelor’s degree. Erik emphasized on the different stages of the psychological development. The different stages are as follows –
3PYSCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS LIFE SPAN 1.Basic trust Vs. Mistrust 2.Autonomy Vs. Shame 3.Initiative Vs. Guilt 4.Industry Vs. Inferiority 5.Identity Vs. Confusion 6.Intimacy Vs. Isolation 7.Generativity Vs. Stagnation 8.Integrity Vs. Despair The theory was based more on psychosocial developments rather than on psychosexual developments. Erikson’s theory highlights the impact of social experiences in the life span of a human being (Syed & Fish, 2018). He focused on how social interactions helped in creating better connectivity and in growth of human beings. The views that development is continuous in nature have received a great recognition. The basic strength is that it focuses more on socialising. The theory has been criticized because of its emphasis on the eight stages heavily and assuming that the completion of one stage is required to move ahead to the next stage. It focuses more on men and is vague as it cannot be tasted rigorously. This theory has its base from Freud’s theory. Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that human development is dependent upon a number of factors. The way a human will behave in the future is dependent upon the past experiences and the social experiences if the individual. The better the experiences in the past
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4PYSCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS LIFE SPAN and the stringer the social interaction, the better will be the psychological development of human being.
5PYSCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS LIFE SPAN References Freud,S.(2017).AGeneralIntroductiontoPsychoanalysis&DreamPsychology (Psychoanalysis for Beginners). e-artnow. Jones, E. (2019).The life and work of Sigmund Freud. Plunkett Lake Press. Knight, Z. G. (2017). A proposed model of psychodynamic psychotherapy linked to Erik Erikson'seightstagesofpsychosocialdevelopment.Clinicalpsychology& psychotherapy,24(5), 1047-1058. McCall, R. B. (2017). Qualitative transitions in behavioral development in the first two years of life. InPsychological development from infancy(pp. 183-224). Routledge. Mortimer, J. T. (2019).Work experience and psychological development through the life span. Routledge. Syed, M., & Fish, J. (2018). Revisiting Erik Erikson’s legacy on culture, race, and ethnicity. Identity,18(4), 274-283.