Understanding Insulin and Hypoglycemia

This assignment presents a case study of Mr. Micallef, who experienced hypoglycemia due to an excessive dosage of Lantus insulin. It analyzes his vital signs, symptoms, and the impact of Lantus on his blood glucose levels. The analysis delves into the role of insulin in regulating blood sugar and the consequences of hypoglycemia.

Analyses health information

Table of Contents
ASSESSMENT TASK No. 2...........................................................................................................4
1.) ................................................................................................................................................4
2.).................................................................................................................................................4
3.) ................................................................................................................................................4
4.).................................................................................................................................................4
5)..................................................................................................................................................4
6 ...................................................................................................................................................5
2.).................................................................................................................................................5
3.).................................................................................................................................................5
4.).................................................................................................................................................5
5.).................................................................................................................................................5
6.).................................................................................................................................................6
7.).................................................................................................................................................6
Assessment 3 Case study.............................................................................................................6
1....................................................................................................................................................6
3)..................................................................................................................................................7
4....................................................................................................................................................9
5.).................................................................................................................................................9
6.)...............................................................................................................................................10
7. ................................................................................................................................................10
10. ..............................................................................................................................................11
11. ..............................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

ASSESSMENT TASK No. 2
1.)
Describing the pathophysiology on the formation of an embolism.
The Pulmonary embolism is a blockage in the pulmonary artery, which supplies the blood
to the lungs. At the time formation of embolism chest pain stated and the stabbing pain which
become worse at the time of breathing.
2.)
Normal value of blood oxygen
The normal blood oxygen level for healthy lungs come under 80 to 100 millimeters of mercury.
3.)
Blood clotting is a very significant natural process in which platelets, blood cells, fibrin and
different component of blood clump together which stop bleeding after blood vessel. Further the
clot forms a protective seal over the place where got injury.
4.)
List of five roles would be performed as an enrolled nurse within the clinical setting in care of
Harvey is as follows:
 Review the health history
 Measuring and monitoring the physical and emotional status
 help in manakin the symptom throughout the treatment
 assist in understanding the disease, Harvey treatment plan and possible side effects
 Saltley track of, pathology, laboratory and imaging studies.

5)
Diagnostic test Harvey would need to confirm his diagnosis is as follows:
 Computed Tomography scans
 Ultrasound
 Lung ventilation perfusion scan
 Blood test
 Pulmonary Angiography

6
Anxiety disorder and cardiogenic shock are two differential diagnoses other than pulmonary
embolism.
Scenario 2
1)
The structure is that Eric Knott 76 years old women right neck of femur is fractured. His
right leg has external rotation and shortening. Further he was hypothermic, confused with pain in
his right leg, pale and drowsy.
2.)
The pathophysiology of fractured right neck pain is that the pain in hip or groin. Eric face
difficulty in movement immediately after a fall. Further he was unable to bear weight on the leg
on the side of injury.
3.)
Interrelationship between the system affected and other body systems that is unbearable
pain on the leg of the side of injury.
4.)
Internal factor that have potential impact on his condition
 It has high risk of complicating infection
 If patient not focus on rest and reversal of any training factor then it create problem in
recovering health.
5.)
List of medication, surgical intervention or treatment options which may used in the
management of Eric condition
Plain x ray hip: It help in determining the sit and extent of the fracture. Plain x ray hip need to be
taken in 3 days for monitoring the progress. At the first stage pain relief is important for this
purpose acetaminophen or an NSAID is given.
Further physical therapy is important to reinforce the physician instruction for rest.
6.)
To plan to recover neck fracture femur Knotts need to provide rehabilitation program
continues into recovery and maintenance stage. Further fitness and muscle strengthening exercise

are prescribed by diagnoses Along with this it is required to patient in modifying his training
program to allow healing.
7.)
Role of other health or complementary health professions which are involved in the careof Mr.
knotts
Assessment 3 Case study
1
a.) Factor that trigger endothelial inflammation
In the endothelial structure and function there are different of insults may damage. It
includes biochemical injury and immune mediated damage. In the case of Macorne the
endothelial inflammation is triggered due to the cardiovascular risk factor that is hypertension,
hypercholesterolemia, diabetes and smoking.
b.) High and low density lipoproteins contribute to atheroma formation
Low density lipoproteins has to undergo chemical modification that unlatches the tough
cellular and inflammatory reactions typical of the disorder.
C.) The role of macrophages
Macrophage is a highly active and mobile cell which function is at multiple level within
the innate immune system. Its role is that it secrete numerous mediators, including ROS,
leukitrienes, cytokined and prostaglandins.
2
The Neurovascular assessment show the 5p's that is pain, pallor, pulse and paraesthesia.
This five components are assembled and evaluated in following way
Pain: It shows the severity of pain
Pallor: Observing color of tissues distal of cast.
3)
Mr Macroni is transferred to the Radiology department for these for which forms and
documentation are required. The forms and documentation cover patient and family name, date
of birth and medical record number or full address.
 Clinical history
 Patients first name

 family name
 Date of birth
 medical record number
 Previous test report
 Name of doctor
The vital sign recorded at 6.30 is shown below in table

C.)
List of abnormality signs and them describing the abnormality
O2 flow rate - Tachy
Respiratory rate – Hypers
Temperature – hyper
D.)
The adds score for each vital sign that is recorded at 6.30 is shown below in table

4
Four factors that may be contribute to his fall is hypertension, due to short of breath and chest
pain, Sorrow of passed way wife and Type 11 diabetes.
5.)
Gas exchange:
Ventilation: Expiration and inspiration
External respiration: Gas exchange between air and blood then it transport oxygen to the body
tissues cells.
B.)
As per the case it has been identified that Mr Micallef' blood result which show he has low
oxygen and high carbon di oxide. This effects of pneumonia on the lungs which involve in
overproduction of mucus and other fluids which lead to create difficulty in breathing and
inhibiting gas exchange in the lungs.
6.)
A)
O2 and C02 is the two respiratory gases which can be detected in the blood
B)
Chemoreceptor is the receptor sites where these gases are detected
C.)
The location of respiratory centre is located in the medulla oblongata and pons. These form a
part of the brainstem.
D.)
Protein rich fluid is emptied by the small blood vessels into the alveoli. As the functional area for
oxygen- carbon dioxide exchange decreases, the person become deprived of oxygen thereby
retaining the carbon dioxide. This acts as a stimulus for increased respiratory rate so that more
oxygen can be inhaled and carbon dioxide can be breathed out.
7.
a)
Sputum culture test is done for the purpose of diagnosing a fungal or bacterial infection of the
respiratory tract.

b.)
The purpose of sensitivity testing is to identify the best antibiotic for treating a particular
infection.
8.
The type of medication prescription is determined by the type of disease causing bacteria or
fungi that has been found in a positive sputum result.
9.
a.)
Renin is released in the kidneys by the juxtaglomerular cells if the perfusion of the
juxtaglomerular apparatus decreases.
b.)
Renin targets angiotensinogen which is a precursor protein made in the liver.
c.)
A reaction is catalysed by renin which leads to conversion of angiotensinogen protein into
angiotensin I.
d.)
Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin- converting Enzyme (ACE).
ACE is normally located in the lung capillaries and is also found in kidney epithelial cells and
endothelial cells.
e.)
Ramipril is an ACE inhibitor. It blocks the action of angiotensin converting enzyme. Therefore
the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is blocked.
f.)
Angiotensin II increases the blood pressure as it stimulates the Gq protein.
Angiotensin II increases the blood volume.
10.
Insulin signals the liver, muscle and fat cells to absorb glucose from the blood. In this way, it
helps in controlling the blood glucose levels. Insulin targets the liver and glucose is removed
from the blood after its conversion into glycogen.
11.
a.)

Respiratory Rate: 28 bpm (shallow with pain on inspiration)
 Blood Pressure: 105/70mmHg
 Temperature: 38.9oC- Abnormal reading and indicates the presence of a fever that may
be caused by an infection.
 SaPO2: 91% (2L/min)
 Weight: 78 kilograms
 Height: 174 cms
 Pulse Rate: 105 bpm, weak and thread- abnormal as the reading is higher than the normal
pulse rate.
 BGL: 4.5 mmol/L
b.)
Mr Micallef suffered from hypoglycaemia and this was the factor behind the decreased level of
consciousness. Further, he was administered Lantus that would have led to further reduction in
the levels of blood glucose.
c.)
Lantus may have caused Mr Micallef to deteriorate. Lantus is the brand name of insulin glargine.
This is a long- acting insulin that is used for treating high blood sugar.

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