Leadership in Non-Profit Organizations

This assignment delves into the crucial role of leadership within non-profit organizations. It examines various leadership qualities, emphasizing the importance of ethical climate and organizational citizenship behavior for effective management. The provided text offers insights into relevant research and concepts related to these aspects.

OPERATIONAL
MANAGEMENT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
P1 Differentiating the roles of leader and characteristic of manager ....................................1
P2 Role of leader and manger in different situational context..............................................3
P3 Different theories and approaches of leadership ..............................................................4
P4:Key approaches of organisational management & role of leaders & managers...............6
P5: Importance of operational management...........................................................................7
P6: factors effecting the organisational management & decision making.............................8
Conclusion:......................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
Operational management is one of the important function of management that help in
coordinating various activity of firm through which firm can achieve its goals and objectives. It
has become important part of organisation as it help in proper management of resources and
allocation of resources (aur and Haase, 2015). It alsohelp in bringing efficiency in the firm and
producing quality product and services. In current report Mark and Spencer has been taken into
the consideration. Its one of the leading retail chain in UK. It is known for its luxury house
decorating and food product it also provides quality clothing. The firm is operating its business
in global market and have more than 400 stores in various country of nation. The report will
discuss the importance of operational management and will also provide them with proper
difference between the role and function of manger and leader. It also provides with different
leadership theories and key approaches of operational management.
P1 Differentiating the roles of leader and characteristic of manager
Mark and Spencer is one of the leading firm that is known for its quality product and
services. The firm has more than 900 stores in UK alone. The firm has adopted new changes in
their working and has implemented flat structure. This flat structure has helped them in making
the whole process easier it also helps higher authority in making better relationship with
employee at lower level. Manger and leader of Mark and Spencer are responsible for the
management of workers. They work as the link between higher authority and lower employees.
Manger: Manger are official authority in firm who act as business organiser and is responsible
for the coordination among the various function of firm. They are the person who is responsible
for the delegation of work among staff (Ghosh, 2015).
Leader: Leader in the firm is responsible for providing vision to people and directing them in
right direction so that they can achieve their goals and objectives. It provides guidance to
employee and direct their efforts in right direction.
The major difference between these two are mentioned below
Manager Leader
It follows organisational structure to provide
direction to the people. Its also responsible for
delegation of work.
Provide vision and direction to employee so
that they can complete their task.
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Work for the long term benefit of firm. It set
target in such a way that future objectives of
firm can be met.
It works for the short objectives and goals of
firm. It helps in maintaining coordination
between entity and staff so that overall
development of firm can be brought.
Use motivation, monitoring and assessing
techniques for the development of employee
and increasing their productivity.
Manger is responsible for ensuring that all the
resources are available for the employees so
that they can complete their work efficiently.
Function of management Planner : Manger is responsible for the designing a development plan for the future of
firm and come up with the best possible action that can help them in implementation of
that plan. Organiser: Manger organising and allocation of all the available resources that can help
them in achieving their objectives (Zhang, Shah and Papageorgiou, 2013). Leader: They are responsible for the directing and leading workers in organisation. Its
manger of mark and Spencer that delegate the work among subordinates.
 Controller: As controller manger is responsible to evaluate various activity of firm to
identify the area where it lacks. It helps them in controlling the damage before it start
affecting other function of firm.
Characteristic of manager
Its necessary of manger to have few characteristics that can help him in jcarrying out its
role in smooth manner
Communication: A manger act as a representative of the firm not only in front of employees but
also client. Its necessary of him to have great communication and listening skill so that he can be
effective in his working.
Planning: AS we have discussed above its necessary of the manager to have great planning and
organising skill.
Problem solving: Good manger not only identify the problem but also try their best to solve that
problem. He is accountable to report all type problem such as personal issue, upset customer etc.
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Role of leader
Illustration 1: Leadership role
(Source: Principle of management. 2014 )
Interpersonal role: It acts as a link between both employee and employer. It makes sure that
demand of both firm and staff are met while keeping the benefits of firm in mind. As figurehead
role, the leader represent organisation formally to the outsider. As liaison it interacts with peers
and outsider so that best result can be obtained, he is responsible to maintain the flow of work.
Informational role: it works as spoke person on the behalf of both that is employees and
employer. It makes sure that necessary information are passed to employee in right way.
Sometimes it also acts as the representative of firm (Goetsch and Davis, 2014). As monitor it
collects and receive the information. As a disseminator the leader transfer important information
to people in organisation.
Decisional role: Leader is responsible to take necessary decision for the benefit of its team.
They are responsible for the allocation of resources and people in the team. As an entrepenuer
leader make necessary changes within the team. As a disturbance handler it deal with all the
threat that are hindrance the growth of firm. As resource allocator it decides where the
organisation can expand its business. For. eg. If there is some conflict in the team than he the one
who is responsible to solve that so that it doesn't effect the efficient in the work.
Above are given some roles and responsibility of manger and leader in Mark and
Spencer.
P2 Role of leader and manger in different situational context.
Leader and manger are two important component of organisation who play leading role
in the management of people and bringing efficiency in the work. Many people use this word as
synonym but its wrong as both have their own role and responsibility in organisation.
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In current time the firm is going through poor performance which has started affecting
their services and product leading to customer dissatisfaction. From proper analyse it has come
forward that it was incompetency of employee that is responsible for the poor performance of
firm.
In such condition both leader and manger play different role so that they can help in
bringing efficiency in firm. The manager is responsible to analyse the need of employee and
provide them with proper training and development programmes so that their skills can be
improved. Manger will analyse the need of people and will design a training programme that can
be most beneficial for the employee (Scaria, 2016). For the people at front desk who came in the
contact of customer they can provide them lesson on proper etiquette and queue forming so that
they can handle the customer better. Its necessary of manager to handle this problem efficiently
without compromising the profit capability of entity.
In such case leader is responsible for motivating and boosting the confidence of
employee so that they can perform better. They are also responsible for the monitoring of
employee and analysing their performance so that they can point out the various point where
person is lacking. It will help the subordinated is increasing their performance. Leader can also
adopt path goal theory in the working that suggest that a leader should change their leadership
style according the need of situation. In such situation it will be better of leader to adopt
directive leadership style. In this leader give direction to its subordinate on how things are done
which can help them in enhancing their performance. Implementation of directive method can
also have adverse effect on the employee they can find the nature of leader to strict which is not
good for their confidence. Its necessary of leader to make sure that he remain authoritative
toward their employee but also provide them with some freedom so that they can breathe and
work properly.
P3 Different theories and approaches of leadership
An effective leader require many characteristics that help them in becoming good leader.
A good leader require connecting with other people efficiently and should work efficiently in
different situation. From time to time different leadership theory has come forward that has
described the role and characteristics of competent leader.
Situational leadership
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Definition: Situation leadership can be defined or refers as when the leader in organisation
change its style of leadership on the basis of situation, so that it can be fitted with the
development level of its subordinate that he is trying to direct.
According to this theory a leader should adapt changes in is leadership style so that it can
be task relevant and can help him in performing better. A leader should keep changing it
leadership according to the situation so that he can lead its subordinated in the best possible way.
A great leader adjust himself according the situation while maintaining the nature of present task
so that best result can be achieved (Shabanpour-Haghighi and Seifi, 2015). This theory has
provided with different type of leadership style that is telling, selling, participating and
delegating. It all provide with different way that a leader can act.
Telling: In this leader is responsible to make all the necessary decision. The employees are
simply directed and told what is requires of them
Selling: In this also leader is sole responsible for the decision in the firm, however befor ariving
at any decision the leader ask for the opinion of the employees. Employees are still get
supervised by leader but the leader adopt coaching manner to direct them.
Participating: In this leader show support to the employer. The leader do provide direction but
the decision lies with the employee. The leader provides the subordinate with feedback and
remarks so that their performance can be enhanced.
Delegating: In this leader are least involve with the employees and let them take all the
necessary decision. The employee themselves are responsible to choose a task and the direction
they will take to complete a project.
For e.g. the leader of Mark and Spencer can adopt telling type of leadership in his style of
working to provide direction to the new recruits wjo are still unaware about the working of the
firm.
System theory:
Definition: This model sees organisation as a system which is interlinked with each other and
used organisational development approach so that both leadership and business can be enhanced.
It focuses on the sustainable development of organisation. This theory suggests that good
leadership helps in the sustainable development of the organisation. It works on optimizing the
organisational entity which include all that is individual as well as the team. This approach help
firm in modifying their product and expansion of the business. This theory is based on the
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assumption that are related to mind are problematic in nature. This assumption help in making
this theory highly coherent and useful in complex situation.
Contingency theory:
Definition: A contingency theory suggest that there is no best way a leader can adopt to
organize a corporation or lead a company, its necessary of them to choose that action that is
contingent or dependent upon the situation present at the hand. This situtaion can be both
internal and external.
Its modern theory of leadership that suggest that contingent leader work according to the
situation present to them. It includes three major theory that is path goal theory, Situational
theory and Fiedler theory that all suggest that leader should work according to the situation
present to them and focus on developing better relationship with their subordinates that can help
them in enhancing the overall performance of firm (Wu and et.al., 2017).
For e.g. in current situation it will be best for the leader of M&S to adopt contingency
theory in their style of working. This will help them in choosing the best possible way through
which it can tackle this problem. It will also help them in maintaining better relationship with the
employees which will help them in understanding their problem and increasing their
performance. The only problem with this analysis is that it very time consuming and not easy to
implement. Every employee have its own style of working and its not easy to implement
different style of leadership for each worker.
P4:Key approaches of organisational management & role of leaders & managers.
The operation's management is a very crucial & important factor which is to be taken
into consideration for the smooth functionality of the company. An operational manager will
look after all the factors to make a better operational policy & to improve the productivity of the
Mark & Spencer’s. It involves practices like management of resources, work force, production,
sales & marketing. Apart from this it includes maintaining better relations with the customers &
the stakeholders (Zhang, Shah and Papageorgiou, 2013.). A manager or leader interpersonal
skills, management skills, logical thinking & technical skills are the factors which are required
by Mark & Spencer’s to function in a better way in market. It includes the following approaches:
 Six Sigma Approaches: It is an approach which says that functionality of an
organisation will be highly dependent on the efficient functionality of the employees &
the operations of the company. At Mark & Spencer’s, the better functioning of
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operational manager & its subordinates will see through success of this approach. This
approach will include following factors to help in increasing productivity of the
company:
Product Quality Management: Once the time duration is fixed & budget is been
sanctioned by the managers of the Mark & Spencer’s, the product or the service is been
developed & is furthermore analysed for the quality assessment & quality check, in order
to found any glitches or drawbacks which can hinder its performance (Mohammadi,
Soleymani. and Mozafari, 2014). The performance of the product & services are been
analysed in the real time conditions to check its feasibility & capacity. The managers or
leaders will take the best measures to motivate its employees to perform well & maintain
the product or service quality. Besides this, they will also look after that the product or
service quality is consistently good & as per the customer’s satisfaction.
Market Risk Management: This approach includes the practice of managing any sort of
risk that occurs whiles the production, manufacturing as well as the launching of a
product or the services. The managers or leader will look after all possible risks & will
find out all possible measures to tackle them.
 BPR Approach: In this approach, the managers or leaders will reengineer the
organisational process at Mark & Spencer’s to meet all the requirements & demands of
the customers. This will require an assessment process & will be planned with
involvement of the management.
 Lean Approach: this approach is been used in order to reduce the waste generation at an
organisation. The managers & leaders at Mark & Spencer’s will do this with their
employees by managing the overburdening & the un equal work load among the
employees (Sedaghati and Kavousi-Fard, 2014).
Objective of Marks & Spencer's are:
 Employee improvement: It requires a successful management in the firm to get the
work done with the employees in a very efficient way. This, will motivate the employees
to perform better.
 Organisational goals: to provide the service of superior quality to its customers all over
the world.
 Sales target: the key objective is to improve the sales per customer to gain a better profit
target.
P5: Importance of operational management
Operation Management can be defined as that area or part of an organization, which
focuses on the transformation of a range of inputs into a required output or result. This output
can be a product or service. Operations management can be stated as a set of various
management activities involved in organizing, planning, leading and controlling an
organization’s operations or functions. Earlier the operation's management was considered as
waste and dirty management activities but with the time this perception has been changed a more
and more managers realized that operation's management helped their organization in surviving
in the competitive market. The major importance of the operational management can be defined
as follows:
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Objective of importance of operational management: The operational management helps in
to determine the improvement of the productivity & increase customer satisfaction of the
organisation which is the main objective for a company. Operations management helps an
organisation to perform as per the customer's requirement & focuses on the improvement of the
services & product quality. The improvement in the efficiency & quality of the product &
services will improve the output of Mark & Spencer’s. the mark & Spencer’s will look after the
efficient utilization of the resources available with its improved policies & work practices. This
will improve the overall productivity of the Mark & Spencer’s which will allow the company to
meet the customers demand and its targeted goals.
Effect on organisation: Besides this, it will improve the image of Mark & Spencer’s on the
global as well as the customer level. The customer will build a positive image about the services
of the company & will show their loyalty towards the company (Wu and et.al., 2017). Once
satisfied with the products & services as the quality of product or service will be good, customer
will lead to the increase in the market share of the Mark & Spencer’s.
P6: factors effecting the organisational management & decision making
There are various internal & external factors which affect the organisational management
& decision making process of the Mark & Spencer’s. Some major factors are:
 Objectives: Mark & Spencer’s has to look after the significant objectives that are
needed to be decided by the company to meet its competitive goals. Besides this, the
objectives will give the company a detailed plan to follow to meet its customers need &
requirement. With the change in the market trend & customers demand, Mark &
Spencer’s can implement new objectives to work on a better business & operational
plan.
 Finance: The finance or the money plays an important role in the better functionality of
the company. The managers will look after all the financial status & policies of the
company & will sanction the budgets & will decide the expenses accordingly. The
managers or leaders will manage all the investments & will distribute it accordingly the
work or task assigned & the project or the objective decided. The budget or the finance
of an organisation like Mark & Spencer’s have a major impact on the decision making
process.
Finance has a crucial function in the overall functionality of the organisation as it will maintain
the details of operational cost and the balance of the expenses and income of the company.
 Human Resource: The human resource or the work force will decide all the operations
of an organisation as it is the employees or the work force who will carry out all the
operations at the company. At Mark & Spencer’s, managers will look after the efficiency
of the employees & decide their roles. The HR has a very crucial role as it will include
the employees of the organisation and will look after their demands and requirements to
ensure the better functioning of the company.
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 Marketing: The marketing strategy of the Mark & Spence’s too will play a significant
role in decision making as it will guide the managers to decide the policies & carry out
the functionalities, accordingly (Sedaghati and Kavousi-Fard, 2014.). The marketing
department of the organisation helps the company by promoting its products and
services and will make the customer aware about the new services and products.
Besides this, it will also be affected by the internal(like funds, employees, work environment) as
well as the external(political, social, environmental etc) that can affect the overall functionality
of the organisation.
Conclusion:
Thus, we can conclude that managers & leaders play an significant role at Mark &
Spencer’s. Also, we discussed various models & theories of leadership & their importance &
impact on the Mark & Spencer’s. Besides this, we discussed the key roles of leaders or managers
in an organisation. Also, we have discussed various factors in an organisation which affect
operational management & decision making process.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
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environmental protection activities on the environmental behaviour of pupils: study of a
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Ghosh, K., 2015. Benevolent leadership in not-for-profit organizations Welfare orientation
measures. ethical climate and organizational citizenship behaviour. Leadership &
Organization Development Journal. 36(5). pp.592-611.
Goetsch, D. L. and Davis, S. B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson.
Scaria, J., 2016. Application of Six Sigma methodology in reducing oil consumption in a
manufacturing process. International Journal of Business Excellence. 10(4). pp.476-
487.
Shabanpour-Haghighi, A. and Seifi, A. R., 2015. Multi-objective operation management of a
multi-carrier energy system. Energy. 88. pp.430-442.
Wu, Y. and et.al., 2017. An input-based triggering approach to leader-following problems.
Automatica. 75. pp.221-228.
Zhang, D., Shah, N. and Papageorgiou, L. G., 2013. Efficient energy consumption and operation
management in a smart building with microgrid. Energy Conversion and Management.
74. pp.209-222.
Mohammadi, S., Soleymani, S. and Mozafari, B., 2014. Scenario-based stochastic operation
management of microgrid including wind, photovoltaic, micro-turbine, fuel cell and energy
storage devices. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 54, pp.525-535.
Zhang, D., Shah, N. and Papageorgiou, L.G., 2013. Efficient energy consumption and operation
management in a smart building with microgrid. Energy Conversion and Management. 74,
pp.209-222.
Sedaghati, R. and Kavousi-Fard, A., 2014. A hybrid fuzzy-PEM stochastic framework to solve the optimal
operation management of distribution feeder reconfiguration considering wind turbines. Journal
of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems. 26(4), pp.1711-1721.
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aur and Haase, 2015.Ghosh, 2015Goetsch and Davis, 2014Scaria, 2016Shabanpour-Haghighi
and Seifi, 2015Wu and et.al., 2017Zhang, Shah and Papageorgiou, 2013.
Online
Principle of management. 2014 [Online]. Available Through
<http://open.lib.umn.edu/principlesmanagement/chapter/1-3-who-are-managers/>
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