How to Answer Case Study Questions -

Running head: SHORT ANSWER EXAM BASED ON CASE STUDY
SHORT ANSWER EXAM BASED ON CASE STUDY
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SHORT ANSWER EXAM BASED ON CASE STUDY1
Answer 1
Poppy presented clinical manifestation of distress in the respiratory tract that was
eventually diagnosed to be asthma. Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disorder of the
airways present in the lungs. It can be stated that the disease is caused due to a number of
factors that include both environmental and genetic factors. According to Russell and
Brightling (2017), the common signs and symptoms of asthma include coughing, intermittent
dyspnea and wheezing. It is characterized by a variable limitation in the inflow of air and
hyperresponsiveness of the airway that can be demonstrated as an overstated expanded
response of the airways due to various kinds of stimuli. Genetic predisposition or atopy to
establish the action of specific IgE antibodies against common allergen is one of the most
identifiable risk factors in this case. Gon and Hashimoto (2018) opined that the internal
abnormalities in the function of smooth muscle present in the respiratory tract, interaction of
epithelial and mesenchymal cells that appear to be restrained and injury or inflammation
leading to airway remodelling are some of the clinical manifestations of asthma. There are
different phenotypes of asthma that contribute to stating the fact that it is a syndrome
associated with a large number of underlying mechanisms. The physiological, inflammatory,
and structural aspects are found to contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. This can be
done by reviewing the elements that help in assessing the clinical signs and syndrome of the
disease and its treatment process. According to the study of Pathinayake et al. (2018), the
limitation of airflow in asthma is recurrent and is caused due to a number of changes in the
respiratory tract. These include bronchoconstriction, where the airways are narrowed down as
a result of which there is interference in the airflow. As seen in the case of Poppy, acute
exacerbation of asthma occurred that could be thought to be due to constriction of the
bronchial smooth muscle that obstructs the airways due to the presence of allergen or external
stimulus. With the persistence and progression of inflammation, other factors can be observed

SHORT ANSWER EXAM BASED ON CASE STUDY2
to limit the airflow, such as edema, mucus hypersecretion, inflammation and formation of
mucus plugs. Nie et al. (2019) opined that structural change such as hyperplasia or
hypertrophy could also be caused changes in the airflow that may not respond to normal
treatments. Airway hyperresponsiveness is one of the major features of asthma. It can be
defined as a contractile response to various challenges with methacholine and is associated
with the severity of asthma. The mechanism of this factor is several and include
inflammation, structural change, and dysfunctional neuroregulation. The airway remodelling
is stated to be an irreversible limitation of airflow among some of the patients (Izuhara et al.,
2017). This is stated to be an advanced loss of lung function, which cannot be treated with the
currently available treatment. This aspect is associated with activation of various structural
cell as a result; it involves a permanent change in the airway that obstruct the airflow and
increase the responsiveness of the airway thus, the patient loses its ability to respond to the
treatment in an appropriate manner.
Answer 2
Response to 1
According to Mariani, Hamzah and Solikin (2018), fowler’s position is one of the
standard positions for patients allowing them to sit in a semi-setting place, which is about 45
to 60 degrees and the knees are either in a bent or straight position. As per the case study,
Poppy was made to sit in a High Fowler’s position that indicates that she was made to sit on a
90 degrees position or upright. Maria and Hasaini (2019) opined that it is an interventional
strategy that is used for promoting the level of oxygen by allowing maximum expansion of
the chest and is usually implemented during the events of respiratory distress. The position is
found to help in relaxation of the tension in the abdominal muscle hence, facilitating an
improved breathing opportunity. In the case of patients who cannot move or infants, this