Implementing Change: Navigating Patterns, Principles, and Potholes

The provided content focuses on the relationship between organizational structure and culture, as well as various theories related to implementing change within organizations. It draws from multiple sources including books and journals, covering topics such as leadership, management, innovation, and learning. The content explores different patterns, principles, and potholes that can influence an organization's ability to adopt change. It highlights the importance of understanding organizational culture and structure in order to effectively implement change.

ORGANISATION AND BEHAVIOR

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture..................................1
1.2 How relationship between the organizational structure and role can impact on the
performance of business...............................................................................................................2
1.3 Factors which influence individual behavior at work............................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
2.1 The effectiveness of different leadership styles and consider how each style would impact
on the two organizations..............................................................................................................4
2.2 How organizational theory underpins the practice of management.......................................5
2.3 The different approaches to management used by different organizations...........................5
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Impact that different leadership styles are likely to have on the behavior of staff at City
College and Enterprise.................................................................................................................6
3.2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace................7
3.3 Usefulness of a motivation theory for managers...................................................................7
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
4.1 Explain the nature of groups and group behavior within the workforces of City College and
Enterprise.....................................................................................................................................8
4.2 Factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in
organizations................................................................................................................................9
4.3 Impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation..............................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
The concept of organization behavior is the study of the manner in which people make
interactions in their group. The main idea of the organizational behavior study is that a scientific
method can be applied to workers management. The theories of organizational behavior can be
applied to employee’s management. The particular theories are utilized for the purpose of human
resource management to increase the individual group members output. There are various
leadership styles or approaches followed by distinct company to encourage employees towards
the attainment of common goals. Here, the report is mainly dealing with several styles of
leadership and their potential influences on the human resource of City College and Enterprise
Rent-a-car. Also, the paper is highlighting varied factors of the teamwork as well as the technical
influence over the development of a perfect team in both the companies.
TASK 1
1.1 Compare and contrast different organizational structures and culture
The following types of structure are followed in business organizations:
Tall and flat structure – The tall structure leads to a long chain of command in the company. In
such structure, managers creates many ranks and all has a definite control area. Even though, the
tall structures have more levels of management than the flat structure, there is no perfect number,
which fills a line in between the two structure. The flat structure concentrates on empowering
staff members rather than adhering to command chain. By encouraging self-direction and
autonomy, the flat structure tries to tap into creative talents of employees and to sort out
collaboration issues.
Matrix structure – In this structure type, there are multiple lines of reporting followed by an
organization, where people generally have many formal boss (Akers, 2016).
Divisional and functional structure – In the functional structure, the reporting relation of
company are divided on the basis of functional area. Here, managers does not enjoy autonomy of
making decisions. On the contrary, the divisional structure is where the functions of a company
are categorized into divisions as per service or product lines or market. In this structure type, the
manager does not have decision making autonomy. The City College follows the functional
structure, where every position of the organization is grouped to its purpose. Different
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departments in the college are administered by their separate heads like administration, teacher
and human resource (Anderson and Anderson, 2010).
On the other side, the matrix structure is followed by the Enterprises Rent a Car. The
company by combining functional as well as divisional structure on the basis of different
scenario in different cities, performs its operations.
Besides above, culture is the nature, social behavior and idea of a person. The corporate
culture comprises evaluation of how staff members interact with other individual at the work.
The following are different culture types:
Task – In this culture, an organization creates a team to accomplish an activity.
Power – In such culture type, the company provides decision making authority to every
concerned party.
Person – In this culture, all staff members are allowed to get engaged in the business decision
processes and in developing strategies at the work.
Role – The organization by following this culture delegates a role or job to all members based on
their given periphery (Arends, 2014).
City College adopts role culture, in which employees are allotted a specific job and an
accountability of their own task. The particular role is assigned to every person according to their
ability of conducting the job. However, Enterprises Rent a Car follows the power culture where
they do not involves their employees to take decision regarding the organization matter. Under
this specific culture the employees perform their job in the guidance of the general manger and
branch manager of the business. Moreover, in this environment the individual can’t able to
enhance their skills and abilities because they have to follow the rules and regulation which is set
by the manager.
1.2 How relationship between the organizational structure and role can impact on the
performance of business
The organizational structure and culture are interdependent to each other. The
organizational structure defines the attitude, behavior, ethics and dispositions which create the
organizational culture. For example, if organizational structure is strictly hierarchical, with
power of decision making in the hands of top level than the culture will provide the lack of
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freedom to the worker at low levels. While, in case of decentralized organizational structure,
there is friendly environment followed in the business along with the more personalized,
responsible and independent culture (Armstrong and Taylor, 2014).
City College adopts functional structure as in every employees assigned a specific task in
particular department in which the individual are specialized in their own field and their
superiors manage all related activities. For instance, the teaching department of City College puts
emphasis on how to teach, which teacher is specialize in which subject? In this way, the college
evaluate its all unit’s performance and operations separately. Whereas, Enterprise follows the
matrix structure, where management follows both autocratic and democratic leadership
according to the situations. Through democratic style, employees are provided with freedom to
work by using their own methods that make them feel motivated and comfortable. While,
autocratic style facilitates a fixed method of developing strategies needed for the growth of
organization (Arveson, 2014).
1.3 Factors which influence individual behavior at work
There are types of internal and external factor that affects the employee’s behavior at their
workplace. Such as:
 Abilities: It is a personality of individual which acquires from the environment around as
well as qualities of a person that is gifted by birth. These qualities are broadly classified
as-
 Intellectual abilities- It personifies the individual memory as well as verbal
comprehension, intelligence, verbal and analytical abilities which influences
his/her behavior at the work (BENINCASA, 2012).
 Physical abilities- It includes body coordination as well as motor skills, physical
strength and stamina or power of people which aids them to perform every task
that given by their boss.
 Self-awareness abilities- It involves how employees feel about their task, while a
leader view the abilities of individuals and then decides what type of task to be
allotted them.
 Attitudes: Different type of people works in organization by having different attitude.
Moreover, the manger creates positive work environment for employees that tempted the
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individual to form a positive attitude towards their work. Therefore, if individual have
favorable attitudes, they can perform better and contribute more (Cherry, 2015).
 Race and culture: It is very essential which influence the behavior of person at their
workplace. Moreover, there is very important for management and their staff to learn
about types of culture, their value, communication protocols and common artifacts that
create comfortable corporate culture and enhance the behavior of employees (Factors
Influencing Human Behaviour, 2016).
In the City College, the focus of management is more on employee’s satisfaction with the job
and simultaneously they are provided with best training sessions to enhance their efficiency and
organization performance. On the other side, the main objective of Enterprise is its employee’s
growth and development. Hence, the manager of the company follows autocratic and democratic
leadership pattern as per the situation in hand (Cole, 2004).
TASK 2
2.1 The effectiveness of different leadership styles and consider how each style would impact on
the two organizations
It has been analyzed from the case that democratic which is also known as participative
pattern of leadership is followed in City College. Though the whole functioning of City College
is divided into different functional department such as Teaching, Human Resource, and
Administration. But, the owner of City College, Mr. Wakefield encourage employees to share
their views and come up with effective solutions which are properly discussed in the meeting, the
results are analyzed, and is executed in the business. With the help of this leadership style, the
ideas and values can be easily shared in the company and results in high motivation of
employees of City College (Germano, 2010).
However, CEO of Enterprise rent-a-car Andy Taylor promote autocratic style of
leadership in their organization which involves managing the activities of company using the
power of supervision. General Managers make all the decisions in respective areas without
involving anybody in their decisions. Branch Managers are only allowed to provide best
customer services without using their own unique skills and knowledge and bound to follow the
guidelines provided by their supervisors. Moreover, while using guidelines employees are
strictly supervised and likely to follow the rules and regulations. In this case, less creativity is
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shown in the company and this style is effective in an organization with highly skilled labor and
in large organizations where risk taking is avoided (Golson, 2016).
2.2 How organizational theory underpins the practice of management
The management of an organization includes planning, organizing, directing, controlling,
staffing, and leading. These all are functions through which efforts of employees are coordinated
to achieve the organizational objectives by utilizing all the available resources in an optimum
manner. Further, the managers have authority to direct business activities to all employees and
expect positive response to obtain the desired target. This authority is produced from all the
rights and responsibilities delegated to managers by company (Griffin, 2016). Moreover, the
following organizational theory affect the practice of management:
 Neoclassical theory – This is a type of organizational theory which provide an information
type of structure in an organization. This is employed by company in order to provide high
value to human relations for achieving desired objectives and goals (Hines and Bruce, 2007).
 Classical theory – It is a traditional theory of management where more emphasis is given on
organization rather than on employees and their relations. Some of the factors that have high
significance includes waste elimination, logic, rationality, best practice standardization,
analysis, and synthesis. The best manner to perform the things are through following
principles of Taylorism which refers that employees should be provided with independence to
use their high skills and abilities to work according to the existing situation (Hall and Hord,
2006).
 Weber’s bureaucratic theory – As per this theory, organization is an important part in society
that follow the standard of specialization, stability, going concern, democracy, and rationality.
While following the chain of command, this theory also provide high professionalism and
authority to their employees.
Therefore, it can be said that City College employs Weber’s bureaucratic theory, as all teachers
in the college are given with appropriate level of authority to use their own best teaching
methods. It is mainly because these teachers are professionals and experienced in their respective
fields and better knows the requirements of their subjects. However, a neo-classical theory is
adopted by Enterprise rent-a-car, where guidelines and informations related to work is set and
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provided by supervisor that have to be followed by employees to achieve desire objectives of
business.
2.3 The different approaches to management used by different organizations
As per the analysis of present case, City College follows Theory Y of McGregor that
defines that employees are allowed to use theory own unique style of working while providing
their services in an organization. Though every departments have different functions but they
work together and share their views in a company to achieve organizational objectives. Also, the
employees are delegated individual task so that the departmental objectives are achieved while
obtaining organizational goals. This creates a healthy environment of work and provides high
level of motivation among staff to work effectively (Kincheloe, 2002).
However, Theory X of McGregor is followed by Enterprise Rent-A-Car. The major
emphasis is given on obtaining high productive results without promoting creativity and new
ideas of employees. Hence, the CEO implements ESQI to measure the customer satisfaction and
leaders directs and supervises the whole functioning of company. Also, the guidelines and
working directions are provided to employees to work under their supervision by following
much prescribed guidelines (Mintzberg, 2009). Moreover, the rewards and recognition are
provided to employees for their dedication and support in Enterprise to achieve the goals and
objectives of company. It can also be seen that company follows Maslow’s need hierarchy theory
to fulfil all the requirements of employees. Company recognizes their employees through
Enterprise Newsletter and through getting membership in Elite Club once they achieve high level
of customer satisfaction (Mullins, 2007).
Therefore, it can be analyzed that in order to give best customer services through following
set standards and expertise, management style of Enterprise rent-a-car is effective. While, in case
of providing services by employing high advanced technologies and by adopting new ideas,
management approach by City College is justifiable (Vera and Crossan, 2004).
TASK 3
3.1 Impact that different leadership styles are likely to have on the behavior of staff at City
College and Enterprise
The management of City College and Enterprise adopts different pattern of leadership which
affects the performance of employees at every level in hierarchy. Such leadership styles are:
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 Democratic leadership style: This particular leadership style is the best option for the City
College and Enterprises. In such leadership style, the companies can allow their employees to
take part in the decision making process. Moreover, it helps the employee to advance their
skills and abilities. This leadership pattern inspire employees to work hard and give their best
to acquire the organizational and personal goals. The democratic leadership is more suitable
where the employees are working in the team, and the quality is more essential than speed of
productivity (RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND
CULTURE, 2015). Corporate culture: There is an important effect of corporate culture in the leadership pattern.
In such approach the employees perform according to their leaders. Additionally, the
employees works in well-manner to create impression on their boss. Laissez-faire leadership: This particular approach involves the leader who give all power and
authority to their workers, also allow them to take decision and solve the problems on their
own. Beside this, the particular leadership aids the individual to improve team work abilities
and enhance duty and loyalty (Surbhi, 2016).
3.2 Compare the application of different motivational theories within the workplace
Motivation is essential in the business from which manger can easily influenced the
behavior of individual. Along with this, through the power of motivation employer try to fulfill
the needs of employees and inspire them to perform for the achievement of organizational goal.
Therefore, the mangers adopts various motivational theories to create competitive and better
workplace. Here, the comparison of Hertzberg motivational theory and expectancy theory is
given to understand the different actions and attitude of employees in the City College and
Enterprise (Yukl, 2002).
City College applies Hertzberg motivational theory, there are generally two factors which
determine the motivational level of workforce of College. In addition to this, the first factor is
hygiene which do not lead to positive motivation. Also, if there is a lack of hygiene in the
business it would lead to workforce demotivation (Tacconelli and Wrigley, 2009). Hence, the
City College creates good environment which gives motivation to their employees to perform
best to achieve desired goal. On the contrary, Enterprise adopts expectancy theory based on three
important components: valence, expectancy and instrumentality. The company is grounded on
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the fact that the work performance of employees is based on their behavior, which is analyzed by
manager to lead them positively for attaining the desired goals (Allio, 2013).
3.3 Usefulness of a motivation theory for managers
The City College and Enterprise managerial head must persuade their employees and
encourage them towards the organizational goal attainment. All practices and efforts should be
directed by company to sustain its competitive position and achieve market goodwill. Every
person discover distinct motivational aspects to remain motivated, so the manager should be able
to evaluate and settle on such things, which inspire all at the workplace. Moreover, it is essential
for the manager to comprehend the basic behavioral patterns and tendency of people to motivate
them effectively (Aryee, Budhwar and Chen, 2002). In spire to reinforcing negativity like
criticizing on poor performance, positive or friendly environment should be developed by
manager of the companies. A definite procedure is not available to motivate individuals, still
both the organizations managers should evaluate critically the behavior of human and based on
which develop process to target the decided goals. It throws for the manager a challenge to
inspire effectively both corporate and individual performance to reach the common goals (Roca
and Gagné, 2008). In this context, managers can employ following tools to inspire its workforce:
 Praise and performance recognition;
 Reliance and respect;
 Loyalty programs;
 By reducing organizational hindrances that affect the employee’s performance;
 Good skills of communication;
 High responsibilities and expectations;
 Job enhancement;
 Offering financial incentives including bonuses and increments.
In addition to above, both the organizations must follow a formal system of appraisal with
the blend of 360 degree appraisal and self-assessment tools. It will allow managers to provide
best motivation to employees at work (Bush, 2007).
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TASK 4
4.1 Explain the nature of groups and group behavior within the workforces of City College and
Enterprise
Group is the cluster of different human being that communicate with each other for the
achievement of common objectives. Both Enterprise and City College attempt to enhance the
group performance, as working individually towards the attainment of common goals is very
difficult process. The employee’s performance is affected by group nature present at the
workplace, which also influences the company’s relations with its external stakeholders
(Chenhall, 2003). There are two types of groups formed in both the organizations, such as:
Informal – It is considered as social group developed by the employees out of their friendliness
and natural behavior at the work. Generally, employees belonging to same profile forms the
particular group to achieve the decided goals.
Formal – This group is formed by the corporation to stimulate coordination, interaction and
communication between organization employees. It allows an easy flow of necessary
information at the work to perform different activities (Gagné and Deci, 2005).
Moreover, the group behavior can be evaluated through the following aspects:
 Flow of information in the group;
 Oath level towards the group;
 Members freedom to speech and involve in decisions;
 Loyalty among the engaged parties.
4.2 Factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organizations
First of all the effective teamwork in the organizations can be improved through group
cohesiveness. High level of cohesiveness among members lead to excellent working conditions
and encourage respect and trust among staff members (Martins and Terblanche, 2003). Secondly,
the proper communication among the members allows them to remain informed and improve
their work efficiency. Moreover, the companies should prepare its manpower in a way that they
follow the same behavior or nature for the purpose of the attainment of common goals
successfully. At last, the team size must be balanced according to the given tasks to maintain the
effectiveness and efficiency among all the members (Gold and Arvind Malhotra, 2001).
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On the other hand, there are some aspects due to which the team effectiveness and
productivity can be threatened. First is an ineffective leadership that may influence the overall
task. A very significant role is played by leaders in the organizational goals accomplishment by
taking right decision to facilitate necessary resources to employees, so they can use their skills in
an appropriate manner and contribute well. Next is synergy that means right candidate selection
for the development of team, as incapable person affect the overall performance of group. At
last, there is a great significance of group norms, which should be developed by keeping in mind
every aspect and not only individuals concerns (Gould, 2009).
4.3 Impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation
There can be both positive as well as negative impact of technology on the functioning of a
group in an organisation. Sometimes it may improvise or may hinder the productivity of a
company. In this highly technological world, both Enterprise and City College should upgrade
their technological base and groom their skills, practice and know-how to enhance their
productivity in the long run. There are many elements which can be used in this regards such as
3G data services, personal computing, e-mail services etc (Gronn, 2002).
E-mails are an effective medium that can be used to communicate with different team
members without their physical presence at the workplace. City College can use this technique to
upgrade their working environment and can also be used to share their ideas and views with their
departments as they follow democratic approach and instant connection with people at different
location. Team functioning can be effective with the use of smartphones through sending and
connecting using messaging, file sharing, documents transferring, etc. though the team members
are unavailable at the place of work (Jung, Chow and Wu, 2003). With the advancement people
prefer to use 3G data services for their high speed. Lastly, personal computing helps employees
to work effectively by taking the use of laptops, tabs, computers etc. These devices are easy to
carry and can be assessed anywhere at any time. City College and Enterprise uses these
technological advancements for effective working and accessing their task in a group (Lok and
Crawford, 2004).
CONCLUSION
The above report concludes that organisational behaviour is a complex discipline that is
very significant in effective business management in present global atmosphere. Leadership
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styles, motivational theories and factors influencing behaviour of individuals should be studies
carefully as well as applied to determine an equilibrium, which fits well to a corporation. Also,
groups, technology and teamwork plays a significant role in this context. It is the management
role to develop a work structure and culture, which facilitates the manpower to contribute their
best in the success of organisation, while allowing them to attain personal satisfaction and
growth at the same time.
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