Tourism and Development Studies

This assignment is a comprehensive collection of tourism and development studies. It includes various articles, chapters, and research papers on topics such as sustainable tourism, environmental ethics, cultural heritage management, and local economic development. The assignment also covers the implications of heat electrification, wind and PV time series analysis, and sectoral targeting in South Africa. With a focus on balancing global water availability and use, regional industrial development, and socioeconomic drivers of forest loss and fragmentation, this assignment provides valuable insights for students and professionals in the field of tourism studies.

SUSTAINABLE
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Stakeholders can benefit from planning of tourism development........................................1
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning partnerships on
current example...........................................................................................................................2
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Features of tourism development planning at various levels................................................3
2.2 Significance of interactive planning systems and processes in tourist developments..........4
2.3 Different methods to measure tourist impact........................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................5
3.1Concept sustainability in tourism development.....................................................................5
3.2 Factors that prevent /hinder sustainable tourism development.............................................6
3.3 Different stages in planning for sustainability......................................................................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................7
4.1Methods of resolving conflicts to ensure future well-being of developing tourism
destination...................................................................................................................................7
4.2Implications of balancing supply and demand.......................................................................8
4.3Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism:.........................................................................9
TASK 5............................................................................................................................................9
5.1 Current issues associated with tourism in developing and emerging nation where the
impacts of tourism are different................................................................................................10
5.2Future development of tourism in these destinations with recommendations.....................10
CONCLUSION:.............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Sustainable tourism development implies to all types of tourism destinations along with
small and large tourism segments. Economic, socio-culture and economic factors refer to ethics
of sustainable tourism development which makes an equal balance for its long-term
sustainability (Lee, Hsieh, 2016). Sustainable tourism admires socio-culture genuineness of host
communities. It makes ideal use of environment resources which is a main factor of tourism
development. It conserves biodiversity and natural heritage. Simultaneously increases income-
earning and employment opportunities. It contributes to poverty improvement and provides
social services to societies which results in promotion of tourism development among all of
them. Elements that hinder and prevent sustainable tourism will be evaluated.
TASK 1
1.1 Stakeholders can benefit from planning of tourism development
During decision making process stakeholders take necessary consideration throughout
planning process and scrutinize their advantages and disadvantages. Stakeholders not only invest
capital in long term oriented or medium infrastructure but also in cultural and natural
environment. There are some contrary effects of tourism activity which has invited many
stakeholders for their participation (Giaoutzi, 2017). In Queensland and Australia, it was found
that groups of multi stakeholders contribute in tourist destination processes and fix their goals
and challenges. As far as tourism destination is concerned for local residents in Australia and
Queensland, native communities are always ignored and excluded from the process of planning.
Researchers also found that as compared to resident community stakeholders have more power
which directly affects the involvement of local communities’ engagement in tourism practices.
In this process, then managers and destinations planners’ needs, benefits and their engagement
are indirectly neglected. They are advocating an important role in all the phases of development
practices, from policy making process to implementation of the project. It is strongly believed
that the tourism will attain its sustainability only if they will show their engagement in
development of tourism. While going through a stake holder's theory, its current value is firstly
analyzed and according to that many organizational theories are framed out to make a progress
in the practice of which has brought stakeholders. Report suggests that Wales is has currently
went through many reconstruction processes which has resulted in synchronization between
residents and stakeholders. National Assembly of Wales has declared policy to develop
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partnership among organizations. Various stakeholders were interviewed on the basis of strategy
documents and policy. It is estimated that stakeholders who contribute in planning processes are
affected by sightseeing project. Their role is substantial on political, functional and technological
basis.
1.2 Advantages and disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning partnerships on
current example.
UK obtained competitive assistances are the advantages of public/private sector tourism
planning practices (Hatipoglu, Alvarez, and Ertuna, 2016). Important base of public/private sector
tourism planning practices of Olympics benefits all stakeholders which are fixed with their goals
and wealth. The advantages are as follows:
1. Reduction in cost: Some great construction development plans such as Olympics that can get
advantage in maintenance and functional services and is highly benefitted in terms of cost
reduction.
2. Risk sharing: Various issues which do not obey ecological rules are generated which results in
failure of projected level of services. Here risk is reduced and shared.
3. Development in services: Level of services are more developed and innovated in
public/private sector tourism planning.
4. Economic advantages: This planning promotes employment which effects economical
structure of UK in a positive way. It includes maintaining new talents, development of sport
services and facilities, reprocessing of new residential areas and better transportation services in
East London and various other regions of UK.
Disadvantages of public/private sector tourism planning are as follows:
1. Government has lost its control over prices and different decision-making processes and
services have failed if the example of Olympics is taken.
2. Huge amount of cost is required in the planning process and also if the plans are executed in a
proper manner as tax policies are applies by the government.
3. Political risks and labor issues are involved in UK’s joint agreements (Timothy, 2017). The
laws made for tourism planning are not reliable and are relatively and develops unfavourable
responses in the unions and government servants.
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4. This planning might not meet the expectations regarding finances and labour issues and in
different other sectors where administration of Olympics which are unable to fulfil its demand
and commitments that lowers down the reputation of the nation.
TASK 2
2.1 Features of tourism development planning at various levels.
Tourist planning is diversified at different stages from universal level which can be
related to UK constituency to the local level that may be applied to complete planning. This
planning and development of tourism has been merged at every level for its consideration and
repetition of procedures and attempts. Every level involves varied features as discussed below:
International Level: it involves additional rather than any single country and many other regions
which promotes mutual tourism practices, provide worldwide transport services, local tourism
strategies, associated nations collaboration, principles and related businesses (Sharpley and
Telfer, 2015).
National Level: It includes the activities running inside the nation such as transportation systems,
sightseeing guidelines, composition development, services running nationwide and its principles,
sightseeing promotion. In Philippines Tourism department is introducing various methods and
activities to support tourism sector. It is implementing different strategies at national level. The
authority has decided to work with all organizations related to tourism planning at national level
by providing funds and modifying international activities.
Regional Level: These bodies are more transparent and clear in their goals as they relate directly
to local communities in the tourism activities. All the municipalities of Philippines, its provinces
and autonomous regions are mainly considered by local government of Philippines. This results
in prompt sharing of feedbacks of the local people with the regional level.
Sub-Regional Level: These bodies help in generating link between national and regional level.
They play major role in protecting the destinations. They work very hard at the ground level, so
their local sentiments can be easily understood. If any conflict occurs between the local
community and Government then these bodies help them in resolving the conflicts by organizing
special meeting and explain upcoming benefits to them. They take the responsibility of the
activities very confidently.
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2.2 Significance of interactive planning systems and processes in tourist developments.
Local community is facing many problems due to tourism planning and practices. Socio-
cultural depreciation, overcrowding destination, traffic congestion, mega events and
superstructure are some of the common examples. The approaches made by these straight
mechanisms are unclear and hence become the reason of conflicts for the participants
(Cornelissen,2017). On the contrary interactive planning brings a feeling of cooperation and
collaboration among participants through which goals can be achieved efficiently. According to
the case study of Philippines, its government focuses more on boosting up infrastructure
development and revenue generating bases. Rise in the social cost and damage caused to the
environment can be detected as the development level of the tourism sector rises up in
Philippines. The positive side of interactive planning suggests that Government has taken a
better decision by including people living in coastal areas or where the process of substructure is
running (Rogerson, 2018). There is an active participation of stakeholders in the planning which
can prevent communities of Philippines from the negative effect. This planning would become
more sustainable after identifying environmental deficiency which will attract more and more
tourist globally. Local communities and common public shall never be ignored as neglecting
them can bring conflicts and hinder the development work in the country very badly. On the
other hand, views and opinions of all the stakeholders and local communities make the
environment more complex (Rodríguez, Williams, and Hall, 2014). It is very tough for any
organization to consider specific feedback or do the evaluation of all opinions. Consideration of
all feedbacks is a bit tough job for them. Interactive planning reduces the load of over budgeting,
lowered the bad impact on local communities and risen up the destination potential by attracting
more tourists. Involvement of local communities lead to better decisions though public and
private investors require more attention.
2.3 Different methods to measure tourist impact.
The effectiveness of the impact on tourism can be identified in different ways. The main
goal of tourism planning is to develop a conventional activity for the growth of tourism segment
in the country. The methods are described below:
1. Economic Measures: Prosperity and economic growth of the country such as in Philippines
can be managed by considering the associated tourism features (Liu, Feng, Zhao, Zhang, and Su,
2016). Special method known as Scarborough Tourism Economic Activity Monitor (STEAM)
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provides the actual information of the tourists by focusing on the details of visitors, occupancy
rates, attendance of events etc. Results can also be tracked by investing in the infrastructural
area. Through STEAM model they can share the statistics and approach the citizens of
Philippines and privilege employment if the local people cooperate the Government. Some
complexities arise while doing the process like the calculation of the statistics may go wrong.
2. Environmental Measures: For the development of environment regarding tourism the cost
needed is really high and so the evaluated has to be done by Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA). Through this method relative information of the place is gathered and evaluation of the
damages are done to find convenient means of tourism activities (Quiggin, and Buswell, 2016).
Appropriate calculation of environmental damages is not possible and that’s why it restricts
tourism in Philippines.
3. Social Measures: This is the one of the major considerations of the tourism planning. As it is a
qualitative measure so the information related to cultural point of view is not easy and simple to
measure. The methods involve in measuring the effect of tourism are surveys and interviews
done which is kind of field work. Interviews are done through person to person while
information through surveys are gathered from a group or a segment of people.
TASK 3
3.1Concept sustainability in tourism development
For its economic safety, present tourism is fully dependent on diversified, natural and
ironic environment. This development is neglecting environment rules which in future is
possible
to remain inconsistent. During the last half century, tourism is increasing vastly and is expected
to take rise at an average annual rate of 4.3% till 2020. Recession has not effected this sector to
take a break at any period of time (Kim, Hejazi, Calvin, Clarke, Edmonds, Wise, and Davies, 2016).
World tourism Barometer shows that due to recession only 4 percent of the tourism rate went
down but now it is expected to take a height of growth. There are tow main elements in the
sustainable development i.e. the situation required for sustainability of two elements and and the
real meaning of development. It is a type of relation or a linkage between the protection of the
environment and its development. A procedure which improves the living standard of the people
is development. Though to much focus is there on the effects created of the cost of short term
economic as compared to long term environmental and social impacts of tourism which results
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in encouragement in knowing the problems which the sector creates. This sector should grow in
such a way that that present generation also enjoys and notices destination and future generations
are also secured. Environmental and economic growth are therefore friendly partners and cannot
live without each other. Sustainable development is a optimistic socio-economic change that
does not weaken any social system or ecological process upon which local communities are also
dependent. This development requires social learning process, planning, political viability and
3.2 Factors that prevent /hinder sustainable tourism development
There are many factors that prevent/hinder the tourism development. Among these
factors, the most salient one is redevelopment of heritage buildings and old monuments. To
maintain their genuineness and spark, many changes could be made. And if a portion of any
heritage is damaged, then is very difficult to build the same type of sculpture as it was earlier
which the labours and today's artists are not able to build again. Another main factor is cost
required for travelling purpose. Every traveller cannot afford travelling so easily. Cost not only
means ticketing of the places but also includes travelling packages. Then comes violence and
crime which is increasing in the society day by day. It is affecting socially as well as
economically. Philippines high crime rate has resulted in downfall of tourism development.
Many incidences have taken place which have directly affected this sector and resulted in loss of
investment. These crimes are interpersonal and make no sense with the travellers. Then many
problems like crowding in the nation, pollution and high rate of things have created uneasiness
for the travellers.
Another major factor that hinders sustainable development is the accommodation for the
tourists. Various fresh buildings and new sites have been developed which troubles the local
community and due to this, the place has started losing its main identity and natural essence.
Transportation facilities and safety due to political unrest makes visitors unsuitable in the
countries. For example, arrival of H1N1 virus has obstructed many tourists to travel in many
countries. Low grade traffic, eve teasing and incidents of stealing have negatively affected
tourism sector. Visitors arrive their desired destination with a hope of getting different facilities
but when they stay away from these amenities, then a sense of dissatisfaction is generated.
3.3 Different stages in planning for sustainability
Sustainable tourism planning needs proper planning. Stages in sustainable planning are
discussed as follows:
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1. Examining Recognition: In the first step, types of stakeholders are decided. A list of
stakeholders is issued which are included in planning and proper time is managed for
their introduction. These stakeholders could be in the form of cultural heritage agencies,
local people or any organisation.
2. Setting main Objectives: Planning is based on objectives or goals. In this step, all the
objectives are discussed. For the progressive work or the completion of plan, a clear-cut
aim is very helpful for the stakeholders. Long term as well as short term goals is decided.
For the attraction, the main feature is also analysed.
3. Implementing fresh surveys: New data is required for tourism planning which needs
some more information regarding tourists, its accommodation facilities and other
amenities.
4. Analysis of resources: Factors have either negative or positive impact on the destination.
These factors needed to be analysed in a systematic manner. They are classified in four
parts i.e. evaluation of assets, market analysis, development planning and lastly, analysis
of impacts.
5. Policy and plan formulation: In this step, all the objectives are discussed properly to
reach a specific goal. Exact guidelines are prepared for the aTASK 4ction plan so that
planning gives satisfactory results,
6. Recommendation: Team involved in the development planning and higher authority must
share their recommendations and feedbacks to ensure that they are moving on the same
track and following similar plan and policies (Cornelissen, 2017).
7. Action plan: This should be done very carefully and properly. It has to be feasible and
logical. All the legal clauses should be properly noticed.
8. Monitoring: Finally, plan is monitored and evaluated to avoid fluctuation and mistakes.
TASK 4
4.1Methods of resolving conflicts to ensure future well-being of developing tourism destination
In today's era there high level of conflicts and complexity due to political factors and
various other operation of the countries which are creating trouble in tourism development
sector. It also takes place due to the presence of different objectives and stakeholders. However,
voluntary organizations and Government encourage sustainable tourism development and try to
to resolve the problems for the future well-being (Pfenninger, 2017). As the case study of
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Philippines is concerned , its Government has issued a long term tenure for the development of
better tourism but a bit of violation has occurred related to ecological environment. Various
methods are there to resolve conflicts in the following ways:
Negotiation : It is the basic feature of resolving any type of conflict. It involves the face to face
communication and interaction between the parties. After a true negotiation process the parties
end to a fair deal which is suitable and acceptable for both the parties (Smith, 2015). For
instance. If the local communities of Philippines and local authority will organize any meeting
related to issues and conflicts then they will reach to point which is going to be beneficial for the
bodies. All issues and views will be shared and cleared in this meeting.
Mediation : This is an optional process that is acceptable mutually through an agreement. Here
the both the parties show their presence and try to search a suitable solution of the problem. Eg.
Job opportunities can be offered by the local authority which figure out the misunderstandings
and generate provide support from the party to the local communities.
While other countries face high level of conflicts and are of never ending types in nature.
Therefore the government has to prepare a stiff plan to solve the problems which are evaluated
in a firm way.
4.2Implications of balancing supply and demand
Supply and demand need to get balanced in the tourism sector always. Here supply
means the products and services which should reach the customers at a given time. Supply law
indicated that there has been rise in the prices of destination places and also services from the
side of seller. It is defined as the process where the visitors purchase products and services that
are reliable and enjoy market assets in their journeys. This demand and supply is based on some
laws. Transportation, telecommunication and accommodation comes under the services supply
which are offered to the tourists. These services are in the form of superstructure and moulded to
support them. These can be counterbalanced with other construction of museums, heritage
buildings and theme parks. Nation also takes the help of promotion and marketing through
different types of quotes and tag lines to attract tourists (Selinger, 2018). On the other side,
demand can be described as amount of consumable products and services required in the market.
Proper balancing between both can only benefit the tourist development. Probably, four laws are
taken into consideration for the implementation of supply and demand. If the demand of the
customer rises then supply remains the same and service price rises due to inadequacy. But if
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demand doesn't variates then supply may take a growth. In such situations, there would be
imbalance because of the surplus as the prices of services will decline due to more availability of
products in the market. This decreased demand appears due to excess availability which forces
the price to go down. Thus, foe sustainable growth there should be proper balancing between
supply and growth. In some countries , foreign workers are hired to serve the foreign tourists and
the local population participates in very less amount of resources, therefore monetary profits
gained by them are also very low.
4.3Moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism:
Enclave tourism means a small geographical area allocated for tourists activities and
organized for destination place in a very regular manner. Sometimes the people are not native
and they try to misuse the essential resources of the tourists place by which they earn profit.
Then they use this for their personal development and not for the development of destination
place (Viassone and Grimmer, 2015). Enclave tourism doesn't provide opportunity to local
business to serve the customers. Like this, tourism growth is hindered and customers use the
products of their needs from resorts and hotels. For e.g. hotels of Philippines and ships are said
to be enclave as they try to reach customers' need and like this local restaurants and resorts don't
get chance to share their social and cultural values with the tourists. Thus the big organizations
make the beneficiary use of moral and ethical issues for better survivability and economic
growth. Tourists are less benefited with the opportunity to mix up with native environment.
Moral issues can be in the form of less integration of tourists in the nation. Conflicts occur due
to business ethics as they have to serve the customers. But in enclave tourism, visitors are not
served to maximum level. Services are leaked and disclosed to much higher level as in the case
of restaurants and hotels which imports goods and services from other countries having different
and profound cultures. There comes a limitation in employment structure for the local
community as the tourists purchase goods from from food cafe and local restaurants. There is not
much conversation between guest and host in restaurants and big hotels as they rarely meet due
to complexity in business activities. Like this, Philippines reject all inclusive product and service
providers of the country.
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TASK 5
5.1 Current issues associated with tourism in developing and emerging nation where the impacts
of tourism are different
Various factors impact the development of tourism in developing countries and rising
tourist destination. For e.g. comparison between Hungary and Nepal can be done which are
having some similarities and differences in tourism development. Both are facing economic
crisis. People are not much interested in visiting these places due to hold up in global economy
and destination places are also not so famous and well known on the map of global tourism.
Tourism is much affected by environmental factors. Nepal is affected by landslides and often by
earthquakes though it lies in the lap of Himalayas. It is facing global instability due to global
warming due to which large amount of snow is melting. While Hungary don't have such
environmental issues and is rich in mountains, forests and lakes. Tourism infrastructure in Nepal
is comparatively of low grade and poor (Burrai, E., Mostafanezhad and Hannam, 2017). Visitors
face many problems at destination places like language issues, lodging facilities, poor
transportation services etc. but Hungary is far better than Nepal in all these facilities. Though the
language problem do exist in Hungary and visitors face difficulty in communicating with local
public. Tourist policies in Nepal are not implemented properly which leads to ambiguous
conditions many times. Hungary has no such problems and issues and policies there are clearly
explained in the tourism sector. Government regulates the rules and regulations in a proper,
manner. This has resulted in visibility and increase in the investment level of the local tourism.
Next issue arises in Nepal is that quality wise and skilled labour. It lacks in the development
skilled manpower due to low pay scale and poor Government policies. While Hungary is much
better in manpower. It is having advance machinery, tools and techniques.
5.2Future development of tourism in these destinations with recommendations
There are many issues in tourism industry but then too there is a hope that the situation
will be far better in future due to spending power of people from all across the world. Due to the
support of social media and its enlargement both the countries are getting enough popularity and
focus of leading the destination places. The two countries should create focus by indicating their
new places of adventure and heritage buildings (Höckert, 2018). Their cultural ethnicity should
also be emphasized. Marketing campaigns should be organised by the tourism sector and
advertisements showcasing their major places should be telecast. Nature tourism and adventure
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tourism are the running trends in orienting the tourism policies whicTASK 4h helps in increment
of the business.
Government should be more concerned in the field of infrastructure in Nepal. Local
transportation facilities should be provided to visitors for their better convenience. Better
restaurants and hotels should be developed to attract more and more tourists in Nepal. While
Hungary is already good in infrastructure facilities and it should aim at human resources.
Language is the main barrier in both the countries. Therefore both should work on this issue so
that tourist can converse freely with other people. Programs including skill empowerment and
personality development should be organized by the nation (Johnston, Hanscomb and Franks,
2017). These activities would be beneficial to the country as well. In the current scenario,
terrorism is biggest threat to all the countries that's why all the safety measures should be taken
by the countries as well.
CONCLUSION:
It is concluded that many factors are responsible for sustainable tourism development and
various levels are involved in the examination of interactive planning. Various factors impact the
development of tourism in developing countries and rising tourist destination. For e.g.
comparison between Hungary and Nepal can be done which are having some similarities and
differences in tourism development. Government should be more concerned in the field of
infrastructure in Nepal. Local transportation facilities should be provided to visitors for their
better convenience. Tourism is much affected by environmental factors. Nepal is affected by
landslides and often by earthquakes though it lies in the lap of Himalayas.
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