Building Construction and Sustainability

This assignment delves into the realm of building construction, focusing on both industry standards and sustainable practices. It requires an analysis of various Australian Standards related to different aspects of building design and construction, such as structural design, fire safety, waterproofing, and materials. Additionally, the assignment emphasizes the integration of sustainability principles within these standards, drawing upon resources like ISO 21931-1 and Wilkinson et al.'s (2009) work on adaptive reuse for sustainability.

RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
NAME
UNIT
ASSIGNMENT
ASSESSMENT NUMBER

RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES AND THEIR ORDER:
INTRODUCTION
The schedule activities expected to take place are excavation, compaction, reinforcement and
concreting, installation of walls, installation of doors and windows, roofing, landscaping activities and
finishes (NSW Government Fair Trading, n.d.). These are discussed below:
Excavation: In practice, this is the second stage of the construction process on site and usually comes
after site clearing. This is the removal of all loose top soil in order to reach the desired reduced ground
level of a site. This can include hand excavations or use of excavator. This site in the best suited
method of excavation for this particular site would be the use of excavators as the excavation work is
extensive (NSW Government Fair Trading, n.d.). Excavation can be done using a variety of
machinery i.e. moving and non-moving plant.
Compaction: This is the replacement of an appropriate hard material on site that helps improve both
the bearing capacity and reduced ground settlement on the site. It could incorporate the excavated
material if it is hard but in most cases new hard-core material is usually brought to the site for hard
filling. This is done after the foundation has been laid but before the slab concreting. It is normally
done by the use of a compacting machine and it is necessary to do it in layers in order to prevent the
material from unbulking prematurely which may cause future soil settlement problems.
Reinforcement and Concreting: this activity involves fixing the steel reinforcement layers on the
surface being concreted and placing a predetermined proportion of cement, sand and coarse aggregate.
The finished product, concrete is usually necessary where good compressive and tensile strength is
required and where durability is a factor. This is usually done for slabs, beams, columns and shear
walls. The steel for use in reinforcing varies as per the load imposed on the building and an overall
process of structural design is usually done to determine a suitable ratio of all the quantities that is
both economic and sufficient for the overall structural strength.
Installation of walls: this is a masonry task of erecting the partitions of a structure. These could be of
various material ranging from masonry blocks to timber, glass and concrete. The finished product
serves as a partition between two adjacent rooms or separated parts of a single room (NSW
Government Fair Trading, n.d.). There are instances where the walls need to be structural walls and
these can be cast with concrete either on or off site. The installation process then resembles the
process of column erection.
Installation of doors and windows: this step usually comes after all the concreting and partitioning
work has been done as it necessitates a finished surface or partition. It is among the last of the
construction procedures and is only proceeded by the finishing’s stage. Further plastering is usually
done before painting over the door and window frames in order to even the surface. This can fall
under the carpentry or glazing sub-trade but in rare occasions, these responsibility can be taken up by
a steel fabricator.
Roofing: this is the installation of a roof and is usually done immediately the beams above the last
storey have been set up. This involves erection of wall plates, trusses and roof covers and later the
installation of ceilings. This stage can fall under the responsibility of a carpenter or steel fabricator
depending on whether the structure has steel or timber trusses. Roofing is important on
weatherproofing a house and necessitates special attention and should therefore be constructed before
finishings are incorporated and tested beforehand.
Finishes: these are all the activities taken after all the structural, partitioning, access and roofing
members have been erected and services installed in the structure. They range from basic painting to
the luxurious aesthetic painting coats and surfaces in a building ready for occupation. It is usually the
last stage of construction within the structure.
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Landscaping: these are all the activities embarked on when preparing the sites aesthetic appearance.
They include cleaning after the construction wastes, gardening and any block or concrete works that
occurs outside the structure being constructed (NSW Government Fair Trading, n.d.).
SUB-TRADES:
Construction projects by default require many complementary professions that include different sub-
trades (NSW Government Fair Trading, n.d.). The relevant sub-trades required for this project besides
project management and technical consultation teams include:
1. Site establishment (Fencing, site office, services etc.)
2. Excavator
3. Electrician
4. Plumber & Drainer
5. Gasfitter
6. Concreters for both the in situ Concrete slab and pre-cast concrete walls
7. Carpenter for the Structure’s formwork, internal and external fittings, and cladding.
8. Steel Fabricator
9. Roofer
10. Glazier for any windows and glass partitions
12. Plasterer for internal linings & ceiling
13. Paver
14. Tile-mason for tiling walls & floors including waterproofing
15. Painters
16. Carpet Layer.
The order of activities is indicated in the Gantt chart below with their corresponding activity write-up
in the MS Excel table attached. The Gantt chart below indicated the period of construction for a
duration of 12 months commencing on 1st October 2017 and closing on 1st October 2018.
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Site Establishment
Fill and compaction
Blinding
Reinforcement (Steel bending and fixing)
Backfilling and Compaction
Provision of an insect-proof and waterproof
membrane
Reinforcement (Steel bending and fixing)
Column Reinforcement Ground Floor
Column Concreting Ground Floor
Formwork
Electrical and plumbing ducts
Column Reinforcement 2nd Floor
Column Concreting 2nd Floor
Roof beam reinforcement
Roof Beam Concreting
Installation of first floor walls
Installation of roof coverings
Ground floor finishing and tiling
Internal first floor wall finishes and painting
Installation of doors and windows
External wall finishes and tiling
Landscaping and cleaning
10/1/2017 1/9/2018 4/19/2018 7/28/2018 11/5/2018
Figure 1: Project Gantt chart
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CHECKLISTS
INTRODUCTION
The case study building in the diagrams attached satisfies the criteria for classification as both a class
5 and class 6 structure. This is evidenced by the allocation rooms for retail purposes in the ground
floor and allocation of office space in the first floor (Flex Profit Hub, n.d.).
The case study building is also below the 1200m height above datum mark required to classify a
building site as an alpine area. In compiling the checklists, the report is therefore only going to be
concerned with those regulations that affect the mentioned classes.
STRUCTURAL PROVISIONS CHECKLIST
Table 1: Structural Provisions
Part
No.
Section Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions/Comments (applicable clauses) Relevant
AU Std./
Code
Compliance
Achieved
FIRE RESISTANCE
C1.1 Type of construction
required
The building falls under type C as it falls under classes 5 and 6 and this
makes it the least fire resistant type of building.
NCC
Part One
N/A
C1.2. Calculation of rise in
storeys
The building has 2 storeys as determined following provision under the
roof but above the ground level.
NCC
Part One
N/A
C1.10 Fire hazard properties i. While the building’s floor linings and coverings have not been
specified, it can be assumed to be above a concrete surface as the
slab is concrete making it satisfactory. They should comply with
provision C1.10
ii. The plasterboard wall materials indicated in the drawings all have a
minimum insulation rating of between 2.1 and 2.3 but no
information on the wall linings has been provided.
AS
5637.1
RFI FROM
DESIGNER
C1.11 Performance of
external walls in fire
The external walls must comply to the specifications indicated in provision
C1.11
AS
5637.1
Yes
C1.12 C1.12 Non-
combustible materials
The plasterboard wall lining must be satisfactory as the provision
necessitates it be non-combustible.
AS
5637.1
Yes
ACCESS AND EGRESS
D1.2 Number of exits
required
The building must have at least one horizontal exit per floor as the
building height does not exceed 25m
AS 1428 Yes
D1.4 Exit travel distance All points on the floors on both stories must be less than 20 m from the
nearest exit
AS 1428 No
D1.10 Discharge from exits The exits of these buildings must be free from any blockage at the point of
discharge or suitable barriers provided in order to prevent vehicles from
obstructing the exits.
AS 1428 Yes
D1.12 Non-required
stairways, ramps or
escalators
A non-required non-fire isolated staircase must not connect more than 2
storeys
AS 1530 Yes
D1.13: Number of persons
accommodated
Number of persons accommodated in the ground floor retail stores at any
given time should not be more than 23 for retails 1 and 2, 17 for retails 3-
6, and on the first floor not more than 14 for office 1 and 26 for office 2.
AS 1428 RFI FROM
DESIGNER
D2.13 Goings and risers The staircase in the building should have:
i. Risers less than 18 per flight and but they should be more than 2.
ii. The particulars of the goings and risers and their quantities and
dimensions as specified in the table 2.14
iii. Goings and risers to be constant in each flight
AS 4586 Yes
D2.14 Landings The landings in the case study building must have a maximum gradient of
1:50 that are incorporated to control the amount of risers in per flight. Each
landing is also required to not be less than 750 mm long, as the staircase in
this building involves a change in direction.
AS 4586 Yes
D2.15 Thresholds The thresholds in the case study building must comply to the provision AS 1428 Yes
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
D2.15
D2.16 Barriers Barriers to prevent falls must be provided for each flight of the staircase in
the building as specified in tables D2.16a-c.
AS 1428 Yes
D2.17 Handrails The staircase should be provided with a set handrails covering at least one
side of each flight.
AS 1428 Yes
D3.3 Parts of a building to
be accessible
All parts of this building are required to be accessible. AS 1428 Yes
HEALTH AND AMMENITY
F1.4 External above
ground membranes
The waterproofing membranes required for external above ground should
be as per the Australian Standard 4654.
AS 4654
Parts 1
and 2.
RFI FROM
DESIGNER
F1.5 Roof coverings. All roofing work should be done in full compliance with the Australian
Standard AS 1562.1.
AS
1562.1
RFI FROM
DESIGNER
F1.6 Sarking The sarking should be done in such a way that all the materials comply
with the specifications identified in the Australian Standard AS/NZS 4200
Parts 1 and 2.
AS/NZS
4200
Parts 1
and 2.
RFI FROM
DESIGNER
F1.7 Waterproofing wet
areas.
All waterproofing for this building for wet areas should be done in
compliance with American Standard AS 3740.
AS 3740 RFI FROM
DESIGNER
F1.9 Damp proofing Damp-proofing should be carried out in accordance with the code AS/NZS
2904.
AS/NZS
2904
RFI FROM
DESIGNER
F1.13 Glazed assemblies All glazed members (i.e. all windows) that are on an external wall must
comply with code AS 2047.
AS 2047 Yes
F2.3 Facilities in Class 5/6
buildings
Sanitary facilities for the building must be provided to match the number
of occupants or users.
NCC
Part One
Yes.
F3.1 Height of rooms and
other spaces
The minimum floor height for the case study building should be 2.4m
except in corridors and passageways, above stairways and in sanitary
facilities.
NCC
Part One
Yes
F4.4 Artificial lighting All artificial lighting must be provided in this building to all corridors,
frequently occupied rooms, staircases and paths to egress.
AS/NZS
1680.0
RFI FROM
DESIGNER
F4.5 Ventilation of rooms All rooms in this building should comply with the natural or artificial
ventilation requirements in the codes AS 1668.2 and AS/NZS 3666.1.
AS
1668.2
and
AS/NZS
3666.1.
Yes
F4.6 Natural ventilation All natural ventilation must be provided according to F4.5 and must
consist of windows, doors and openings that can be opened and closed at
will.
AS
1668.2
and
AS/NZS
3666.1.
Yes.
F4.7 Natural ventilation
borrowed from
adjoining rooms
Not applicable as all rooms have all rooms have part of the external wall as
one of their walls.
AS
1668.2
and
AS/NZS
3666.1.
N/A
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
J1.5 Walls Each external wall forming part of the envelope must abide by the
requirements in table J1.5a.
AS/NZS
4859
RFI from
Designer
J1.6 Floors Each floor forming part of the envelope must abide by the Total R value
requirements in table J1.6.
AS/NZS
4859
RFI from
Designer
J2.4 Glazing All glazing on both external and internal walls must not exceed the
aggregate air conditioning value provided in the table J2.4
AS/NZS
4859
RFI from
Designer
J5.2 Air conditioning
systems
All air conditioning systems must comply in all parts to all the control
requirements stated in the provision J3.2.
AS/NZS
3823
RFI from
Designer
J6.2 Artificial lighting Artificial lighting to all rooms in the building must be provided where the
illumination meets the illumination power density requirements in Table
J6.2b
AS/NZS
3823
RFI from
Designer
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
J6.3 Interior artificial
lighting and power
control
The artificial lighting mechanism must be controlled by a switch or any
other switch control device.
AS/NZS
3823
RFI from
Designer
COMPLIANCE ASSESSMENT
To demonstrate the compliance, a comparison of provisions in the case building against the
performance requirements and “Deemed to Satisfy” (DTS) provisions in the NCC will be carried out.
Expert judgement will also be invoked. The comparison will only be carried out for sections C and F.
C: FIRE RESISTANCE
C1: Fire Resistance and Stability:
According to provision C1.1, the building falls under type C as it falls under classes 5 and 6 and has 2
storeys as determined following provision C1.2. This makes it the least fire resistant type of building.
According to provision C1.10, while the building’s floor linings and coverings have not been
specified, it can be assumed to be concrete in nature as the slab is concrete making it satisfactory. The
plasterboard wall linings indicated in the drawings all have a minimum insulation rating of between
2.1 and 2.3 and no more than two wall lining groups have been used for a room making it complacent
with the provisions C1.10 and C1.11.
According to provision C1.12, the plasterboard wall lining used is satisfactory as the provision
qualifies it as non-combustible.
C2: Compartmentation and Separation:
The building is within the limits of the maximum fire compartment floor area specified by the
provision C2.2 as the biggest room is still less than 2000m2 in area.
As the other clauses do not apply to this type of building, its level of satisfactoriness can be qualified
by the performance requirements in CP1 - CP9 which it has met.
C3: Protection of Openings:
Provision C3.2 is assumed as the nearest boundary is unknown at the moment and no site-plan is
provided to verify the distance from the fire-source feature. However, as no boundary is indicated
within 3 meters of any wall, the building will be considered to not require and FRL.
The minimum distance between external walls in and openings in consideration of the angles between
them as specified in provision C3.3 has been fully met as indicated in the drawings.
F: ACCESS AND EGRESS
Part F1: Damp proofing and weatherproofing
For the requirement that the building should have a system or means of:
 Disposing surface water that has collected or has been concentrated at any part of the building,
 Preventing surface water from entering the building,
 Drainage for the surface water of the specified recurrence periods
 Preventing entry of water through roofs or walls that cause both, undue dampness and member
deterioration and dangerous conditions,
 Controlling ground moisture from causing undue dampness and unhealthy conditions,
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 Prevention of water from penetrating fittings and hidden spaces.
No information has been provided to test for the:
 Waterproofing membranes required for external above ground being as per the Australian
Standard 4654.
 All roofing work being done in full compliance with the Australian Standard AS 1562.1.
 The sarking being done in such a way that all the materials comply with the specifications
identified in the Australian Standard AS/NZS 4200 Parts 1 and 2.
 All waterproofing for this building for wet areas being done in compliance with American
Standard AS 3740.
 Damp-proofing being carried out in accordance with the code AS/NZS 2904.
However, all glazed members (i.e. all windows) that are on an external wall are in compliance with
code AS 2047 as shown in the case study building plans. The rest of the specifications should be
determined after information has been supplied by the designers.
Part F2: Sanitary and other facilities:
For the requirement that:
 Suitable sanitary facilities be provided in relation to the building’s occupants (i.e. number and
gender), function of building and needs of people with disability,
 Sanitary compartment be provided,
Sanitary facilities for the building been provided to match the number of occupants or users. Every
room has a sanitary facility except 3 ground floor retail stores which share one. As the number
expected to use them is relatively low (3 retail stores mean 10 or less employees), the sanitary
facilities have not been differentiated into male and female facilities. However, that should not be a
problem as no special requirements are necessary. If however, more than one user would want to use
the sanitary facility at the same time, the rest are easily accessible so no more facilities are required.
Part F3: Room heights:
For the provision that a space should have enough room to not interfere with any of its intended uses
and functions, the building has attained the minimum floor height that should be no less than 2.4m
except in corridors and passageways, above stairways and in sanitary facilities. This is evidenced in
the building plans by the fact that the lowest floor height is 2.7m on the first floor. This is the average
height across the entire floor indicating that the performance requirement has been fully met.
Part F4: Light and ventilation
For the provision that:
 Enough openings be provided in the building and distributed enough to allow for natural light,
 Artificial lighting be provided to allow safe movement and access within the building,
 Means of ventilation be provided in the building for occupants in all rooms
 Contaminated air be removed from the building in a manner that caused no harm to other
occupants or properties nearby,
No information has been provided for all artificial lighting that has been provided in this building to
all corridors, frequently occupied rooms, staircases and paths to egress. This information should be
requested from the designer and be supplied first in order to demonstrate compliance. If it is not there,
it should be incorporated into the building in order to meet the minimum requirements.
However, the building has incorporated:
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 Enough windows for every room in this building complying with the natural or artificial
ventilation requirements in the codes AS 1668.2 and AS/NZS 3666.1 as shown on page 6 and 7 of
the diagrams.
 Natural ventilation according to F4.5 that consists of windows, doors and openings that can be
opened and closed at will. This is indicated in the building plans as seen on pages 1 and 2.
However, the provision of rooms borrowing natural light from adjoining rooms is not applicable as all
rooms have all rooms have part of the external wall as one of their walls.
CONCLUSION:
Full compliance of all the regulations stated in the NCC in regards to Part F: Health and amenity
cannot be fully verified as the designers are still yet to provide some information. The parts which
have not met the compliance requirement have been highlighted and proposals made to ensure full
compliance. All other compliance measures not highlighted in the performance requirements’ deemed
to satisfy provision are acceptable when taken as is. However, whereas this compliance measure has
only been conducted for the health and amenity sector only, further reports or research can be done to
indicate compliance in any other section left out. At the moment, it is recommendable as is and
regarded to satisfy all provisions laid out for the required fire resisting properties.
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
CODES, REGULATIONS AND LOCAL REQUIREMENTS USED FOR VERIFICATION:
From the drawings of the case study project, the structure is in Victoria State which is subject to the
Victorian regulations and local requirements. These codes, however are in compliance with the
National Construction Code and do not vary much apart from a few particulars as indicated below:
1: National Construction Code: this is the overall construction guideline reference code for use in the
entire country. It has 3 Volumes, the first one providing regulations for commercial (class 2-9)
buildings, the second providing regulations for residential and non-occupational buildings (class 1 and
10) and third volume providing plumbing regulations. For the case study building, only the first one is
used with the relevant regulations being the structural provisions, fire resistance, access and egress,
services and equipment, health and amenities, and energy saving.
2: Building Interim Regulations 2017: this is a document highlighting the all the regulations specific
to Victoria State. It contains standards defined in the NCC volume one and two codes. It also contains
other statutory legal requirements that offer a guideline into how the overall building processes from
start to finish in that particular state should occur i.e. from commencement of the building process to
completion and consequent maintenance. The document heavily borrows from the Building Code of
Australia (BCA) and other Australian building and structural design standards (Victoria State
Government, 2017).
3: Victoria State Index: these are standards incorporated by the state to offer more direction in
construction specific to that area. From the list of state specific indexes, the only regulation that would
affect the case study building is the adoption of AS 2118.1 as a regulatory construction standard
(Australian Building Codes Board, 2013).
4: Australian Standards: the BCA borrows heavily from Australian Standards that are directly
enforceable during construction of a class 5 and 6 building. Australian Standards for construction are
also observable even when not referenced by the BCA or state and territorial government regulations
and so must be adhered to (SAI Global, 2011). The relevant standards used have been indicated in the
checklist.
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
REFERENCES:
Australian Building Codes Board, 2009, BCA 2009: Building Code of Australia, Australian Building
Codes Board.
Australian Building Codes Board, 2010. An investigation of possible Building Code of Australia
(BCA) adaptation measures for climate change. Australian Building Codes Board, Canberra.
Australian Building Codes Board, 2010. Performance standard for private bushfire shelters. Part one.
Australian Building Codes Board, 2013. National Construction Code Series Volume 1, Building Code
of Australia 2013, Class 2 to 9 Buildings. Canberra: Australian Building Codes Board.
Bukowski, R.W. and Babrauskas, V., 1994. Developing rational, performance‐based fire safety
requirements in model building codes. Fire and Materials, 18(3), pp.173-191.
Flex Profit Hub, n.d. Differences Between Commercial and Residential Property Investment. [Online]
Available at: https://flexprofithub.com/commercial-property-investment/differences-between-
commercial-and-residential-property-investment
[Accessed 31 Aug 2017].
Forte, C., 2014. The Design Process: Residential vs. Commercial. [Online]
Available at: http://www.architecturelab.net/the-design-process-residential-vs-commercial/
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International Standardization Organization 2006, ISO/TS 21929-1:2006, ISO, UK.
International Standardization Organization 2007, Sustainability in building construction –
Environmental declaration of building products. International Standardization Organization 2008, ISO
21930:2007, ISO, UK.
International Standardization Organization 2008, General principles on the design of structures for
durability, International Standardization Organization 2008, ISO 13823:2008, ISO, UK.
International Standardization Organization 2008, Sustainability in building construction – General
principles, International Standardization Organization 2008, ISO 15392:2008, ISO, UK.
International Standardization Organization 2010, Sustainability in building construction – Framework
for methods of assessment of the environmental performance of construction works – Part 1:
Buildings. International Standardization Organization 2010, ISO 21931-1:2010, ISO, UK.
NSW Government Fair Trading, n.d. Suggested Construction Sequence - Owner Builders. Sydney:
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SAI Global, 2011. Guide to Standards - Building and Construction. s.l.:SAI GLOBAL.
Standards Australia 1992, Design and installation of sheet roof and wall cladding – Metal.
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2002, AS 1562.1-1992, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2002, Structural design actions – General principles. STANDARDS
AUSTRALIA 2002, AS/NZS 1170.0:2002, Standards Australia, Sydney.
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RUNNING HEAD: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Standards Australia 2002, Structural design actions – Permanent, imposed and other actions.
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2002, AS/NZS 1170.1:2002, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2005, Basis for design of structures – Assessment of existing structures.
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2005, AS ISO 13822-2005, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2005, General principles on the reliability of structures. STANDARDS
AUSTRALIA 2005, AS 5104-2005, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2006, Automatic fire sprinkler systems, STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2006, AS
2118.1-2006, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2006, Glass in buildings – Section and installation. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
2006, AS 1288-2006, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2006, Residential timber-framed construction Part 2: Non-cyclonic areas,
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2006, AS 1684.2-2006, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2007, The glass and glazing handbook. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2007, HB
125-2007, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2009, Concrete structures. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2009, AS 3600-2009,
Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2009, Piling - Design and installation. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2006, AS
2159-2009, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia 2009, Waterproofing membrane systems for exterior use – Above ground level –
Design and installation. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2009, AS 4654.2-2009, Standards Australia,
Sydney.
Standards Australia 2009, Waterproofing membrane systems for exterior use – Above ground level –
Materials. STANDARDS AUSTRALIA 2009, AS 4654.1-2009, Standards Australia, Sydney.
Wilkinson, S.J., James, K. and Reed, R., 2009. Using building adaptation to deliver sustainability in
Australia. Structural Survey, 27(1), pp.46-61.
Victoria State Government, 2017. The Building Interim Regulations 2017. Melbourne, VU: Victoria
State Government.
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