Sustainable Tourism Development and Management

The provided assignment details a study on sustainable tourism development and management. It includes multiple research papers and articles that discuss the role of ICT in sustainable tourism development, sustainability motivations and practices in small tourism enterprises, governance and management strategies in national parks, and other related topics. The assignment aims to understand the sustainable development of tourism and provides insights into various aspects of sustainable tourism management.

The travel and
tourism

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
LO 1.................................................................................................................................................1
LO 2.................................................................................................................................................1
LO 3.................................................................................................................................................1
3.1 Factors affecting tourism demand....................................................................................1
3.2 Changes in supply to meet the effects of demand............................................................3
LO 4.................................................................................................................................................4
4.1 Evaluation of positive and negative economic, environmental and social impacts on
tourism....................................................................................................................................4
4.2 Strategies that can be used to minimise the negative impacts while maximising the
positive impacts of tourism....................................................................................................5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Travel and tourism has become one of the fastest gowing sectors in the industry. There
are various business growths that can be seen in the sector. In UK it considered to be among the
There are various advantages that are gain by the industry in the market and has been source of
earning for many people. Many people are internationally working with the organization and are
promoting the company. UK is among one of the favourite places people choose to visit. There
are various places such as London, bath and many more areas where people like to visit. This
report is about travel and tourism within UK where key discussion is made about historical
developments in the travel and tourism sector. Further, structure of the travel and tourism sector
is detailed. Additionally details about the function of government, NGO’s and International
agencies in travel and tourism. After that contribution of local and national economic policies
that influences the sector are mentioned. Moreover, political changes in the sector are mentioned.
Besides this, supply and demands of the travel and tourism company are mentioned. At last,
impacts on the sector are mentioned.
For this purpose TUI group has been selected for the study. TUI Group is the international
leading tourism business. They have broad portfolio that consist of tour operators, 1,600 travel
agencies and leading online portals, five tour operator airlines with approximately 150 aircraft,
over 300 hotels with 214,000 beds, 14 cruise liners and incoming agencies in all major holiday
destinations around the globe. The group provide over 30 million customers with holiday
experience in 180 regions. In financial year 2015/16, the TUI Group had 67,000 employees and
turnover of around 17.2 billion Euros.
LO 1
Covered in poster presentation
LO 2
Covered in presentation.
LO 3
3.1 Factors affecting tourism demand
The sector require can be describe as a expression which uncover the feature prevailing the stage
of request, dissimilar type of claim, significant description of command and the purpose behind
making such intricacy (Hwang and et. al., 2016). Stipulate is defined as “an agenda of the
1

quantity of any product or service that people are willing and able to buy at each specific price or
at probable cost during particular period of time”.
People are responsible for generating increase in the demand of tourism in a particular place
known as “tourism destination”. Seasons and time are considerable factors that affect the demand
of sector.
3 types of demand are identified by Kalra, Phadnis and Joshi, (2017) namely authentic,
concealed and embryonic demand
Tourists are indirectly involved in the authentic process of tourism refer to the definite or
authentic demand. It is also known as effective demand. There are 2 types or reason why people
who are not capable to travel due to any circumstances. The first includes those person that have
are potential travellers who have travelling capacity but for later period of time and at present
they are unable to travel. Second are those people that have postponed their travel due to
problems in the supply environment which is known as tardy request. Tardy request which is of
3-type relates to the sequential and chronological appearance of demand at unambiguous target
places. However, there are some factors that motivate people to travel and generate a
requirement for tourism industry are leisure, vacation, industrial and professional engagements,
healthcare treatments, religious pilgrimages or other personal motives. They are also main
reason to generate the demand for accommodation and other facilities.
Based on different conditions such as economic, psychosomatic, demographics and political
factors tourism demand will have many definition areas.
Other factors which affect the demand for tourism are described below:
 Consumers having low salary will decreases the demand for tourism.
 Flavour of the consumer is different. Let’s say, if vacations go out of style and consumers
believes that it is better to stay at home rather than enjoying vacation at an exotic destination the
demand for tourism drops.
 The cost of complementary goods. Air travel is seen as a complimentary good to tourism sector,
and when the prices of air travel rises up the demand for tourism will eventually decrease.
2

Few studies have been conducted in the UK to estimate how tourists reacted to changes in prices
and taxes (Font, Garay and Jones, 2016, Getzner, Vik, Brendehaug and Lane, 2014). Abidin and
et. al. (2016) use an econometric model to measure the sensitivity of tourism demand in the UK
to changes in price rates, exchange rates and expenditure. Due to the price changes in the UK the
price elasticity of tourism demand in competing destinations is positive. It is suggested that
international visitors are affected by the changes in price of tourism in UK. (Ali and Frew, 2010).
3.2 Changes in supply to meet the effects of demand
Tourism supply has to do with the provision of the key elements of the tourism industry with the
provisions of the key elements of the tourism industry by the host governments or destinations.
Natural to man-made resources are required for tourism supply. Telecommunications,
accommodation and transportation are the infrastructure required in tourism industry. Travel
agencies, tourist offices, visitor manager and hire companies are other services required in
tourism industry (Kalra, Phadnis and Joshi, 2017). A concept of “tourist supply chain” originated
from economics which is used to explain how different businesses enter into contractual
agreements to supply services, products and goods. A wide range of suppliers providing services
to the tourism sector are well suited in the supply chain.
Tourism supply can also be explained through the distribution system in tourism analysis. There
are four components in the distribution system namely suppliers of tourism services, the
distributors of information, travel intermediaries and consumers.
Supply components comprises of four different elements:
 Natural or environment resources which involves environmental awareness, nature conservation,
eco-tourism and natural resources which are used to ensure the sustainability.
 Built or man-made resources which include constructions such as water supply systems, sewage
disposal systems, power lines, road, etc and other recreational facilities
 Transportation which is an essential factor of tourism industry, as without it tourists can’t reach
any destination.
Hospitality is another resource which is integral to tourism offering. (Landau and et. al., 2016)
3

LO 4
4.1 Evaluation of positive and negative economic, environmental and social impacts on tourism
In developing countries and rural areas, tourism brings many social and economic benefits, but
negative effects are also associated with mass tourism. The positive and negative impacts of
economy, society and environment are discussed below:
Economic effects
Positive effects: Direct employment within the tourism industry and indirect sectors such as
retail and transportation are the areas of jobs created by tourism. Many small scale industries in
the rural communities take benefits of the tourism industry which help them generate extra
revenue (Liburd and Edwards, 2010). The revenue generated in the form of airport taxes and
hotel taxes is used for schools, hospitals and housing.
 Negative effects: Tourism jobs are often seasonal and poorly paid, however tourism can help
push up the prices of local properties and the cost of goods and services. Multinational
companies such as hotel chains takes benefit of the tourism sector in a particular area and the
local community does not always get the full benefits. Sometimes tourism dependent places are
affected negatively by economic recession, natural disasters or terrorism.
Social effects
 Positive effects: Traditional customs, handicrafts and festivals that are neglected otherwise are
encouraged and preserved by the tourism and create a pride for the local community (Logar,
2010). Global awareness issues are raised such as human rights abuses and poverty with the help
of interactions between the hosts and the guests creating a better cultural understanding.
 Negative effects: Sometimes the behaviour of visitors could have a detrimental effect on the life
of the local community. Crowding, congestion, drugs and alcohol problems, increased crime
levels are the examples of negative effects of tourism on a society. Locals are even displaced
from their land to make buildings for new hotels or even barred from beaches which are a
violation of human rights.
Environmental effects
4

 Positive effects: Ecotourism helps promote conservation of wildlife and natural resources like
rain forests which are regarded as tourism assets. Funds generated through tourism helps
maintaining animal preserves and marines parks by charging an entrance and guide fees.
 Negative effects: Environment is harmed by tourism as it poses a threat to region’s natural and
cultural resources including the water supply, beaches, coral reefs, cultural heritage sites due to
overuse. Pollution through traffic emissions and garbage left behind by the tourists in public
places leads to harmful effects on environment.(20thCentury London, 2016)
4.2 Strategies that can be used to minimise the negative impacts while maximising the positive
impacts of tourism
Poorly managed tourism can severely impact the environment of a tourist destination. A
new form of tourism known as eco-tourism is being adopted worldwide which is sustainable for
the environment as well as beneficial for the local population.
Some strategies are discussed below by which the negative impacts of tourism are reduced:
 Informing tourists how they can keep the impacts on environment low by educating them about
the tourist destination.
 Local population should understand that environment protection is important for the tourism and
the benefits from this sector to the local community.
 Number of tourists to a particular destination should be controlled so that their is no damage on
the environment which would otherwise make the place unattractive.
 Strict laws should be enforced so that tourists should know what they can bring to the location
and what they can take back with them without causing any damage.
Positive benefits that could maximise sustainability of the environment are listed:
 Improving environmental management and planning
 Increased environmental education and awareness programs.
 Security and enforcement of environment laws and regulations should be improved.
 Financial help and contribution to develop local communities and protection of the environment.
5

Sustainable tourism can turn poverty areas into thriving economic development zones and also
significantly increase the revenue of the tourism business. Tour operators, hotels, resorts, and
destinations can contribute towards sustainable tourism, thereby reducing poverty, improving the
lives of people and improving the environment which would lead our world to a more
sustainable path. (Hall, Gossling and Scott, 2015).
CONCLUSION
Tourism is a fast growing industry in the world due to the diversified culture of the
world. The modern man wants to explore new horizons in terms of travel, and the tourism
industry develops by creating a large number of jobs throughout the world. International travel
and tourism is the backbone of market globalization and enriches the world in many ways: It
promotes economic growth, increases trade, advances development, and creates higher
disposable incomes. Throughout this study we understood the tourism industry in detail and the
different factors which affect the working of this sector. The current assignment gives the
detailed study of the tourism sector and the influence of various segments on the sector. The
effect of supply and demand on tourism and the impacts of tourism is also described the
assignment.
6

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Abidin, M. Z. and et. al., 2016. Resolving inherent safety conflict using quantitative and
qualitative technique. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries.44. pp.95-111.
Ali, A. and Frew, A. J., 2010. ICT and its role in sustainable tourism development. Information
and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2010. pp. 479-491.
Child, B., 2013. Parks in Transition:" Biodiversity, Rural Development and the Bottom Line".
Routledge.
Font, X., Garay, L. and Jones, S., 2016. Sustainability motivations and practices in small tourism
enterprises in European protected areas. Journal of Cleaner production. 137. pp.1439-1448.
Getzner, M., Vik, M. L., Brendehaug, E. and Lane, B., 2014. Governance and management
strategies in national parks: Implications for sustainable regional development.
International Journal of Sustainable Society. 6(1-2). pp.82-101.
Hall, C. M., Gossling, S. and Scott, D. eds., 2015. The Routledge handbook of tourism and
sustainability. Routledge.
Hwang, W. D. and et. al., 2016. Qualitative comparison of noncontrast head dual-energy
computed tomography using rapid voltage switching technique and conventional computed
tomography. Journal of computer assisted tomography.40(2). pp.320-325.
Kalra, R., Phadnis, S. and Joshi, A., 2017. Perceptual analysis of women on tubectomy and other
family planning services: a qualitative study. International Journal of Reproduction,
Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology.4(1). pp.94-99.
Landau, C. and et. al., 2016. Inquiry-based stress reduction (IBSR) meditation technique for
BRCA1/2 mutation carriers—A qualitative study. European Journal of Integrative
Medicine.8(6). pp.958-964.
Liburd, J. J. and Edwards, D. eds., 2010. Understanding the sustainable development of tourism.
Oxford: Goodfellow.
Logar, I., 2010. Sustainable tourism management in Crikvenica, Croatia: An assessment of
policy instruments. Tourism management. 31(1). pp. 125-135.Mowforth, M. and Munt, I.,
7

2015. Tourism and sustainability: Development, globalisation and new tourism in the third
world. Routledge.
Mammen, J. R., Norton, S. A., Rhee, H. and Butz, A. M., 2016. New approaches to qualitative
interviewing: Development of a card sort technique to understand subjective patterns of
symptoms and responses. International journal of nursing studies.58. pp.90-96.
Murphy, S. A., 2014. Sustainable tourism development in UK National Parks: principles,
meaning & practice. York St John University.
Nicholas, L. and Thapa, B., 2010. Visitor perspectives on sustainable tourism development in the
pitons management area world heritage site, St. Lucia.Environment, Development and
Sustainability. 12(5). pp. 839-857.
Slocum, S. L. and Curtis, K. R., 2016. Assessing sustainable food behaviours of national park
visitors: domestic/on vocation linkages, and their implications for park policies. Journal of
Sustainable Tourism. 24(1). pp.153-167.
Slocum, S. L. and Kline, C. eds., 2017. Tourism and Resilience. CABI.
Stanford, D. and Guiver, J., 2016. Driving pro-environmental change in tourist destinations:
encouraging sustainable travel in National Parks via partnership project creation and
implementation. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 24(3). pp.484-505.
Xu, F. and Fox, D., 2014. Modelling attitudes to nature, tourism and sustainable development in
national parks: A survey of visitors in China and the UK. Tourism Management. 45.
pp.142-158.
8