Trends in Artificial Intelligence and its Link to System Requirements

This report examines the effect of implementation of Artificial Intelligence in business companies and also analyses what are the causes of this implementation and what happens to the companies once they have done so. The effect on the labour market with the introduction of AI has been heavily focused on as that has been chosen as the trend this report focuses on. The report finds that the even though there will be short term displacement of jobs with the introduction of AI, this displacement will quickly be managed with the retraining of the existing employees into new positions.

Running head: TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS
Trends in Artificial Intelligence and its Link to System Requirements
Name of Student:
Name of the University:
Author note:

1TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Abstract:
This report examines the effect of implementation of Artificial Intelligence in business
companies and also analyses what are the causes of this implementation and what happens to
the companies once they have done so. The effect on the labour market with the introduction
of AI has been heavily focused on as that has been chosen as the trend this report focuses on.
The report finds that the even though there will be short term displacement of jobs with the
introduction of AI, this displacement will quickly be managed with the retraining of the
existing employees into new positions.

2TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Table of Contents
1. Introduction:........................................................................................................................3
1.1 History of AI:..............................................................................................................3
1.2 Statement of the problem:...........................................................................................4
1.3 Importance of the research:.........................................................................................4
2. Identifying a trend of AI:....................................................................................................5
3. System Requirements of AI:...............................................................................................6
4. Reflection:...........................................................................................................................7
5. Conclusion:.........................................................................................................................8
6. References:........................................................................................................................10

3TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
1. Introduction:
Most of us who have an Instagram account, we realize that the explore page always
manages to have interesting posts and people that the we, as the user, are willing to follow
and this predictive calculation is one of the best prime examples of AI at work (Muralidhara
& Paul, 2018). To examine whether a company needs an AI to make their tasks simpler, the
process that goes into manufacturing a product can be passed through a Turing Test which
will determine whether a machine will be capable of doing the same task under certain
conditions (Schoenick et al., 2016). A machine that is able to do the same job as a human
employee raises many questions – is the AI able to display empathy, would the empathy be
able to be engineered into the machine to ensure that the replacement of the job position is
successful and most importantly, what is going to happen to the employee once their job is
able to be done by a machine.
1.1 History of AI:
Artificial intelligence (AI) aims at creating intelligent computing systems that are
predicted to become an integral part of the technology industry (Pan, 2016). This type of a
system is designed to adjust behaviour according to the environment it is placed in to
maximize its efficiency in the job it is designed to do. The main idea behind creating an AI is
to question whether a machine will be able to have the same thought process as a human
being (Qi & Tang, 2018). Beginnings of the idea of a robot revolution can be traced back to
the attempts made by classical philosophers to describe the human thinking as something of a
system.
John McCarthy is known to be the father of AI as he played a very vital role in
developing the field of study that is dedicated to the developing of intelligent machines (Lu &
Burton, 2017). John McCarthy was an American computer scientist who was famous for

4TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
being a pioneer and an inventor in the department of technology. The term AI was coined in
the year 1955 through a proposal done by John McCarthy that he presented in the 1956
Dartmouth Conference – this was the first ever conference for artificial intelligence. When
presented, the idea was positively supported by many of the participants who were at the
conference, however it soon came as daunting realization that making a machine that was
intelligent was not going to be an easy task at all. The first resistance that AI had was the fact
that the government was not willing to invest in machine learning, and this caused all the
interest to completely plateau causing what is now crowned as the “AI winter” during the
period 1974-1980 (Fast & Horvitz, 2017).
1.2 Statement of the problem:
There remains a lot to discover about what is the real aim for AI and what it is going to be
in the future. The most popular two products that made an impact were the robot delivery
dogs and self-driving cars, but that is just the beginning; it will be helpful to know what the
trends of this system will be and why it may cause problem in the business world
(Ransbotham et al., 2018). This report will help the better understanding of why many
business executives are holding back in their admiration of the success of AI. Many
executives are doubtful about investing in machine learning because they fear what the
reaction from the company employees will be, as there is a common misconception that AI
will steal their jobs and they would be unemployed. Nevertheless, this report will prove this
misconception wrong with evidences proving that AI will ensure that the employees are in
charge of higher skilled tasks than the ones they are assigned to do in present.
1.3 Importance of the research:
Technology has remained a very integral part in the development and the growth of
mankind and what it is capable of accomplishing. Technology has successfully integrated

5TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
itself as a fundamental part of everyone’s daily life, and AI has now become a very common
topic for debates and various discussions concerning its implication. It will be important to
distinguish whether AI will prove to be a threat or a business, especially in the business world
(Dirican, 2015). AIs have proved to leave a very small room for error, and it will also help in
increasing efficiency because they can actually work continuously, unlike the human
counterpart doing the same work. Many a time, there arises a situation where the human risk
factor is very high and in this case, the AI can act as a substitute and be able to get the job
done in the same way (Kolbjørnsrud, Amico & Thomas, 2016).
Companies that make the machine-learning software are able to create a package and
various software solutions that will be able to specifically align the job performed by the AI
to the company’s goals. The AI in a company will ensure that the tasks it is assigned be
completed in less time than the human counterpart, and this will increase the efficiency of the
company. There is also an opportunity to grow the company’s customer base since the AI
will be able to mine enormous quantity of data and it will be able to generate relevant quality
leads.
2. Identifying a trend of AI:
There are many disadvantages of AI that have been discovered as companies start getting
more aware of it. For the purpose of this report, the focus will be on one of the main reasons
why AI did not get a comforting welcome in the business world is because initially it was
predicted that implementation of AI will be replacing many jobs, causing a mass
unemployment. However, there is a fine print to the this conclusion which not a lot of people
have taken notice of which is, AI will not be replacing jobs, but changing the job
requirements (Ng, 2016). One of the biggest trend to look out for in 2019 is the adoption of
AI which will enhance the quality of work teams, not replace the team members.

6TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Many IT leaders have come forward and put focus on how AI will help businesses in
solving various critical challenges that the companies already do not have enough people or
expertise to tackle. Organizations that adopt AI in their internal systems or for their customer-
facing sector, they will be able to experience a new level of success in the year ahead. It will
be the responsibility of the organization to start taking the people who do the work that AI
can do, and move them into doing more complex and higher level tasks (Wilson, Daugherty
& Bianzino, 2017).
Many professionals in the field are saying that people are having the wrong debate and
the worry of AIs replacing jobs is very unnecessary when the attention must be diverted into
the redesigning of the jobs and of the entire business process to accommodate AIs and human
employees. There needs to be a suitability analysis done at each organization so that they are
aware of what jobs can be easily done by a machine, and which ones still require actual
human intelligence. Since the AI is designed to do all this and much more, the initial cost of
implementing the AI will be paid back in full with the increased profits and the cost savings
that it will cause.
3. System Requirements of AI:
For the purpose of businesses, the application of practical AI can be manifested in many
ways depending on the needs of the organization. It is true that when looked at the situation
from the point of view of the organization, the introduction has the ability to disrupt many of
the core processes of the business and there needs to be a high level of control and
coordination established (Chauhan, 2018). There are many steps to be taken by an
organization in order to adopt the AI system into their work process.
The first step is for the company to get familiar with what modern AI is capable of doing.
There are many programs that companies of any scale can do which provide various

7TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
resources on getting the idea of AI. It is recommended that the managers of the company also
attend workshops designed to help the people to increasing their knowledge of the AI. After
learning what AI is capable of, it is now time to plan how the AI can be implemented in one’s
business and simultaneously identifying problems within the organization that the AI can
solve. This is because the specifics are obviously different for every company and industry,
so the planning process is very important to ensure that the AI will actually be solving
problems and not creating more.
After creating the plan, the next obvious step is to do financial planning for the new
change. It is important to establish what the financial value is for the various AI
implementations (Giménez-Figueroa, Martín-Rojas & García-Morales, 2017). With the
financial planning, it will be important to distinguish between what is required in the short
term and what the long-term plans are. Another important factor in the planning stage before
a full implementation of AI is for the company to be aware of what it is capable of doing and
not put attention on what it cannot do. This means that the company needs to address the gap
that exists in its internal capability. Once the company is aware of what they know and do not
know about AI, they are ready to bring in specified experts and consultants of AI to help their
implementation of it. The most important thing for the company to keep in mind is that they
need to start small and be able to have a clear idea of a project goal in mind. The main thing
to remember when building an AI system for one’s company, the right mixture of
components understands the needs of the technology department that need to be met as well
as the requirements of the research project.
Companies that are able to successfully adopt AI into their business is an indication of
strong leadership from the company executives and their support of the new technology.
Even though the support from the executives is important, it is just as vital to get the support
of the all employees in the other levels of the company (Lu et al., 2018). It is easy to assume

8TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
that when AI is implemented into the company, it will be the tech department of said
company who will be in charge of it. However, this is a wrong misconception because the IT
employees are already capable of doing what the AI is, but need to focus on more advanced
tasks. This is why both business and IT leaders should lead AI initiatives to ensure a focus on
the most valuable cases.
4. Reflection:
According to research found on Harvard Business Review (Bughin, McCarthy & Chui,
2017), it was found that companies that have a strong experience in digitization are able to
profit almost 50% more than the companies that do not have the strong experience.
Companies are not able to successfully implement AI into their business unless they have
already invested in digital capabilities, which can be considered the first step in the process.
According to Kai-Fu Lee, past vice president of Apple, Microsoft and Google, he believes
that the introduction of AI will end up changing the whole world and also the history of
mankind more than anything (Clifford, 2019). There will be obvious changes to the labour
market, which is becoming one of the biggest concerns for many workers and affecting their
support for the new technology. As mentioned earlier it is equally important for the
employees to contribute support as it is the executives in the company.
For the implementation of AI to be successful in a company, it is important that there is a
shift their primary focus on decision-management effectiveness because the leaders of the
company need to determine the tasks that can be done by the machines and the tasks that
should be specifically assigned to human employees. This shift will welcome a culture of
continuous learning and accompanied by improvement in the business. As AI becomes more
common in workplaces, there will be new jobs that become necessary which will entail
monitoring and subsequently coordinating the machines and robots. For example, as the CEO

9TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
of Tesla, Inc. Elon Musk has pointed out that since in the future there will be trucks that can
drive themselves, the truck drivers will have their jobs replaced. However, these truck drivers
can now be assigned as fleet operators who will look after their specific trucks and make sure
that the job is being carried out as told (Clifford, 2019).
Looking at past machine revolutions such as the sewing machine, steam engine and
electricity, it is important to remember that they all have in a way displaced jobs in the past
(Agarwal, Gans & Goldfarb, 2017). The only difference between those revolutions and this
robot revolution is that the rate of change of the displacement of labour will be much faster
for the latter. The key to adapting to this change lies in the new training of the existing
employees and this is the responsibility of not only the government but also the corporations
and the various wealthy beneficiaries of AI (Jarrahi, 2018). With the implementation of the
AI predicting increased profits experienced by the company, the one way to comfort the fears
of the employees is for them to also be able to see the same change in their remuneration so
that they are not being deprived of a safety net.
5. Conclusion:
There is much to still be found out on the extent of the capabilities of machine learning,
however, it is not necessary for this to become a worry for the people and the workers of
various companies. The adaptation of AI in a company will cause some short term
displacement of jobs, unless the company has already started preparing their workforce to the
change before it happens. This is the difference between effective and ineffective
implementation because if the company is not ready to deal with the changes it wants to
adopt, then there will be a massive outcry from its workforce. There is a lot about the human
capability that mankind is still not aware of, and the capacity to love and show compassion is
not something that can be easily calculated into an algorithm for machine learning.

10TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
The implementation of AI in companies will prove to be more helpful than harmful and
this realization may be a long term goal but is not something that should be discouraged. The
internal capacity of companies will increase exponentially and the company will be able to
accomplish their tasks and produce their goods and services with the least errors possible,
ensuring maximum revenue generation.

11TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
6. References:
Agrawal, A. K., Gans, J. S., & Goldfarb, A. (2017). What to expect from artificial
intelligence. MIT Sloan Management Review, 58(3), 23.
Bughin, J., McCarthy, B., & Chui, M. (2017). A Survey of 3,000 Executives Reveals How
Businesses Succeed with AI. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2017/08/a-survey-of-
3000-executives-reveals-how-businesses-succeed-with-ai
Chauhan, M. S. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and Parallel Cloud role in Future Modern
Economies. Artificial Intelligence, 4, 16-23.
Clifford, C. (2019). The 'Oracle of A.I.': These 4 kinds of jobs will not be replaced by robots.
Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/14/the-oracle-of-ai-these-kinds-of-
jobs-will-not-be-replaced-by-robots-.html
Dirican, C. (2015). The impacts of robotics, artificial intelligence on business and
economics. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 564-573.
Fast, E., & Horvitz, E. (2017, February). Long-term trends in the public perception of
artificial intelligence. In Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
Giménez-Figueroa, R., Martín-Rojas, R., & García-Morales, V. J. (2017). Business
Intelligence: An Innovative Technological Way to Influence Corporate
Entrepreneurship. In Entrepreneurship-Development Tendencies and Empirical
Approach. IntechOpen.
Jarrahi, M. H. (2018). Artificial intelligence and the future of work: Human-AI symbiosis in
organizational decision making. Business Horizons, 61(4), 577-586.

12TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND LINK TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Kolbjørnsrud, V., Amico, R., & Thomas, R. J. (2016). How artificial intelligence will
redefine management. Harvard Business Review, 2.
Lu, H., Li, Y., Chen, M., Kim, H., & Serikawa, S. (2018). Brain intelligence: go beyond
artificial intelligence. Mobile Networks and Applications, 23(2), 368-375.
Lu, S., & Burton, S. L. (2017). Man vs Robots? Future Challenges and Opportunities within
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Health Care Education Model. Proceedings of the RAIS
Conferece I, 6, 7.
Muralidhara, S., & Paul, M. J. (2018). # Healthy Selfies: Exploration of Health Topics on
Instagram. JMIR public health and surveillance, 4(2).
Ng, A. (2016). What artificial intelligence can and can’t do right now. Harvard Business
Review, 9.
Pan, Y. (2016). Heading toward artificial intelligence 2.0. Engineering, 2(4), 409-413.
Qi, M., & Tang, W. (2018, July). Analysis on Artificial Intelligence Security and Its
Countermeasures. In 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education,
Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018). Atlantis Press.
Ransbotham, S., Gerbert, P., Reeves, M., Kiron, D., & Spira, M. (2018). Artificial
Intelligence in Business Gets Real. MIT Sloan Management Review, September, 17.
Wilson, H. J., Daugherty, P., & Bianzino, N. (2017). The jobs that artificial intelligence will
create. MIT Sloan Management Review, 58(4), 14.