The unconditional stimulus the dog’s

Running head: SHORT ANSWERS
Short Answers
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SHORT ANSWERS1
Answer 1
The unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment is dog food, and conditioned
stimulus is the bell’s sound. The conditioned response is salivation which is the response to
dog food and unconditioned response is salivation to the bell’s sound (Rehman et al.).
Answer 2
Conditional-response, for instance, humans showing phobia to dogs that are triggered
by a conditional stimulus which is barking of the dog. The unconditional stimulus the dog’s
appearance to which the unconditional response that is fear can happen whereas conditional-
response is fear or phobia to dog’s barking (Rehman et al.).
Answer 3
Reinforcement is the possibility of strengthening a response whereas punishment is
the probability of suppressing a response. Positive reinforcement stimulates hard work by
appraisal whereas positive punishment decreases a behavior on addition of undesirable
stimulus. Negative reinforcement stimulates behavior and negative punishment decreases
behavior when an undesirable and pleasant stimulus is removed respectively
(Education.gov.gy).
Answer 4
According to Martin Seligman, learned helplessness, a response is generated by a
subject after it has endured repetitive unpleasant stimuli that are out of their control.
It is caused by loss of self-efficacy that subjects feel powerlessness in response to
negative stimuli and discontinues to run away from the stimulus even if they have alternatives
to avoid it (Maier and Seligman).