Literature Review and Citation Analysis

This assignment involves a thorough examination of multiple research papers and articles from various disciplines, including business, education, psychology, and environmental science. The task requires identifying relevant sources, conducting a literature review, and analyzing citations to understand the context and relevance of each study. The assignment aims to develop critical thinking skills, research methodology, and the ability to synthesize complex information from multiple sources.

Understanding and Leading
Changes

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1 Comparison between different organizational operational strategies after adopting changes
.....................................................................................................................................................1
P2 Measurement of internal and external drivers of change on leadership, individuals and
team.............................................................................................................................................4
P3 Evaluate how to minimize negative impact of change on organization................................6
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................8
P4 Barriers which effect the change and affect leadership decision making strategies..............8
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................9
P5 Application of suitable leadership style in organizational context........................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
In present scenario, changes are significant for the business in which they easily
improve their quality performance. For this effectively implement is one the important task
for the enterprise because it is relate with the overall success in market place. Changes are
take place in business entity at fast speed which directly impact on its performance level
(Ayyagari, Grover and Purvis, 2011). Along with this changes in business environment,
culture, methods and strategies are directly impact on the overall image of the company. In
present time, every business having flexible nature in which they easily implement all the
changes and get positive results. With the help of this organization enhance their brand
image and increase customers base towards its services. Present report is based on
understating and leading change which helps in improving the performance of the company.
Along with this, it also discussed about impact of changes on business structure. In this
various drivers of changes which directly impact on leadership, team and individuals is also
mentioned. Furthermore, report is discussed with two different organization in same
business such as Starbucks and Costa. This report is also discussed that how to reduce
negative impact on the business organization in order to enhance goodwill of enterprise.
TASK 1
P1 Comparison between different organizational operational strategies after adopting
changes
Organizational changes are rapidly take place within the business which affect the
overall performance of the company and also impact on its methods and strategies. It is
related with operational and management concept because it include market trends, culture,
technologies, tactics of market, customers preferences and many more. Along with this,
change is an act as well as process which is more effective to improve the performance level
of the company and also define something different within the organizational activities. All
are continuously changed so that it is more important for the company to effectively
understand and implement within their activities which leads in defining positive outcomes.
Along with this it is significant for business to adopt all the favourable and positive changes
in order to take more advantage for enhancing their performance level at market place. All
the changes relate with current situation in which it define better opportunities to the
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company (Berry, 2011). It also aid in increasing customers base by maintaining better
relationship with new customers. In this context there are two different organization which
deal with same industry such as Costa and Starbucks. Both are operate their restaurant in
various location.
Starbucks:
Starbucks is one of the biggest and popular American restaurant which operate their
business in various location in which they offer coffee and refreshment services to their
customers in order to get their higher satisfaction. This restaurant found by Grodon bowker,
Jerry Baldwin and Zev Siegl in 1971 in US. In the initial stage they operate their business
form the streets. Now they offer their services in more than 50 countries and generate large
revenue.
Costa:
Costa is also biggest and famous restaurant which provide services to their
customers in different areas in order to generate high revenue. They operate their coffee
shop in more than 30 countries and invite large number of customers by delivering better
products. It was founded by costa family in 1971 in which they offer roasted coffee beans in
London streets. In present time they operate more than 3400 stores in different locations.
Now costa is also expand their business and set their shops in India also. They has large
number of market share in UK and also take second position in market place by delivering
quality services to their customers.
Along with this there are some strategies in both organizational context in which
they adopted changes to expand their business in market place are as follows:
Strategies Starbucks Costa
Competency
based
strategies
It is one of the effective strategies in
which organization analysis their
customers taste and preferences and
provide then their services
accordingly. Products of Starbucks is
nor separate before but they
implement some changes strategies
and divide their products in various
Costa coffee shop is also famous
restaurant in which they offer teas,
chocolates, frescato and many more
products in market. They change
their charging policies within their
operational activities. In this they
use product change strategy in
which they introduce new and
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categorise. They keep their
customers taste in top and set their
services accordingly. In this context,
company provide cold and hot
coffee, sandwiches, roasted beans,
ice creams and many more which
helps in generating more revenue by
delivering their products in larger
number of customers as per their
taste. Furthermore they also change
their many card in which they set
their different categorise of the
products as per customers demand.
quality products and services to their
customers as per their requirements
and get their satisfaction level.
Pricing
strategies
As per their image and reputation in
global market they had high cost of
their products which reduce their
customers interest towards the
company because no one wants to
pay high cost of the products (Bolton
and et. al., 2013). It directly impact
on overall profitability of the
company. After that they analysed
and include some policies and
economic product in which they
define their price low to high which
leads in increasing performance
level and get positive results. With
the help of this they easily increase
their customers base and satisfied
them effectively.
Costa define their effective cost of
the products and also provide
economic option to their customers.
They use competitive pricing
strategies to offer quality services
and beat their competitors at market
place. But some time its strategy is
not effective to expand their
business. In this they implement
some changes and categorised their
price strategies and product also.
With the help of this they getting
competitive advantage in market
place.
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Promotions
and
advertising
strategies
Starbucks invest their lots of funds
in better advertisement and
promotion in order to invite large
number of customers. It is biggest
reason of this company is product
rate is high and profitability is less.
They use various sources of
promotion such as radios, TV,
printing and many more. In recent
time they lead their business in
global level and also capture large
number of market share due to their
positive brand image in over the
world.
Costa is not spend their money in
promoting their services because
they believes in serving quality
services to their customers. But in
present time marketing and
adverting is must in which it cover
all the market and customers. So
that also give practical presentation
of their products and services in
order to introduce new and
innovative products in front to
customers which helps in increasing
their customers base and
profitability also.
Process Starbucks operate their various
stores in which large number of
customers use its products for satisfy
their needs. Now they change their
technologies and start online
delivery and placing orders in which
they increase their customers base
within their organization which leads
in generating large number of
profitability in most effective
manner.
Costa coffee has their different
delivery process of the products in
which they take orders and serve
their services on customers tables.
This methods is related with
traditional tactics (Calhoun and
Tedeschi, 2014). Now various
changes are evaluated in this process
in which they effectively adopt and
implement within their organization
in order to get better results.
P2 Measurement of internal and external drivers of change on leadership, individuals and
team
Leadership is an effective creation which helps in enhancing the team performance
within the organization by providing better direction. With the help of this all the members
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work as a team in order to achieve all the common goals and objectives in systematic
manner. In this, leader are the person who have capability to leads as well as provide better
direction to their staff members in order to achieve better results. In this context various
type of leadership styles are used by the organization as per overall structure of the business.
With the help of this all the team members are effective perform their work and attain their
targets (FRANCO, 2012). Along with this various issues and problems are faced by the
organization which directly affect behaviour of team, leadership and individuals. There are
some internal and external drivers of changes are are follows:
Change drivers Business organization
Internal drivers of change:  Organization's market share is
largely impact on the organization
performance in which individuals,
team and leadership also affected
because market share is totally
depend on the company success at
market place. In context of
Starbucks, if they are fails in
implementing all the changes within
their organization that they reduce
their productivity in market place
and also reduce customers base
which negatively impact on the
overall performance of the company.
 Resources is also exist in inside of
the company which largely affect the
leadership decision making process.
If organization does not utilize their
available resources so that they fails
in implementing all the changes in
effective manner. So that it is
important duty of manager to provide
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better guidance to their staff
members so that they properly use
their resources in order to enhance
their productivity and profitability
also.
 Improvement in policies and
technologies is also effect the
organization performance in positive
way because it leads in attracting
large number of customers towards
its products and services. With the
help of this employees effectively
improve their performance level and
productivity also which leads in
attaining the competitive advantage
in market place and also get positive
results.
 Culture and theme of the business
organization is also affect the overall
performance and leadership style
because all the changes are
implement by the leaders. For better
improvement within the organization
it is important for the manager as
well as leader to encourage
employees confidence so that they
can able to implement all the changes
effectively and attain positive
outcomes.
 Wastage and scrap are the factors
which directly impact on its
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productivity because all are the
major part of the business which
affect cost of the products (Hallinger,
2011).
External drivers of change:
 Customers: These are the important
external drivers for the company. It
is more important for Starbucks to
understand their customers taste and
preferences because its rapidly
changes according to the market
trends (Hayes, 2014). For enhance
overall performance as well as
productivity of the company is to
offer quality services as per their
needs so that they easily get their
higher satisfaction and attain
competitive advantage form its
rivals.
 Competitors: In today's business
environment, competition is very
high in which company take more
risk to improve their performance as
compare to their competitors. For
take competitive advantage, manager
of Starbucks provide better training
programs to their employees so that
they effectively perform their work
and improve overall performance.
With the help of this company easily
implement all the changes and attain
positive outcomes in systematic
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manner.
 Investors: Better implementation of
new policies required huge financial
funds so that they take help from
investors like banks, businessmen
and another financial institution.
With the help of this company
effectively implement all the changes
and improve their performance level.
 Technology: New and innovative
technologies are more important for
the company. Changes in
technologies helps in improving
production process of the company
in which fin easily offer quality
products and attain higher
profitability of the company in
market place. With the help of this
Starbucks reduce their production
cost and attain better results.
 Government: It is one of the
important external factor for business
organization. In this government
made some policies and legislation
which have to follow by the
Starbucks to maintain their ethical
performance within the organization.
With the help of this company easily
implement their changes in most
effective manner.
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Both drivers of changes are directly effect the overall performance of the business
(Papadopoulos, Radnor and Merali, 2011). In this important duty of the leader and manager
to effectively implement their changes and attain positive outcomes.
P3 Evaluate how to minimize negative impact of change on organization
It is more important for the business to reduce the negative impact of all the changes
on organizational activities which leads in enhancing the overall performance of the
employees and company also. Changes are important for the business growth but some time
it negatively affect the performance of the business so that it is important duty for manager
and leader minimize the negative impact by effectively analysis all the changes within the
company (Pettigrew, 2013). With the help of this for easily take competitive advantage from
its rivals and capture larger market share. Along with this, advancement and changes are
define risk factors which directly affect the organizational structure. For this Starbucks set
their committee and panels in which they effectively analysis the risk factors of changes in
order to maintain the better sustainability within the market place. In this context, there are
some negative impact of changes on organisation. All are as follows:
 Employee resistance: Implementation of changes in business organization is
increase employees resistance. The big reason of this impact is lack of knowledge
about implementation of new policies which directly affect the employees. So that it
is important duty of manager to provide better training and development programs
about software and policies so that they effectively perform their work and
implement all the changes.
 Expenses: Changes required huge amount of financial resources for better
implementation within the Starbucks. In which large companies easily generate
more finance form investors and implement new policies. But it is more complex
for small business organization to attain finance because they have little capital in
market place (Ryan and et. al., 2011). If company implement all the changes with
analysis its financial condition than they face various problems and increase their
product cost which directly minimize the overall profitability. In this context,
manager and leader analysis effective option to generate finance in order to
implement changes within organization in effective manner.
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 Lack of support and failure: It is also a negative cause for the management which
fails the effective implementation of new policies. If employees does not use
effective and new policies than they fails in adopting all he changes. In this context,
it is more important for the management and staff members to take better decision
and make new policies commitment in order to attain positive outcomes.
 Morale: Some time changes are highly affect the employees performance. If
company does not implement al the changes effectively than they reduce employees
morale which negatively impact on their productivity level. It is the biggest reason
for increasing employees turnover and also reduce the financial resources of the
company (Schexnider, 2013). So that it is important for the company to implement
new policies as well as changes appropriately otherwise it negatively effect the
workers performance level.
All these are effective ways to minimize the negative impact of all the changes
within the organization. For maintain the better performance, it is important duty of
management to use effective and strong communication so that they easily understand the
changes and dynamics in most effective manner.
TASK 2
P4 Barriers which effect the change and affect leadership decision making strategies
Leadership is an effective capability of the company in which leader play important
role because they provide better guidance to their team members so that they effectively
perform and attain their goals in appropriate time period. With the help of better leadership
company achieve their organizational goals and objective and also enhance their overall
productivity at market place. In this decision making process is also an important process in
which leader determine appropriate plan and activities which leads in increasing
productivity as well as profitability of the business in systematic way. In this context,
various factors are directly affect the leadership decision making of Starbucks. For example,
management department of the company search a new marketing strategies to improve their
performance. In this leader frame the effective plan according to their staff members
capabilities towards the work. In which leader firstly sort the plan, define effective
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implementing plan, allocate all the roles to the employees and many more which helps in
preparing decision making strategies in systematic manner.
Along with this, past experience of individual, cognitive biases, mind set of the
person personal relevance and etc. are the internal factors which define huge difference in
adopting best policy for the company in order to improve their quality performance of the
business in appropriate way. In this changes are largely impact on all the departments as
well as sub department of the business such as administration, sale and marketing
department, production, IT department and many more (Seligman, 2011). All these having
their own roles and complexity which helps in implementing the changes. It directly affect
the employees capabilities in which they deal with the system of implementing of all the
changes.
Knowledge, information and awareness is effective as well as important for the
company at the time of implementing of all the changes which requires a specific format
and process to attain better outcomes (Steffen and et. al., 2011). In organization excel
management and operation adopt all the changes of technologies and project related in
which leader and manager find the capable and able employees who effectively operate as
well as understand the function. With the help of this company easily improve their
performance and also effectively implement all the new policies. In this context, manager
and leader of cited organisation face various problems due to lack of experienced of
employees which reduce efficiency of the business.
Cost and budgets is also directly impact on decision making process of leadership. In
this it is important responsibility of a leader to provide training and development programs
to their staff members in order top teach about all the changes and policies so that they
effective perform and get better results. In this context, the leader of Starbucks effectively
evaluate cost effective plans which helps in expand the capital in most effective manner. In
this case the leader have alternative option either they generate finance for loan or form
debenture. Now the leader needs to evaluate the capital cost as pet the plan and seeking out
the positive end results of the products which helps in enhancing the overall profitability of
the business.
Hence, all these barriers are directly affect the leadership decision making process of
Starbucks. So that it is important duty of management to effectively resolve all the problems
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by implement all the changes in systematic manner which leads in enhancing the overall
performance of the company at market place.
Force field analysis: It is more important approach which is used by the company to
evaluate the changes and its impact in both positive and negative way. With the help of ths
management of the company take an effective decision which contribute in enhancing the
growth level at market place. Along with this, it determine the better structure in which
influence the social situation. By this manager of the company determine the positive
change drivers in order to evaluate the impact of negative factors. It define some steps
which involved in this model are as follows:
Step 1: Proposal for change: It define the company mission and vision which aid in
evaluating the changes and its impact of the business organization which leads in attaining
overall goals and objectives.
Step 2: Identification of forces of change: It is important for company to evaluate the
internal and external changes in appropriate manner. In this context the internal change
drivers are as follows:
 Workers morale
 Advancement of technology
 Culture of the business.
External change drivers:
 Competitors
 Economic environment
Step 3: Determination of forces against change: This steps define several changes which is
related with unfavourable are as follows:
External resistors:
 Customers
 Rules of legal authority
Internal resistors:
 Behaviour of the workers
Step 4: Assign scores: It define scope of the elements in order to evaluate their strength and
weakness. With the help of this management gives rates as per performance of the business.
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Step 5: Analysis and application: This phase is related with impact of the evaluation process
which affect entire plan. It helps in defining the positive results of the company in
appropriate manner.
TASK 3
P5 Application of suitable leadership style in organizational context
Leadership is an effective quality of the person in which they influence their team
members towards their work in which they effectively perform and get better outcomes
(Tefferi and Vainchenker, 2011). In this aspect a leader is one person who have capabilities
to guide as well as lead their team in order achieve all the common goals and objectives in
most effective manner. For better leading all the team and changes they use effective
leadership style which helps in achieving positive outcomes. In this context, Starbucks is a
biggest coffee shop company which use various leadership strategies within their
organization. There are some suitable styles of leadership which are suggested to the
company in order to accomplish their goals and objectives in appropriate manner. All are as
follows:
 Autocratic: It is one of the important and effective in which all the authorities and
responsibilities are hold by the leader (Different type of leadership styles, 2017). In
this decision are taken by the leader without consulting with their staff members. It
is related with the situational leadership style in which all the feedbacks and
suggestion are get by the staff members in order to improve their overall
performance.
 Democratic: This approach define the better involvement of employees in decision
making process. In this communication flows in upward and downward in which all
the employees effectively directed and motivated towards the work and their
activities. With the help of this leaders easily encourage workers morale which
improve their performance level at workplace.
 Laissez Faire: It is one of the important which define the best process for their
employees in order to enhance their working quality at workplace. In this leader
provide authority to their workers in which they take better decision. With the help
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of this leader build trust among all the employees so that they define self structured
in order to maintain the better operations activities within the organization.
 Transformational: It is also an important theory which is related with combination
of various skills. This strategy analysis the need changes, goals, team guidance and
its new and effective ideas which helps in executing all he task in most effective
manner. With the help of this approach Starbucks easily maintain better relation
among all the employees and also understand their nature which helps in enhancing
the overall performance of the workers.
 Transactional: It is one of the effective strategies which focus on improving overall
performance of the employees at workplace (Turner and Annamalai, 2012). With the
help of this leader easily enhance employees skills and knowledge towards the work
so that they perform their task effectively and get effective results. It include various
methods which helps in improving the performance level such as reward, applauds,
appreciation, promotions, positioning and may more. With the help of this
employees get motivated and reach their targets. It is mix up of the management
skills and leadership which aid in improving the image of the company at market
place (Weber and Rohracher, 2012).
All these are the effective style which helps in improving the overall performance of
the company and also enhance their productivity level at market place.
CONCLUSION
From the above mentioned report, it can be concluded that changes are more
important for the business organization which helps in improving the performance of the
business in effective manner. In this it is important duty of the manager as well as leader to
effectively adopt new changes within their operational activities in order to enhance their
profitability level. This report summarised that there are two organization which define
overall contribution of changes within the business advancement. Along with this, various
barriers is also mentioned which directly affect the operational activities so that for attain
better results, manager should effectively implement all the changes. In this internal and
external factors also affect business functions and all the team and individuals. Furthermore,
effective implementation of leadership style within enterprise is also beneficial which leads
in attaining competitive advantage in market place.
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