Influence of Organizational Components on Individual and Team Behavior
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This report discusses the impact of organizational culture, power, and politics on individual and team behavior and performance. It also explores different theories of motivation and their effect on behavior. The report provides recommendations for creating a positive work environment and improving team cooperation.
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Organisation Behaviour
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Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................1 LO1....................................................................................................................................1 P1 Influence on individual and team behaviour and performance from organization culture, power and politics.........................................................................................1 M1Critiqueofinfluenceoforganisationalcomponentsonindividualandteam behaviour...................................................................................................................5 LO 2...................................................................................................................................6 P2 Content and process theories of motivation........................................................6 M2 Critique on the manner in which behaviour is affected by motivational theories7 D1 Critique of relation between culture, politics, power and motivation which enable team and organisational success providing justified recommendations...................8 LO 3...................................................................................................................................8 P3 Effective v/s Ineffective team...............................................................................8 M3 Analyse relevant team and group development theories to aid development of dynamic cooperation.................................................................................................9 LO 4.................................................................................................................................10 P4 Application of concepts related to OB...............................................................10 M4. Concepts of OB influence behaviour in affirmative and contrary way.............11 D2 Critique of relevancy of team development theories in relation to OB concepts which impact on workplace behaviour....................................................................11 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................12 REFERENCES................................................................................................................13
INTRODUCTION Organisationalbehaviourreferstothefieldwherestudyisconductedover individuals performance while working within the company. Management team of every organisation focuses on developing positive environment for employees where they can easily execute their job responsibilities and attain targeted goal and objective in quicker manner (Reynolds Kueny, Jundt and Shoss, 2019). The current report is based on MarksandSpencer,aUnitedKingdombasedlargescaleretailcompany.The respective company was founded by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer and was incorporated in the year 1884. Marks and Spencer mainly deals in high quality clothing but also offers products in home and food segment. The present report provides description on the impact of organisational culture, power and politics on individuals and teams performance. It will also explain about different theories and concept through which businesses can easily motivate employees in order to improve their performance. Moreover, it also provide effective understanding of how team can effectively cooperate with one another for attaining higher success. At last, application of concepts and philosophies of Organisational Behaviour to deal with complex corporate situations are specified. LO1 P1 Influence on individual and team behaviour and performance from organization culture, power and politics Organisational behaviour is termed as the study which emphasises on providing understanding on how individuals behave within the company at the time of performing their job responsibility in rightful manner. By having effective knowledge on this concept business manager of the company can easily motivate employee and enhance their performance in effective manner (Tiwari, 2019). Power, politics and culture are three of the core elements of company which directly places influence over organisational as well asindividuals performance in effective manner. With reference to Marks and Spencer all of these three elements are described below along with their influence on individuals performance. Culture 1
Culture is termed as the values and ideology hold by business organisation. It is important for Human resource manager of every company to create effective working environment and culture for the employees so that they can effectively work without facing any sort of issue in the near future. In context of Marks and Spencer, manager of this company effectively make use of Handy's Typology in order to develop their understanding over various kind of organisational cultures so that they can effectively choose one among all for developing better culture at workplace.All of them are explained below: Role culture:This culture simply states that manager holds main power at workplace. In this, they assigns work to existing workforce according to their skill, knowledge and capability. Acquiring of role culture within Marks and Spencer will help out its manager in develop positive environment at workplace because all employees are getting working according to their interest (Nwanzu and Babalola, 2019). This will directly help them out in improving employees performance at individuals as well as team level. Task culture:It simply means that various are developed within the company for the main purpose of resolving specific problems at workplace. This kind of culture is also helpful for the company in developing positive environment for employees where there are less number of conflicts. With reference to Marks and Spencer, it can be said that this culture is adopted by business manager then it simply provides higher level of opportunities to employees according to which they can easily resolve conflicts as well as interpersonal issues in company. It also provides them opportunity to develop stronger and healthier relationship with one another. This ultimately results in the creation of collaborative feeling among employees which directly contributes in attaining long term goals in quicker manner. Person culture:The main focus of this type of culture is to boost up individuals performance by providing them work or task according to particular persons capability (Ahmadi and et. al., 2019). It is mainly considered as the negative kind of culture because main focus is only provided to individual not whole team. It can be said that if manager of Marks and Spencer acquires this type of culture then they directly provides 2
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differentopportunitiestoemployeesaccordingtocompany'srequirementwhich ultimately helps them out in influencing their behaviour in order to boost up their performance in rightful manner. The adverse influence of this culture could be seen by manager when individuals keeps hisown priorities and expectation at first irrespective of whole team. This ultimately results in the creation of negative culture at workplace. As a result, it makes it difficult for the company to attain its targeted goals and objectiveswithintheprovidedtimeframebecauseofnoneffectivesupportof employees. Power culture:According to this culture main power of decision making is given only to few people. With reference to Marks and Spencer, it can be said that usage this culture will not be beneficial for the same company as it will not provide opportunity to existing employees to express their creativity and viewpoint in organisational work (Askool and et. al., 2019). As a result, the company will not be able to take leverage of employees innovative support within the company. This culture will considered as the negative one for the company because they will not be able to attain quicker success with the effective support of employees. Aspertheoverallprovideddescriptiononrangeofcultures,ithasbeen acknowledged that role culture is best feasible for Marks and Spencer as with this, they will be able to influence behaviour of individuals as well as whole team to work collaboratively and give their best performance at workplace. Politics Politics is commonly termed as the procedure in which human beings interacts with one another by effectively making use of their strong power. Politics at workplace can be seen in both the positive as well as negative manner at workplace. It mainly generates inmanysituationslikecommunicationofemployeeswithoneanother, performingworkinrotationalshifts,flexibilityinleavesetc.Inthesesituationsif individuals reacts in a bias manner then it is considered as their partial behaviour towardsoneanother(HÜGELandKREUTZER,2019).IncontextofMarksand Spencer, incorporation of positive politics at workplace will help leaders in speeding up employees performance as they works more energetically. On the other hand, negative politics at workplace might develop negativity in the company which could result in 3
decline in employees performance. This is because employees might trust on one another that states their internal relations are very weak which results in the decline of their performance. As per the above described information on different kind of politics, it can be said that leaders of Marks and Spencer are required to incorporate positive politics at workplacewhichcontributesinthedevelopmentofhealthyrelationshipamong employees with one another. As a result, they will be able to deliver effective output for the company. Power Power is basically termed as authority provided to superior authority within the company. This authority allows individuals to take organisational decisions according to themselves without consulting with any one else (Omole, Oladundoye and Oyetunji- Alemede, 2019). On the basis of views given by French & Raven, it can be said that there mainly 5 types of powers which are adopted by business leaders in different organisational situations. With reference to Marks and Spencer, some main kind of power that could be adopted by its manager are explained below: Reward power:This kind of power simply provides authority to top management team to provide recognition and rewards to existing workforce on the basis of their performance. Reward power simply develops sense of positivity at workplace as it motivates employees as well as teams which ultimately fosters their performance in order to attain higher rewards. Coercive power:This power states that leaders or manager of the company focuses on using threat or force in order to influence individuals behaviour to perform the particular task.It can be said that if this kind of power is practised in Marks and Spencer then it would definitely reduce thinking capability of existing workforce and also place negative impact over their morality (AL-Abrrow, Abdullah and Atshan, 2019). But, at the same time it might also develop difficulty for employees in accomplishing all task within the provided time frame because they are not able to utilise their own set of skills and capabilities due to forceful pressures of superior. Legitimate power:It is the most superior kind of power that is provided to only fewdesignatedpeoplesuchasownerorCEOwithcompany.Ifthispoweris 4
incorporated in company that will not allow any person or teams to represent their views or creativity at the time of taking decision in the company. Incorporation of Legitimate power within Marks and Spencer will definitely develop negative behaviour among employees as they are not able to express their views for organisational growth. This will also result in the decline of employees performance. Referent power:It is termed as fictitious form of power that is owned by individuals who has certain characteristics that attracts other people. This might work as the performance booster power within the company which influences others to work more efficiently in order to acquire the same position of referent leaders in appropriate manner (Willis, 2019). If employees of Marks and Spencer emphasizes on using this powerthenitmighthasadverseimpactoverthecompany'sgrowthbecauseits employeesareonlyfocusingonacquiringpositionofreferentleaderratherthan attaining organisational goals and objectives. Expert power:In this type of power, main authority is provided to only those individuals who have specialisation in particular field or work. It is considered as the effective kind of power as it helps individuals in attaining their respective task in quicker manner because they can take expertise advise for accomplishing their task. This might also has adverse impact over individual behaviour as they might have unsecured feeling from expert leader as they are not getting preference for expressing their own viewpoint at the time of working. From the above expressed range of powers, it can be said that reward power is best for Marks and Spencer's leader as it will support in motivating existing workforce with the help of monetary as well as non monetary benefits. M1Critique of influence of organisational components on individual and team behaviour The overall analysis of several organisational component places positive as well as negative influence over individual as well as teams performance. Here, it can be said said if role culture and task culture are incorporated within the company then it develops feeling of motivation among employees as well as team (Naz and et. al., 2019). Whereas, if other form of culture like power and person are incorporated within the company then it might put negative impact over individuals behaviour or performance. If it is talked about politics, it has been analysed that incorporation of positive politics at 5
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workplace influences individuals performance ion positive manner whereas negative politics at workplace could develop conflicts which would result in decline in productivity of individuals. Furthermore, reward, expert and referent form of powers provides their contribution in employees empowerment and boost up their performance at individuals as well team level. On the contrary, legitimate and coercive kind of power places negative impact over individual as they are not able to present their creativity for organisational growth. LO 2 P2 Content and process theories of motivation Motivation is considered as the effective procedure by which performance of an individual or whole team can be raised in positive manner. Business managers as well as leaders acquires different motivational theories in order to enhance productivity of the employees which will contribute in the quick attainment of goals and objectives (Lunt, Staves andWeyman, 2019). Incontext of Marks and Spencer, its Human resource manager could effectively make use of several motivational theories that develops their knowledge on needs and requirement of employees. This ultimately supports leader in motivating employees in effectively.Two motivational theory adopted by HR manager of Marks and Spencer are described as below: ERG motivation theory ERG motivation theory was given by Clayton P. Alderfer. This theory simply reducesfiveneedsofMaslow'sinto3categoriesthatarenamedas Existence,RelatednessandGrowth.Thistheorymainlybelongstocontenttheory becauseitemphasizesoverneedsandrequirementofindividual'sandsupports company in meeting them in quicker manner once these are met. Existence Needs:It is basically a integration of physiological and materialistic needs of individual which includes food, water, shelter, air and clothing (Rezaei, 2019). With reference toMarks and Spencer, manager of this company for focuses on motivating employees by providing them monetary benefits like incentive and bonus in order to enhance their satisfaction level. This directly supports them in enhancing 6
employeesperformancebyquickaccomplishmentoforganisationalgoalsand objectives. Relatedness Needs:This emphasizes on accomplishing social esteem and external needs in the collaborative manner that includes peers, colleague and family. It can be effectively attained with recognition of employees in unofficial parties in front of all staff members (Waddell and et. al., 2019). It directly motivates employees and helps them out in attaining organisational goals in provided time frame. Growth Needs:It is considered as the last need of individuals where their focus is only placed on improving the level of their own growth. With reference toMarks and Spencer, manager of the respective company fulfils these needs of employees by conducting effective training session for them in order to grow them at individual level. This directly improves productivity level of employees in rightful manner as their needs are satisfied. Adam’s Equity Theory The respective theory was given by SirJohn Stacy Adams. It mainly emphasises on 2 principles. In this, first principle states that equilibrium is required between input andoutputofindividual.Ontheotherhand,anotherprinciplefocusesonevery individualshouldfeelthattheyarefairlytreatedatworkplacewithrespectiveof colleagues. In context of Marks and Spencer, it can be said that manager of this company should provide both the monetary and non monetary benefits to employees in order to boost up their performance in rightful manner (Mansouri, Singh and Khan, 2018).Thiscommonlyincludespaidleaves,bonus,productivitylinkedincentives, training, certification, flexible working hours etc. Implication of this theory within the company helps them out in motivating employees and fostering their performance for the stake of quick attainment of rewards in effective manner. This also support company in attainment of organisational goals in quicker manner. M2Critique on the manner in which behaviour is affected by motivational theories As per the explanation provided on bothmotivationaltheories that isERG Motivation and Adam's Equity, it can be said that implication of these theories in company supports them in positively influencing employees behaviour. It can be said that ERG is supportive in fulfilling personnel needs of individuals that directly enhances 7
their performance as well as productivity in rightful manner. On the other hand, it can be said that if the company is not able to fulfil needs of these employees then it would not be easier for them to encourage staff or boost up their performance. D1Critique of relation between culture, politics, power and motivation which enable team and organisational success providing justified recommendations Various types of culture, politics and power which are incorporated by manager helpsbusinessassociationinboostingupemployeesperformanceinaffirmative manner (Burrell and Morgan, 2019). On the other hand, it can be said that if company make use of any wrong elements belonging to these then it could directly hamper productivity of Marks and Spencer in negative manner. By observing all this, it is recommended to acquire only positive types of elements that supports in motivating employees in positive manner. This will boost up performance of employees in such a manner that will effectively help employees out in attaining their respective goals and objectives in rightful manner. LO 3 P3 Effective v/s Ineffective team Team is deciphered as the group of individuals who collaboratively work with each other in order to attain particular goal. Teams are basically of two types that is effective and ineffective. Both of them are explained below with respect to Marks and Spencer along with their differentiation: BasisEffective teamIneffective team DefinitionEffective team is considered as the groupofemployeeswhohave clearknowledgeovertheirgoal andobjectiveandallteam membershavestrongfeelingof coordinationandcollaborative working. Ineffectiveteamisbasically termedasgroupofemployees who works in the common team but does not have any guidance or clear idea about their targeted goalsorobjective(Jenaand Pradhan, 2018). DecisionInthisallteammembersgetsIn this, team members does not 8
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makingequivalentopportunitytopresent theirviewsindecisionmaking process. This supports company in quickerattainmentoftheirgoals and objectives in quicker manner. gets involved in decision making thus there is no innovation taking place within the company. Underlying goals In this goals are clearly expressed to all team members that ensures thattheyareattainedinquicker manner. Here, goals are not mentioned in front of employees which might becomereasonofconfusion among all team members. As a result, they are not able to attain their goals in the provided time frame. M3Analyse relevant team and group development theories to aid development of dynamic cooperation BusinessleadersofMarksandSpencermakeuseofTuckmanteam development theory in order to develop effective dynamic cooperation within individual. With the usage of this theory, its leader can effectively develop strong team for the companywhichwillsupportthemineffectiveattainmentoftargetedgoalsand objectives in quicker manner (Taştan and Davoudi, 2019). The team development theory includes 5 stages which are explained below: Forming:It is the very first stage at which manager introduces each team member with each other within Marks and Spencer. At this level, team leader also informs each member about their respective goal which is required to be attained by them with effective collaboration. Storming:Atthislevel,teammembersareintroducedwitheachother's strengths and weaknesses. On the basis of this manager of Marks and Spencer allots work to each team member in effective manner which ensures that they will work in rightful manner. 9
Norming:At this stage, conflicts may arise in the company due to differences in interest. Here, all of them collaboratively emphasises on finding out best possible way of developing their performance in effective manner. Performing:At this stage, team members actually performs their work on the basis of allotment so that they can effectively attain their predetermined goals and objectives. Adjourning:It is the last stage where whole team dissolves as their motive of formulating team has been accomplished in rightful manner. LO 4 P4 Application of concepts related to OB The concept of organisational behaviour is concern with those managing and handlingindividualbehaviouraswellastheirperformancetowardsthe accomplishment of organisational goal or objective in an effective manner. However, for attaining the same the role of leader or manager is regarded as one of the critical element as their behaviour and attitude impact directly over employees performance in apositiveandnegativeway(Brunning,2018).Hence,applicationofappropriate concepts and theories help firm to create a healthy working culture. IN this regard, path goal their has been considered which is explained below: Path Goal Theory This theory has been developed by Robert House which is wholly centred over the implication of leadership style in different business situation. Classification of Path Goal Theory This theory has been categorised into three determinants that is described beneath: Employee Characteristics:Under this element, it is link with those aspect in which it signifies that each and every manpower are different from each other in term of ability and skills (Askool and et. al., 2019). So, leaders behaviours has huge impact over employees performance towards an achievement of business objective. Hence, M &S 's 10
leader takes an initiative in understanding personnel ability or interest and based on that delegate them roles and responsibility in order to improve overall productivity ratio. Task and Environment Characteristics:In this component, it signifies that working environment has huge effect on workforce contribution for an accomplishment of company's goal in a stipulated time duration. In this regard, M&S leader make an effort to provide enormous opportunity to its personnel that assist them to acquire improved level of employees engagement and motivation towards the brand in a better way (Stankeviciute and Wereda, 2018). Moreover, encouraging personnel to take part in business activities which enrich organisation overall profit margin ratio. Leadership Behaviour:This element encompasses leadership style which has to be adopted by particular leader to give better solution to complex situations. Some of the style are autocratic, democratic, lazzez- faire, participative and many more. Each of these leadership style varies from each other and enable establishment to generate best working culture without any hindrances. As per the scenario of Mark and Spencer, it has been stated that company undergoes with negative working environment as well as ineffective communication whichnegativelyinfluencefirm'sproficiencyratio(NwanzuandBabalola,2019). However, from the above discussed elements it has been determined that participative leadership style is viewed as most suitable for M&S as it empower its leader to address the various issues of companyin an amended mode. Moreover, it also drive them to motivate each personnel to take part in business activities and share their ideas or views which aid M&S to implement best strategic decision in an efficacious manner. M4. Concepts of OB influence behaviour in affirmative and contrary way It has been recapitulated from the above explained path goal theory is that the applicationofthistheoryhelpestablishmenttoidentifyemployeespotentialityor capability and also lead them to assign the task (Reynolds Kueny, Jundt and Shoss, 2019). With the help of such initiation, it assist organisation to enrich its proficiency ratio and also to create better working culture in an improved way. In addition to this, proper adoption of leadership style enable firm to take corrective course of action and also to enhance the personnel performance in an impressive way. 11
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D2 Critique of relevancy of team development theories in relation to OB concepts which impact on workplace behaviour The respective team development theory that is Tuckman includes 5 stages in which roles and responsibilities are allotted to individuals according to their own of skills , knowledge and business situations. This can be well understood with the help of example. For instance: Usage of team development theory helps business association indevelopingtheirknowledgeonemployeescharacteristic,competenciesand capabilities as per different organisational situation. This will directly provides support to company in developing positive working environment for the employees in which each one of them was provided equivalent opportunity (Tiwari, 2019). This is effectively done with the implication of democratic approach. As a result, it will provide benefits to the company as well as all of its stakeholders. This collaboratively support them in attaining organisational goals and objectives in quicker manner. CONCLUSION Onthebasisofabovedescribedreport,itisconcludedthatorganization surroundingenvironmentplaysaneffectiveroleonindividualsaswellasteams performance. It has also been ascertained that companies can easily motivate its existing workforce by effectively making use of Adam's equity and ERG theory in order to boost up employees productivity in effective manner. It is also acknowledged that Tuckman is the effective team development theory that is helpful for individuals in developing their collaborative working behavior within the company and enhancing their workingcapabilitiesineffectivemanner.Furthermore,ithasbeenexploredthat participative leadership style is seen effective style that is supportive for individuals in maintaining communication at workplace and directly helps them out in developing effective working environment for all. 12
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